多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描在孤立性肺结节中的应用价值

目的对多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描在孤立性肺结节中的应用价值进行探讨。方法选取就诊于我院的单发孤立性肺结节患者60例,均给予多层螺旋CT动态扫描,对动态扫描增强后CT值改变情况、多层螺旋CT动态扫描与病理学诊断孤立性肺结节的结果进行比较。结果 1.恶性结节增强扫描后其CT值增高明显,显著高于良性结节,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2.选择增强扫描后CT值改变≥20HU诊断为恶性结节,<20 HU诊断为良性结节,对CT增强扫描和病理学诊断在孤立性结节的诊断结果进行比较,未见明显统计学差异(χ2=1.40,P>0.05)。结论多层螺旋CT增强扫描对良恶性结节的诊断具有较高的应用价值,可以协助良恶性结节的鉴别诊断。     

Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule

The solitary pulmonary nodule represents a common diagnostic challenge for clinicians. While most are benign, a significant number represent early, potentially curable lung cancers. With the increased utilisation of chest computed tomography, solitary pulmonary nodules are increasingly being identified and with lung cancer screening programmes now on the horizon globally, it is crucial clinicians are familiar with the evaluation and management of solitary pulmonary nodules. Through the evaluation of patient risk factors combined with computed tomography characteristics of solitary pulmonary nodules, including size, growth rate, margin characteristics, calcification, density and location; a clinician can assess the risk of malignancy. This article provides an up to date review of the imaging features of both benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules to assist in the identification of nodules that require histological confirmation or ongoing surveillance. In addition, we summarise the newly updated Fleischner Society Guidelines that provide clinicians with a framework for the evaluation and management of solitary pulmonary nodules.     

多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描在孤立性肺结节中的应用价值

目的对多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描在孤立性肺结节中的应用价值进行探讨。方法选取就诊于我院的单发孤立性肺结节患者60例,均给予多层螺旋CT动态扫描,对动态扫描增强后CT值改变情况、多层螺旋CT动态扫描与病理学诊断孤立性肺结节的结果进行比较。结果恶性结节增强扫描后其CT值增高明显,显著高于良性结节,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);选择增强扫描后CT值改变≥20HU诊断为恶性结节,<20HU诊断为良性结节,对CT增强扫描和病理学诊断在孤立性结节的诊断结果进行比较,未见明显统计学差异(χ2=1.40,P>0.05)。结论多层螺旋CT增强扫描对良恶性结节的诊断具有较高的应用价值。     

Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia presenting with spontaneous hydropneumothorax and solitary pulmonary nodule

The first case of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule with spontaneous hydropneumothorax is reported in a 54-year-old man. A wedge resection of the right lower lobe was performed to show typical histological features of BOOP. This case report demonstrates that BOOP has a very diverse clinical manifestation and stresses the need to include solitary pulmonary nodule with hydropneumothorax in the spectrum of BOOP.     

超声心动图在与急性心肌梗死混淆的急性肺栓塞患者诊断中的价值

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Acute right ventricular infarction secondary to massive pulmonary embolism

Isolated right ventricular infarction has been found in casesof right ventricular hypertrophy, but there are no reports onright ventricular infarction secondary to massive pulmonaryembolism. Six autopsied patients with massive pulmonary embolismand pure right ventricular infarction, suspected to be secondaryto the embolism, were selected from a population of 216 autopsies.Pulmonary embolism was the suspected diagnosis in five casesdue to typical clinical, electrocardiographic and haemodynamicdata. Right ventricular infarction was a post-mortem finding,not previously diagnosed. In every case the thickness of theright ventricular myocardium was normal. The necrosis of theright ventricle was transmural in four cases and subendcardialin two and the entire right ventricular wall (anterolateralas well as posterior) was involved. No mural thrombi were presentand in no case did the necrosis involve the left ventricle.In one case the coronary arteries were normal, in the otherfive significant lesions of the right or the left coronary arterieswere observed. These lesions may have been, in part, responsiblefor the necrosis of the right ventricle when the massive pulmonaryembolism was added. We conclude that right ventricular infarctionmay be secondary to pulmonary hypertension in the setting ofmassive pulmonary embolism, even in the absence of right ventricularhypertrophy and with normal or stenotic coronary arteries.     

孤立性肺结节病变性质临床鉴别诊断预测模型的初探

目的探讨孤立性肺结节的良恶性鉴别诊断的有效方法。方法回顾性分析44例孤立性肺结节患者的临床特点,血清学指标及其鉴别诊断效果,并建立临床预测模型。结果44例肺内孤立性结节患者中,恶性肿瘤占19例,良性肿瘤占25例。单因素分析结果患者的年龄、结节大小、结节边界、肿瘤病史、CEA、CA125及miR．21、miR-27b和miR-193b在良恶性孤立性肺结节患者间具有显著差异,多因素判别分析并建立Fisher线性判别函数,交互验证一致函数与原始个案的符合率为93％。结论除患者的一般情况、影像学表现和常规血清标记物外,microRNAs也是鉴别孤立性肺结节良恶性的良好指标,具有重要临床意义。     

Pulmonary infarction secondary to pulmonary embolism: An evolving paradigm

Background and objective

Pulmonary infarction (PI) from pulmonary embolism (PE) remains an entity of unclear aetiology. PI has been thought to occur in elderly patients with cardiopulmonary disease. We hypothesize younger patients without cardiopulmonary comorbidities are at highest risk. Our study aims to characterize PI clinically and radiographically, determine associated risk factors and determine their clinical significance.

Methods

We conducted a single‐centre retrospective review of 367 consecutive patients with PE. Clinical and radiographic data were compared between patients with and without PI using chi‐square and F‐tests. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for PI.

Results

PI occurred in 62 of 367 patients with acute PE (16.9%). Patients with PI were significantly younger (48 ± 20.3 vs 59.6 ± 17.2 years, P < 0.01), with lower pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) scores (73.7 ± 38.1 vs 91.9 ± 37.5 years, P < 0.01) and endorsed chest pain with significantly higher frequency (65% vs 39%, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in other clinical symptoms, hospital length of stay or mortality between groups. Presence of radiographic cardiopulmonary disease was significantly lower in patients with PI (emphysema: 5% vs 22%, P = <0.01; aortic atherosclerosis: 23% vs 43%, P = <0.01). In multivariate analysis, age ≤33 (OR 3.5 CI: 1.37–8.95, P < 0.01), chest pain (OR 2.15 CI: 1.15–4.00, P = 0.02) and pleural effusion (OR 2.18 CI: 1.08–4.41, P = 0.03) increased PI risk and presence of emphysema decreased risk (OR 0.21 CI: 0.06–0.70, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Younger patients without cardiopulmonary comorbidities are at highest risk of PI. Chest pain and pleural effusion significantly increased risk of PI while presence of radiographic emphysema reduced risk.

     

Septic pulmonary embolism due to periodontal disease

Background and objective: Septic pulmonary embolism due to periodontal disease (SPE‐PD) is rarely reported and little is known about its clinical features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological features, as well as outcome, in SPE‐PD. Methods: Patients' records were retrospectively reviewed and 12 patients with SPE‐PD were identified (10 men, mean age 60.5 years). The patients' demographic features, laboratory data, physical and radiological findings, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results: All but one patient were smokers. Eight of the 12 patients had comorbidities including hypertension (58%) and/or diabetes mellitus (17%). Prevalent symptoms were fever (67%) and chest pain (58%). Only two patients fulfilled the criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome; most of the subjects were not clinically severely ill. Blood cultures were negative in all cases. Contrast‐enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) showed multiple peripheral nodules in all 12 patients, wedge‐shaped peripheral lesions abutting on the pleura in 10 (83%) and a feeding‐vessel sign in 9 (75%). All patients recovered from their illness after antimicrobial therapy concomitant with tooth extraction or periodontal care. The median duration of antibiotic administration was 51 days. Conclusions: Most patients with SPE‐PD were not seriously ill. Contrast‐enhanced chest CT appeared to be useful to diagnose SPE‐PD.     

Predictors of malignancy in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules undergoing pulmonary resection

BackgroundThe management of a solitary pulmonary nodule is a challenging issue in pulmonary disease. Although many factors have been defined as predictors for malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules, the accurate diagnosis can only be established with the permanent histological diagnosis.ObjectiveWe tried to clarify the possible predictors of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules in patients who had definitive histological diagnosis.MethodsWe made a retrospective study to collect the data of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules who had histological diagnosis either before or after surgery. We made a statistical analysis of both the clinic and radiological features of these nodules with respect to malignancy both in contingency tables and with logistic regression analysis.ResultsWe had a total of 223 patients with a radiological diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodule. Age, smoking status and pack years of smoking, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), and radiological features such as solid component, spiculation, pleural tag, lobulation, calcification, and higher density were significant predictors of malignancy in contingency tables. Age, smoking status and smoking (pack/year), SUVmax, and radiological features including spiculation, pleural tag, lobulation, calcification, and higher density were the significant predictors in univariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis revealed only SUVmax greater than 2.5 (p < 0.0001), spiculation (p = 0.009), and age older than 61 years (p = 0.015) as the significant predictors for malignancy.ConclusionAge, SUVmax, and spiculation are the independent predictors of malignancy in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules.     

Two cases with solitary pulmonary nodule due to non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infection showing intense 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography scan

We report an 81‐year‐old man and a 65‐year‐old woman with a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) due to infection with non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In each case, the nodule showed a high ¹⁸F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake with the maximum standardized uptake values (SUV) of 13.2 and 4.8 on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, respectively. Both cases required partial lung resection for confirmation of the histological diagnosis. A review of six reported patients with SPN due to NTM infections showed that the SUV of FDG was more than 4.0 in the nodules of all cases. Positive results on FDG‐PET should be interpreted cautiously when evaluating SPN, especially in patients having predisposing factors for NTM infections. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10: 251–254.     

电视胸腔镜在肺孤立性结节诊治中的应用

目的探讨电视胸腔镜在性质不明的肺孤立性结节中的诊治价值。方法对35例不明原因肺孤立性小结节（直径〈3cm）应用胸腔镜技术行肺小结节病灶切除,术中快速冰冻切片,对恶性病变进一步手术,良性病变则结束手术。结果诊断恶性病变12例,其中11例原发性肺癌行胸腔镜辅助小切口肺癌根治术,1例肺转移癌行病灶切除。23例良性病变（肺炎性假瘤8例,肺错构瘤4例,机化性纤维化结节3例,肺硬化性血管瘤4例,结核瘤3例,肺囊肿1例）仅行病灶切除。35例随访6～30个月,平均24个月,23例良性病变无复发;12例原发肺癌中,10例健康存活,2例分别术后18、30个月死亡。结论胸腔镜手术在诊断不明原因肺孤立性小结节中具有较高的应用价值,可明显提高恶性肿瘤的诊断率,避免长期观察和等待,有助于早期肺癌的诊治。     

Precise characterization of a solitary pulmonary nodule using tumor shadow disappearance rate-corrected F-18 FDG PET and enhanced CT

We aimed to characterize solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) using imaging parameters for F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) or enhanced CT corrected by tumor shadow disappearance rate (TDR) to reflect the tissue density.We enrolled 51 patients with an SPN who underwent PET/CT and chest CT with enhancement. The FDG uptake of SPN was evaluated using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on PET/CT. The mean Hounsfield unit (HU) for each SPN was evaluated over the region of interest on nonenhanced and enhanced CT images. The change in mean HU (HUpeak-pre) was quantified by subtracting the mean HU of the preenhanced CT from that of the post-enhanced CT. TDR was defined as the ratio of the tumor area, which disappears at a mediastinal window, to the tumor area of the lung window. We investigated which parameters (SUVmax or HUpeak-pre) could contribute to the characterization of SPN classified by TDR value and whether diagnostic performance could be improved using TDR-corrected imaging parameters.For SPN with higher tissue density (TDR <42%, n = 22), high value of SUVmax (≥3.1) was a significant factor to predict malignancy (P = .006). High value of HUpeak-pre (≥38) was a significant factor to characterize SPN (P = .002) with lower tissue density (TDR ≥42%, n = 29). The combined approach using TDR-corrected parameters had better predictive performance to characterize SPN than SUVmax only (P = .031).Applying imaging parameters such as SUVmax or HUpeak-pre in consideration of tissue density calculated with TDR could contribute to accurate characterization of SPN.     

Technologies for targeting the peripheral pulmonary nodule including robotics

Bronchoscopic sampling of PPL was significantly advanced by the development of the endobronchial ultrasound guide sheath method in the 1990s. Since then, a range of technical and procedural techniques have further advanced diagnostic yields. These include the use of thinner bronchoscopes with better working channel diameters, understanding the importance of peripheral transbronchial needle aspiration, and virtual bronchoscopic assistance. These have enabled better sampling of smaller and more technically challenging lesions including ground‐glass nodules. Most recently, robotic bronchoscopy has been developed which, among other refinements, allows fine control of visual bronchoscopic navigation by replacing movements directed by the hand with electronic consoles and trackballs, and innovatively integrate virtual with real bronchoscopic pathways. The requirement for PPL diagnosis and treatment is expected to increase with more chest CT performed as part of CT screening programmes.     

High diagnostic yield from transbronchial biopsy of solitary pulmonary nodules using low‐dose CT‐guidance

Background and objective: The diagnostic yield from fluoroscopy‐guided bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy of small solitary pulmonary nodules is low. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that the diagnostic yield can be significantly increased by combining flexible bronchoscopy with CT‐guidance using a dedicated low‐dose protocol. Methods: CT‐guided transbronchial biopsies were performed in 15 patients with a newly diagnosed solitary peripheral pulmonary nodule and negative conventional bronchoscopic biopsies under fluoroscopic guidance. For imaging, a multi‐detector helical CT unit, adjusted at 120 kV, 15 mAs/slice, 4 × 5 mm collimation, 10 mm reconstructed slice thickness and a maximal scan length of 150 mm, was used. After advancing the biopsy forceps towards the lesion, a CT scan was obtained. When the tip of the forceps reached or penetrated the lesion a biopsy was taken, otherwise the procedure was repeated with a maximum of eight attempts. The effective radiation dose was calculated. Results: The average diameter of the nodules was 23 ± 6 mm (mean ± SD) with a maximum distance to the parietal pleura of 18 mm (mean 6.5 mm). A mean of 4.1 (range 2–8) CT scans was performed to localize the lesion. In four patients, the forceps only reached the periphery of the nodule. In one patient, the nodule was missed in all attempts. Histology was malignant in eight patients and benign in four patients. In three patients, biopsy results were false negative (benign or non‐specific instead of malignant). The overall diagnostic yield was 73%. Complications consisted of two pneumothoraces, one of which necessitated a chest tube. Mean effective radiation dose was 0.55 mSv (range 0.3–1.0). Conclusions: CT‐guided transbronchial biopsy can be a valuable diagnostic tool in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules. This applies for selected patients when other diagnostic methods are either unavailable or inappropriate. The diagnostic yield is high and, when a low‐dose protocol is used, radiation exposure can be kept at a minimum.     

Development and validation of diagnostic prediction model for solitary pulmonary nodules

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a simple prediction model for the underlying diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) based on clinical characteristics and thin-section CT findings. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was carried out on 452 patients with SPN (113 benign and 339 malignant) smaller than 30 mm, who underwent thin-section CT followed by surgical resection and histological diagnosis. The clinical characteristics were collected from medical records, and radiographic characteristics from thin-section CT findings. The prediction model was determined using multivariate logistic analysis. The prediction model was validated in 148 consecutive patients with undiagnosed SPN, and the diagnostic accuracy of the model was compared with that of an experienced chest radiologist. RESULTS: The prediction model comprised the level of serum CRP, the level of carcinoembryonic antigen, the presence or absence of calcification, spiculation and CT bronchus sign. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve in training and validation sets were 0.966 and 0.840, respectively. The diagnostic accuracies of the prediction model and the experienced chest radiologist for the validation set were 0.858 and 0.905, respectively. CONCLUSION: The simple prediction model consisted of two biochemical and three radiographic characteristics. The diagnostic accuracy of an experienced chest radiologist was higher compared with the prediction model.     

CT肺栓塞指数在肺栓塞患者中的临床应用研究

目的:探讨肺栓塞指数(CTI)在肺栓塞(PE)患者中的临床应用价值。方法:入选通过双源CT肺动脉造影确诊的187例PE患者,132例为急性PE,55例为慢性PE;急性PE中,低危组46例,中危组86例,高危组0例。通过CT影像计算CTI,结合PE危险分层绘制两者的受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)并得到最佳诊断阈值,按对应的CTI将急、慢性PE患者分别划分为2组,对比分析2组的临床病例资料。结果:1急性PE中,低危组平均CTI为(37.5±27.4)%,中危组平均CTI为(50.8±23.9)%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);慢性PE平均CTI为(23.1±21.9)%。2CTI与危险分层的ROC曲线下面积为0.653(P=0.004),最佳诊断阈值对应的CTI为60%。3急、慢性PE患者CTI在性别、年龄分布上的差异均无统计学意义。4急性PE中,与CTI60%组相比,CTI≥60%组出现呼吸困难及晕厥症状比例更多,心率更快,PaO_2、SaO_2、PaCO_2降低,P(A-a)O_2增高,WBC、NEUT、Hs CRP增高,cTnI、BNP、D-二聚体增高,RA、RV、RV/LV增高(均P0.05)。2组在收缩压、舒张压方面差异无统计学意义。5慢性PE中,与CTI60%组相比,CTI≥60%组出现呼吸困难症状比例更多,PaO_2、SaO_2、PaCO_2降低,P(A-a)O_2增高,HsCRP、D-二聚体增高,RA、RV、RV/LV增高。急性、慢性PE中,CTI≥60%组的肺栓塞严重指数(PESI)评分均高于CTI60%组(P0.05)。结论:CTI与PE危险分层具有显著的相关性,两者ROC曲线的最佳诊断阈值所对应的CTI为60%。以60%为界,CTI可良好区分急、慢性PE患者的病情严重程度及预后,说明CTI在急、慢性PE患者中均具有一定的临床应用价值。     

肺孤立性结节良恶性诊断的临床分析

随着多层螺旋CT的不断普及,肺内孤立性结节的检出率逐渐上升,这些结节大多是良性病变或早期肺癌,所以预后一般较好,但是肺内孤立性结节的影像学诊断评估比较困难.因此,对于肺孤立结节良恶性评估的目的在于提高良恶性病变的早期诊断率,使恶性肿瘤患者能及时接受手术而良性病变患者能避免不必要的开胸探查.本文就评估肺孤立结节良恶性倾向的研究现状及进展作一综述.     

急性肺栓塞患者严重程度指数与血清钠水平分析

目的分析急性肺栓塞(APE)患者肺栓塞严重程度指数(PESI)与血清钠水平的病情评估价值和关系。方法回顾性分析经CT肺动脉造影确诊的APE患者临床资料。结果 22例患者入选,PESI低危组均为低危APE,PESI中、高危组的中、高危APE发生率为66.67%,与PESI低危组比较差异显著;共6(27.27%)例APE患者出现低钠血症,其中2(33.33%)例在诊断一月内死亡,低钠血症组和非低钠血症组中、高危APE发生率比较无显著性差异;APE患者血清钠水平与PESI相关系数为-0.318(P=0.149)。结论PESI而非低钠血症对APE病情严重性具有指导价值,合并低钠血症的APE患者一月内死亡率高。