输精管吻合术后不育原因的实验研究精子密度与睾丸功能

14只成年日本大耳白兔,双侧输精管结扎12月后,以显微外科技术行双侧输精管吻合术,3月后与雌兔配对交配,观察2个月,根据妊娠与否分为输精管吻合育组(VFG)和输精管吻合不育组(VIG),各7只。另设输精管结扎组(VG)和假手术组(SOG)作为对照。结果表明,(1)VFG的精子密度与SOG比较虽为低值(P<0.01),但显著地高于VIG(P<0.01)。(2)精子密度与睾丸ACE活力、Na~+,K~+-ATPasc活力、Mg~(++)-ATPasc活力、睾丸cAMP含量均呈显著的正相关。(3)精子密度、cAMP含量与ABP呈明显的负相关。(4)VFG血清睾酮含量与VIG比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。VFG、VIG中血清睾酮水平与精子密度呈明显的正相关(r=0.60、P<0.05)。     

输精管结扎对实验性动脉粥样硬化的影响

输精管结扎术后7和9个月家兔各10只,随机分为输精管结扎基础饲料(V-S)组和输精管结扎胆固醇(V-Ch)组,同种雄兔20只随机分为对照基础饲料(C-S)组和对照胆固醇(C-Ch)组。实验结果表明,V-S组血脂、脂质过氧化物含量与C-S组比较无差异,主动脉和冠动脉均无脂质斑块形成。在持续高脂负荷后,V-Ch组总脂、β-脂蛋白水平显著地高于C-Ch组,但是主动脉、冠动脉的病变面积和程度则无差异。这可能与V-Ch组血清脂质过氧化物含量与C-Ch组比较无增高有关,也可能与V-Ch组虽有抗精子抗体产生,但无循环免疫复合物形成有关。     

IL—1对输精管结扎大鼠睾丸间质细胞功能影响的体外研究

本文观察ＩＬ－１对正常和输精管结扎大鼠睾丸间质细胞（Ｌｅｙｄｉｇｃｅｌｌｓ，莱迪希细胞）细胞功能的影响，结果表明：在人绒毛膜促性腺激素（ｈｕｎａｎｃｈｏｒｉｏｍｉｃｇｏｎａｄｏｔｒｏｐｉｎｈＣＧ）的作用下，正常和输精管结扎大鼠睾丸Ｌｅｙｄｉｇ细胞培养上清中睾酮和ｃＡＭＰ的含量均明显高于相应的对照孔，且两组比较无明显差异，说明输精管结扎后睾丸Ｌｅｙｄｉｇ细胞对垂体激素的反应性并无改变，两组细胞受ＩＬ     

输精管结扎对大鼠睾丸、附睾及血清睾酮的中长期影响

目的：建立动物模型，观测输精管结扎中、长期对血清睾酮水平及睾丸和附睾的形态学影响，为评估输精管结扎术这一男性节育主要手段提供某些基础理论依据。方法：随机将40只4月龄Wistar大鼠，按4个等长的实验间期分为结扎组和对照组，在术后第4、6、8、10月时分别测定结扎组和对照组的血清睾酮(sT)浓度及其与雄激素结合蛋白(ABP)的结合率；在对受试动物的睾丸和附睾进行组织学定性观察的同时，用TAS-plus型自动图像分析仪，对睾丸切片进行了定量组织学测定。结果：除第4月实验组和对照组外，其他3个间期的实验组和对照组血清睾酮浓度均有显著变化；实验组睾丸和附睾均有无菌性炎症发生，且未随术后时间的延长而缓解。结论：结扎术对受试动物的中长期影响值得关注。     

睾丸体积与输精管大小的活体测量

用木制的睾丸模型测量子,测定了要求作输精管结扎术的305例广东地区生育力正常男子609个睾丸的体积,结果是14.4±3.1ml,左右睾丸无显著差异.在305例中切出了170条输精管,在显微镜下进行了测量,外径为2.3±0.3mm,内径为0.5±0.1mm,相应的睾丸体积与输精管内、外径无显著相关.     

大鼠睾丸与腹腔Mφ的IL—1样物质活性及输精管结扎对其影响

雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２１只，分为输精管结扎组（ＶＧ）和假手术组（ＳＯＧ）。术后４个月，以胸腺细胞增殖法检测腹腔Ｍφ和睾丸组织匀浆上清中ＩＬ－１样物质的活性。结果表明，（１）ＩＬ－１物质活性，随睾丸匀浆上清稀释倍数增加而增高，而不同稀释倍数的腹腔Ｍφ培养上清的各测定值均于同一水平。（２）输精管结扎对腹腔Ｍφ培养上清的ＩＬ－１样物质活性无影响，但明显地提高了睾丸匀浆上清的ＩＬ－１样物质活性。本实验结果     

输精管绝育术对实验性家兔动脉粥样硬化症的影响

本文报告家兔输精管绝育术后的免疫反应对实验性动脉粥样硬化的影响，实验动物20只，分为4组，每组5只，A，B组作输精管绝育术，而C、D 组不作手术，在绝育术20周对B组与C组一起用高脂饮食喂养25周，D组为空白对照，整个实验共为10月左右（45周），各组同时结束实验，病理组织学检查，绝育组动物（A，B）睾丸和附睾局部精子淤滞并破入间质引起反应，在高脂饮食组（B，C）中：输精管绝育B组有3只，未绝育组有2只的主动脉和颈总动脉肉眼可见粥样化斑形成，镜检10只动物皆有不同程度的类脂沉着，两组比较，无明显差异，本动物实验研究不能证明输精管绝育术能促进动脉粥样硬化的发展。     

睾丸I-1β原位杂交及输精管结扎对IL-1β mRNA表达的影响

本实验成功地建立了睾丸ＩＬ－１β原位杂交技术，并在此基础上探讨了输精管结扎对睾丸ＩＬ－１βｍＲＮＡ表达的影响。结果表明：输精管结扎６ｍｏ组家兔睾丸ＩＬ－１βｍＲＮＡ的杂交信号明显地强于假手术对照组，而结扎２５ｍｏ组恢复同龄假手术组水平。杂交信号多分布在曲细精管内的支持细胞和生殖细胞中，有的分布在间质的细胞中。结论：输精管结扎早期睾丸产生ＩＬ－１确有明显增加，２５ｍｏ恢复对照组水平。     

Ultrastructure of epididymal interstitial reactions following vasectomy and vasovasostomy

The response of the male reproductive tract to vasectomy includes inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the epididymis. The pathogenesis of epididymal interstitial reactions and characteristics of the responding cells were studied by electron microscopy in Lewis rats at intervals following bilateral vasectomy, vasectomy followed 1 month later by vasovasostomy, or sham operations. In areas of interstitial reaction, numerous macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and plasma cells occupied the connective tissue. Macrophages, containing many lysosomes and vesicles, aggregated and assumed the appearance of epithelioid cells. Processes of adjacent macrophages interdigitated with one another and closely approached the surfaces of lymphocytes. Many plasma cells with distended rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared in the interstitium. The majority of animals in the vasectomy and vasovasostomy groups exhibited epididymal interstitial changes by 2–3 months; the cauda epididymidis was the region most often affected. The ultrastructural features were indicative of chronic granulomatous inflammation and were consistent with an immune response that includes antigen presentation by macrophages to lymphocytes, lymphocyte differentiation, and local antibody production by plasma cells. The nearly complete absence of sperm or recoghizable parts thereof in the interstitial tissue in the areas of the reactions suggests that these lesions formed in response to soluble antigens leaking from the duct. Vasovasostomy was not effective in reversing or retarding epididymal inflammation at the intervals studied. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The influence of vasovasostomy on testicular alterations after vasectomy in Lewis rats

The occurrence of alterations in testicular weight and morphology after vasectomy and vasectomy reversal by vasovasostomy was studied in Lewis rats. Animals were studied 3, 4, and 7 months after bilateral vasectomy or a vasectomy followed 3 months later by vasovasostomy. Other rats served as sham-operated controls. The weights of the testes in vasectomy and vasovasostomy animals fell into two groups-small testes weighing less than 0.88 g and normal-sized testes of 1.2 g or more. When the extent of testicular alterations was estimated in sections for light microscopy by use of a semiquantitative testicular biopsy score count (TBSC), the morphology of the testes corresponded closely to the testis weight (r = .94), small testes having correspondingly low TBSC scores. In severely altered small testes, the seminiferous tubules were narrower than in sham-operated rats, and numbers of germ cells were greatly depleted. Many tubules contained only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, although spermatocytes were present in a minority of tubules. A few seminiferous tubules contained multinucleate spermatids. Electron microscopy of severely altered tubules revealed closely apposed processes of Sertoli cells, which contained filaments, microtubules, and endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, testes with normal weight in vasectomy and vasovasostomy groups resembled those of the sham-operated animals. Comparison of distributions of testicular biopsy score counts demonstrated differences between vasectomy and vasovasostomy groups as time after operation increased. At the 3-4-month intervals, approximately one-third of the testes were severely altered in both vasectomy and vasovasostomy groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effects of vasectomy on the testis

The increased use of vasectomy for population control has led to a large number of animal studies on the morphologic, physiologic, and immunologic responses to this procedure. The extent, nature, and timing of morphologic alterations in the testis showed marked species variations and ranged from autoimmune orchitis to an absence of detectable changes. Physiologic studies indicated, contrary to expectation, that the hydrostatic pressure was elevated only in the distal part of the epididymis and not in the seminiferous tubules of several species. Immunologic studies have shown an increase in serum levels of antisperm antibody after vasectomy in a large number of species, but marked differences have been noted even between strains of a given species. In most cases, sperm appear to escape the duct system at some point, causing the formation of a spermatic granuloma. The location and time of development of granulomas after vasectomy may be related to regional differences in the distensibility of the duct system. Difficulties in obtaining tissue specimens have limited information about potential morphologic alterations in human testes after vasectomy, but spermatic granulomas have been reported. In addition, 50-70% of men are reported to have elevated serum levels of antisperm antibody after vasectomy. The relatively small proportion of men who become fertile after vasectomy reversal by vasovaostomy (40-70%) may involve antisperm antibodies in the serum or reproductive tract fluids. An immunologic response to extravasated spermatozoa may be involved in testicular alterations after vasectomy. The mechanism of the pathogenesis of testicular changes after vasectomy remains an important focus for research as the demand for vasectomy reversal continues to grow.     

精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精功能的定量研究

目的: 探索精索静脉曲张睾丸病理改变的定量指标。方法: 选择30例SD大鼠, 20例作为手术组, 建立曲张模型; 10例作为假手术对照组, 取下睾丸常规染色切片, 用Makler积分法分别测量手术组200个, 对照组100个曲细精管内径、管周膜厚度、细胞层数及生精细胞成熟程度, 并计算平均得分。结果: 精索静脉曲张组的曲细精管内径显著缩小, 管周膜增厚, 细胞层次减少, 生殖细胞成熟障碍, Makler评分显著低于假手术组。结论: Makler评分能对静脉曲张所致的睾丸病理损害作出客观的评价, 值得在不育症研究中推广。     

环磷酰胺对大鼠睾丸和附睾的影响

目的探讨抗肿瘤药物所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损害,为寻找男性不育症中药治疗的研究提供理论依据。方法选用16只15周龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,每组8只;实验组腹腔注射环磷酰胺20mg·kg-1·d-1,连续5d,用药2个月后,应用HE染色法研究大鼠睾丸、附睾远期组织学变化,用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL方法)检测生精细胞凋亡。结果实验组大鼠体重、睾丸和附睾重量均显著减轻(P<0.01),睾丸生精小管直径缩小、间距增宽、生精上皮变薄、生精细胞层次和数量减少、生精小管腔多未见精子形成,实验组睾丸生精小管直径、面积、生精上皮细胞数、均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);实验组生精细胞凋亡增多,与对照组比较,生精细胞显著凋亡(P<0.01);附睾管管腔内腔内精子稀少,含有大量脱落细胞,管壁变薄。结论环磷酰胺对大鼠睾丸、附睾远期损害明显,促进生精细胞凋亡。     

Accumulation of cadmium and its effects on testis function in rats given diet containing cadmium-polluted radish bulb

The aim of this study was to examine the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) incorporated in radish bulb and its effects on testes function in male rats. Control animals were given diet containing ordinary radish bulb for 4, 8 and 12 weeks, while contaminated animals were given diet containing Cd-polluted radish bulb (1.1 microg Cd/g of diet) for the same periods as in controls. At each time point, rats were killed and plasma was collected, and the testes and epididymides were removed. The findings indicated that the ratio of testes weight to body weight of contaminated rats was identical to that of control rats. Cd concentration in the testes significantly and gradually increased from the 4th to the 12th week of treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, plasma testosterone levels significantly increased, while epididymal sperm concentration significantly decreased in contaminated rats as compared to correspondent controls.     

The venous hilum of the testis and epididymis: anatomic aspect

Summary The venous return from the testis is effected by 3 venous pathways: the pampiniform plexus gathrs the centripetal and centrifugal paths of the testis with the marginal vein of the epididymis; the deferential vein accompanies the ductus deferens; and the cremasteric vein [44] travels more superficially between the internal and external spermatic fasciae on its way to the inferior epigastric vein. At the caudal pole of the testicle these different pathways form such close connections as to constitute a real vascular junction.

---

Le hile veineux du testicule et de l'épididyme: mise au point

Résumé Le retour veineux du testicule est assuré par 3 courants veineux: le plexus pampiniforme regroupe les courants centripète et centrifuge du testicule avec les veines marginales de l'épididyme; la veine déférentielle accompagne le déférent; la veine crémastérique [44] plus superficielle chemine entre fascia spermatique interne et externe jusqu'à la veine épigastrique. Ces différents courants établissent au pôle caudal du testicule des connections étroites formant un véritable carrefour vasculaire.

     

大鼠睾丸与腹腔Mφ的IL－1样物质活性及输精管结扎对其影响

雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２１只，分为输精管结扎组（ＶＧ）和假手术组（ＳＯＧ）。术后４个月，以胸腺细胞增殖法检测腹腔Ｍφ和睾丸组织匀浆上清中ＩＬ－１样物质的活性。结果表明，（１）ＩＬ－１物质活性，随睾丸匀浆上清稀释倍数增加而增高，而不同稀释倍数的腹腔Ｍφ培养上清的各测定值均于同一水平。（２）输精管结扎对腹腔Ｍφ培养上清的ＩＬ－１样物质活性无影响，但明显地提高了睾丸匀浆上清的ＩＬ－１样物质活性。本实验结果提示，睾丸组织中存在有ＩＬ－１样物质的抑制因子。     

The nerve distribution in the testis of the cat

The autonomous innervation of the feline testis was investigated by immunohistochemistry and a modified acetylcholinesterase technique. The nerves reach the testis mainly by two routes: (1) with testicular artery and pampiniform plexus to the cranial extremity (funicular contribution), (2) from the epididymal tail to the caudal extremity (caudal contribution). Within the tunica albuginea the funicular contribution supplies the cranial two thirds, whereas the caudal third of the tunica receives its nerves via the ligamentous connection between testis and epididymal tail. The nerve bundles accompanying the testicular artery give branches to the arterial wall and the pampiniform plexus. When reaching the cranial testicular pole the bundles separate; the majority of them pass into the centrally located mediastinum testis, another large portion enters the tunica albuginea, particularly on its epididymal side. The septula testis are innervated from both sides, that is from the mediastinum and from the tunica albuginea. In the cat, contrary to other mammals, all septula are innervated. Furthermore, nerve fibers occur regularly within the testicular lobules. Generally, the testicular nerves of the cat are unmyelinated and mainly vascular nerves, but fibers are also found within the connective tissue compartments of the testis. The vast majority of all autonomous testicular nerves are postjunctional sympathetic fibers. Terminal ramifications of cholinergic fibers are exclusively observed in the wall of medium-sized arterioles within mediastinum, septula and lobuli testis. Neuropeptide Y is the most frequent peptidergic transmitter in feline testicular vascular plexuses. The amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive fibers is also remarkably high in the testis, but prefers a location within the stroma of the tunica albuginea, mediastinum and septula. In the cat, Leydig cells occur not only in intertubular locations, but also as intratunical and mediastinal Leydig cells. In all three localizations solitary nerve fibers are observed between Leydig cell groups. These fibers are generally dopamin-beta-hydroxylase- and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive, some contain calcitonin gene-related peptide and, very few, substance P.