肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝动脉并发症治疗方式与时机的选择.方法 总结2003年10月至2007年3月中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心25例肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的临床资料,分析介入溶栓、经皮腔内血管成形(PTA)、支架植入和再次肝移植对肝动脉并发症预后的影响.结果 本组患者肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,2例患者因肝功能衰竭行再移植治疗,术后均存活;3例接受介入溶栓治疗后,1例肝功能恢复正常,1例死亡,1例再次出现HAT,并再次移植术后因多器官功能衰竭死亡.术后1个月内出现肝动脉狭窄(hepatic arterystenosis,HAS)者12例,因肝功能衰竭行再移植2例;支架植入10例(治疗后因胆道缺血性改变行再移植4例);6例再移植患者存活4例,因颅内出血和感染死亡2例.术后1个月后出现HAS者8例,行肝动脉支架植入5例,肝功能好转.因胆道缺血性改变接受再移植1例.另外2例行保守治疗,情况稳定未作处理.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的治疗应根据并发症采用个体化的治疗方案.HAT的治疗以再次肝移植为主,HAS以介入治疗为主,一旦出现胆道缺血性改变,应及时行再次肝移植.     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的治疗。方法连续503例肝移植中出现15例肝动脉狭窄,根据临床表现、动态肝功能和彩色多普勒检查、CT动脉成像、选择性肝动脉造影诊断。结果术后早期出现肝动脉狭窄10例,2例合并肝动脉血栓形成,再移植3例,介入治疗7例,其中动脉支架植入5例,球囊扩张溶术后6天肝功能衰竭死亡1例,支架植入术后9天肝功能衰竭死亡1例。1月后发现肝动脉狭窄5例,介入治疗均行肝动脉支架植入,1例支架植入术后186天因胆道感染死亡。结论根据肝动脉狭窄程度、发生时间、移植肝功能状态和病人情况选择治疗措施。再移植是治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的有效方法。肝动脉支架植入可挽救移植肝,改善移植肝功能,延长移植肝发挥功能以等再次肝移植。     

Repeat endovascular treatment of recurring hepatic artery stenoses in orthotopic liver transplantation

Hepatic artery stenosis (HAS) is a complication that impacts the results of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Interventional radiological techniques are important therapeutic options for HAS. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of repeated radiological treatments in recurring HAS after OLT. Of the 941 patients who underwent OLT at our center from January 1998 to September 2010, 48 (5%) were diagnosed with HAS, 37 (77%) of whom underwent transluminal interventional therapy with the placement of an endovascular stent. Success rate, complications, hepatic artery patency and follow‐up were reviewed. After stent placement, artery patency was achieved in all patients. Three patients developed complications, including arterial dissection and hematoma. HAS recurrence was observed in 9 patients (24%), and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) occurred in 4 (11%). Radiological interventions were repeated 10 times in 8 patients without complications. At a median follow‐up of 66 months (range 10–158), hepatic artery patency was observed in 35 cases (94.6%). The 5‐year rates for graft and patient survival were 82.3% and 87.7%, respectively. Restenosis may occur in one‐third of patients after endovascular treatment for thrombosis and HAS, but the long‐term outcomes of iterative radiological treatment for HAS indicate a high rate of success.     

Vascular complications after liver transplantation in pediatric patients

Vascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, particularly in pediatric patients, owing to their smaller vascular diameters. Between September 2001 and June 2004, among 21 (16 boys and 5 girls) pediatric liver transplantations of mean age 8.3 +/- 5.1 years, hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT) was diagnosed in 2 (9.5%) patients, and hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS) in 4 (19.4%). Vascular patency was evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography every 12 hours in the first postoperative week and daily in the second postoperative week. When occlusion was suspected, conventional angiography was performed. Thrombectomy was performed in one patient, and thrombectomy and reanastomosis were performed in another patient with HAT. Two patients with HAS were treated with balloon angioplasty. A third patient was treated with balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement at the same time. The last patient with HAS had an intimate dissection, which occurred 24 hours after balloon angioplasty, that was treated with subsequent endoluminal stent placement. Mean follow-up for the patients with vascular complications was 9.5 +/- 5.7 months (range, 4 to 18 months). The overall mortality rate was 14.1% (3/21); however, no deaths were caused by vascular complication. Routine Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation is an effective choice for diagnosing vascular complications seen after liver transplantation. Immediate surgical intervention is required for acute vascular complications, whereas late complications may be treated with balloon angioplasty and/or endoluminal stent placement.     

原位肝移植肝动脉重建临床分析

目的 总结分析原位肝移植肝动脉重建经验,提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率.方法 总结1995年5月至2006年12月实施的183例肝移植临床资料,常规动脉重建163例,供者腹腔动脉干Carrell's袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉汇合部吻合25例,胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合134例,腹腔动脉干吻合4例.采用髂动脉.腹主动脉搭桥20例.术后根据凝血酶原时间(PT),应用普通肝素或低分子肝素抗凝.术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供.结果 183例肝移植患者中有6例发生肝动脉并发症,发生率为3.28%(6/183),其中肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,肝动脉狭窄(hepatic artery stenosis,HAS)1例.常规通路动脉重建组动脉并发症发生率1.84%(3/163),髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥组为15.0%(3/20),两者比较差异有统计学意义(X2=9.73,P＜0.01).6例并发症患者中有1例HAT于术后19 d死于多器官功能衰竭,另5例通过介入治疗治愈,死亡率16.7%.结论 正确地选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗减少HAT和HAS的发生,多普勒超声的早期发现和放射介入的及时治疗可以挽救移植物,避免再移植.     

Arterial complications after living-related liver transplantation: single-center experience from West China

Vascular complications after liver transplantation remain a major source of morbidity and mortality for recipients. In particular, patients receiving living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) experience a higher rate of vascular complications owing to the complex vascular reconstruction. Between July 2001 and December 2005, LRLTs were performed in our center on 33 patients with end-stage liver diseases. The 23 men and 10 women had a mean age of 32.6 +/- 11.3 years (range = 5 to 58 years). Of the 33 patients, the percentage of vascular complications was 9.09% (3 cases), including hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT), hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS), or hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (HAP) in one patient, respectively. No portal vein or hepatic vein complication occurred in our patients. Thrombectomy was performed in the patient with thrombosis. The patient with stenosis was treated with balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement. The pseudoaneurysm was also successfully embolized to restore the blood flow toward the donor liver. Mean follow-up for all patients after LRLT was 18.0 +/- 5.4 months. The overall postoperative 30-day mortality rate was 6.06% (2/33). The 1-year survival rate was 86.36% in 22 patients with benign diseases and 72.73% in 11 patients with malignant diseases. However, no death was associated with vascular complications. Careful preoperative evaluation and intraoperative microsurgical technique for hepatic artery reconstructions are the keys to prevent vascular complications following LRLT. Immediate surgical intervention is required for acute vascular complications, whereas late complications may be treated by balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement. Embolization may be a safe and effective approach in the treatment of a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery.     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊治经验。方法 总结３４例原位肝移植术后的临床资料,结合文献,分析肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊断和不同治疗方法的结果。结果 本组肝动脉血栓形成发生率为８．８％（３／３４）,３例均经彩超检查诊断,例１术后第５７天死于上消化道出血,经尸检证实,例２和例３经肝动脉造影证实后给予动脉内溶栓,球囊扩成形及放置血管内支架等介入治疗,病人分别在术后第１８,６５天死于感染和     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中监测价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中的监测作用。方法回顾性分析71例原位肝移植病人的超声检查资料,其中发生肝动脉狭窄并进行介入治疗的5例,并与同期血管造影对照。结果发生肝动脉狭窄病人彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)可见肝动脉纤细迂曲,多呈间断性星点闪烁状;近狭窄处肝动脉血流峰速(S1)升高(163．62±14．66)cm／s,远端动脉血流峰速(S2)降低(19．10±3．91)cm／s;阻力指数(RI)降低(0．38±0．07);收缩期血流加速时间(SAT)延长(98．00±9．41)ms;行经皮血管成形术,当狭窄部分、全部解除时,肝动脉各段血流峰速均相应不同程度向正常恢复,S1为(73．68±8．81)cm／s;S2为(37．18±4．80)cm／s,而阻力指数仍长时间维持降低(0．42±0．06),SAT长时间维持延长(98．20±6．80)ms。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中具有较高监测价值。     

原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的预防和治疗

目的 总结分析原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症的防治经验,提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率。方法 总结1995年5月至2005年4月实施的122例肝移植临床资料,肝动脉重建采用供者腹腔动脉干Carrell’s袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉汇合部袖片吻合21（16．76％）,与受者胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合87例（71．76％）,采用髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥14例（11．48％）。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT）,应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供。结果 术后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）3例,肝动脉狭窄（HAS）2例。1例HAT于术后19d死于多器官功能衰竭,另4例通过放射介入治疗治愈。其余病例随访2～62个月,未见肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）和肝动脉狭窄（HAS）。本组肝动脉并发症发生率为4．10％。结论 正确地选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗可减少HAT和HAS的发生,多普勒超声监测能早期发现HAT和HAS,挽救移植物,避免再移植。     

Management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation

Sixty-five children underwent liver transplantation (LTx) from March 1995 to December 2002. Cirrhosis due to biliary atresia was the main indication, and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) the most common vascular complication (n = 5). Other vascular problems were portal vein thrombosis and stenosis. Another patient developed hepatomegaly and ascites due to a late stenosis of the left hepatic vein anastomosis. The two cases of venous stenosis were successfully treated by percutaneous angioplasty. One graft with HAT was saved, but four children died awaiting retransplant.     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的介入治疗和再移植时机

目的探讨肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄(HAS)的介入治疗效果和再次肝移植的时机。方法回顾性分析2 0例原位肝移植术后HAS患者的临床资料。所有病例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,均行血管内介入治疗。其中6例接受了再移植。介入治疗方法包括经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)和支架植入术。结果早期HAS(移植后4周内)8例,介入治疗后肝功能好转6例,1例肝功能恶化及时再移植存活,另1例因肝衰竭死亡。1 2例晚期HAS中1例介入后于术后3 8 d死于严重感染和多器官衰竭;5例因肝功能反复异常、胆道缺血型狭窄和反复胆道感染而接受再移植,再移植围手术期死亡1例。2 0例平均随访13个月,2例分别因原发性肝癌和严重胆道感染死亡;3例出现肝动脉再狭窄并再次动脉内介入治疗成功。共出现缺血型胆道病变8例(4 0.0%)并行胆道介入治疗,5例肝功能改善。早期HAS和晚期HAS的1年和2年累计生存率分别为8 7.5%,4 3.8%和8 1.5%,5 4.3%,两组无统计学差异(P=0.9 7 6)。结论肝移植术后HAS未引起严重肝功能损害时,首选介入治疗,但缺血型胆道病变发生率较高。再次肝移植是治疗肝移植术后HAS导致不可逆性肝功能损害时的惟一有效手段     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的介入治疗七例

目的评价介入技术治疗原位肝移植后肝动脉狭窄(HAS)的效果。方法对原位肝移植术后发生HAS的7例患者进行介入治疗,4例于移植术后7~20d发生肝脏缺血并发症,3例于移植术后3~6d发生HAS。介入治疗方法有肝动脉内留置导管持续给予低剂量尿激酶进行溶栓和肝动脉内支架置入术。结果3例为肝动脉吻合口狭窄,狭窄程度>70%;4例为肝固有动脉完全阻塞,经肝动脉内留置导管溶栓3~7d后开通,但均存在肝动脉吻合口狭窄,狭窄程度>90%。7例肝动脉内置入支架均成功,术后2周肝功能明显改善,未发生与介入治疗相关的并发症。术后随访4~18个月,一般情况良好,超声波复查,显示肝动脉血流通畅。结论血管内支架置入术是治疗原位肝移植后HAS的一种安全、有效的方法。     

Interventional treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation with balloon-expandable coronary stent

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic artery stenting with a balloon-expandable coronary stent for the treatment of hepatic artery stenosis (HAS) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed retrospective review of all 11 patients who underwent hepatic artery stenting after a diagnosis of HAS. RESULTS: A total of 13 balloon-expandable coronary stents were placed into 11 patients. The technical and immediate success rate was 100%; all stents remained patent during follow-up. One patient required 2 stents due to the length of the stenotic artery. Another underwent a second stenting after developing restenosis proximal to the original stenotic site. No procedure-related complications occurred, and no surgical revascularization or retransplantation was required during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A balloon-expandable coronary stent can play a role in the management of HAS. It can be used with great safety, with immediate as well as longer-term success.     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的防治策略

目的 探讨肝移植术后不同肝动脉狭窄类型治疗时机的选择和疗效.方法 2003年10月至2007年5月,本院共有21例肝移植病人术后发生肝动脉狭窄,其中19例接受肝动脉支架放置术,2例定期随访观察;同时监测介入治疗前后肝功能、肝动脉通畅程度变化及病人临床转归等情况.结果 肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄发生率为3.43%(21/613),诊断中位时间146 d.6例早期肝动脉狭窄病人均接受介入治疗,其中病死2例,存活4例病人中有2例再移植.15例晚期肝动脉狭窄病人中,13例接受介入治疗,其中病死4例,再移植2例,7例存活但肝功能反复出现异常.另外2例在肝门及肝内分支形成良好的侧支循环,肝功能维持稳定.结论 移植术后应根据肝动脉狭窄类型、胆道缺血损伤程度以及有无良好侧支循环代偿等综合因素采取个体化治疗策略.     

人体原位肝脏移植术后胆道与血管并发症的放射介入治疗

目的 评估放射介入治疗在人体原位肝脏移植病人术后胆道与血管并发症中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析自1999年1月至2001年4月我院连续实施的48例人体原位肝脏移植的临床资料，总结放射介入技术治疗术后胆道与血管并发症的实施体会。结果 术后经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）证实，3例病人存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄，共实施经T管窦道选择性球囊扩张术6例次，胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转。术后经彩色多普勒超声、核磁共振血管造影（MRA）及静脉造影证实，2例病人存在肝上下腔静脉狭窄与门静脉吻合口狭窄，分别实施肝上下腔静脉狭窄段球囊扩张术1例次，肝上下腔静脉内支架置入术2例次、门静脉内支架置入术1例次。放射介入治疗后，影像学检查显示血管狭窄基本消失，病人肝功能明显好转、腹水显著减少、尿量增加。5例中最长1例健康存活至今已超过19个月。结论 肝脏主后应常规联合应用胆道造影术和MRCP了解胆树全貌，彩色多普勒超声和MRA监测血管血流动力学，以尽早诊断胆道和血管并发症；及时果断采用正确的放射介入技术处理胆道与血管并发症可取得良好疗效。     

经皮经肝胆道支架术在肝移植术后胆管狭窄中的应用

目的 评价经皮经肝胆道支架术治疗肝移植术后胆管狭窄的疗效.方法 肝移植术后胆管狭窄患者23例,其中吻合口狭窄7例,肝门区狭窄6例,多发性狭窄10例.确诊后均行经皮经肝胆道支架术.术前均给予经皮经肝胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD),同时对狭窄部位...     

儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管腔内介入治疗

目的探讨经皮肝血管成形术在儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析儿童肝移植术后PVS 8例患儿资料,均经门静脉造影证实,并行经皮血管成形术和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗。分析8例患儿血管腔内介入治疗的效果。结果对8例患儿共进行12例次血管内腔内介入治疗,技术成功率66.67%(8/12),首次治疗临床成功率62.50%(5/8)。3例分别于首次球囊扩张后再次行球囊扩张,2例术后PVS无复发,1例患儿再次球囊扩张治疗后,行血管腔内支架成形术,支架植入后未狭窄。8例患儿均未出现治疗相关并发症。结论儿童肝移植术后PVS的血管腔内介入治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻的诊断和治疗方法.方法 2001年6月至2004年11月,共施行肝移植821例次,其中6例患者(背驮式原位肝移植1例,经典原位肝移植4例,减体积肝移植1例)在手术6个月之后出现流出道梗阻,均经彩色超声、计算机断层扫描(CT)检查及下腔静脉造影明确诊断.6例患者均接受经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA),并放置血管内支架治疗,每天口服肠溶阿斯匹林100 mg抗凝治疗半年.治疗期间对患者进行监测和定期随访.结果 肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻的发生率为0.73%.6例患者均为肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄,经PTA并放置血管内支架治疗后,血流恢复通畅,下肢水肿消失,肾功能恢复良好,长期随访无复发.结论 经彩色超声检查怀疑流出道梗阻的患者应行腹部强化CT检查,可以为诊断提供有力的证据;高度怀疑流出道梗阻的患者应进行下腔静脉造影,检测狭窄部位的压力梯度变化.经皮腔内血管成形术并放置血管内支架治疗肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻安全可靠,长期疗效满意.     

Transluminal vascular stent implantation for a patient with renovascular hypertension due to renal artery stenosis

In recent years, transluminal vascular stents have been implanted in patients with renal artery stenosis. At present, controversy remains as to whether the long-term outcome of stent implantation is better than that of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA). However, until now, no clinical experience of a stent placement for renal artery stenosis has been reported in our country. We implanted a Palmaz stent in a patient with renovascular hypertenstion due to renal artery restenosis who had already undergone PTRA. The renal function and blood pressure of the patient improved remarkably.