内镜介入治疗在急性胆源性胰腺炎中的应用

目的评价早期行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）及介入治疗对急性胆源性胰腺炎患者的安全性和临床疗效。方法将96例急性胆源性胰腺炎住院患者分为A、B两组,A组行ERCP检查和治疗,B组行内科保守治疗,分别观察其疗效和并发症,评价急性胆源性胰腺炎患者内镜治疗的安全性和疗效。结果A组患者治愈率98%,无严重并发症发生,未见因ERCP检查和治疗而使病情加重者,其腹痛缓解时间、住院天数、血淀粉酶恢复时间明显短于B组。结论早期内镜介入治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎具有微创、安全、有效、快速解除胆道急性梗阻及防止胆汁胰管反流的特点,可使急性胆源性胰腺炎患者得到快速及时的诊治,防止病情进一步发展。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗的临床评价

目的 评价急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）治疗的安全性和临床疗效。方法 对58例急性胆源性胰腺炎住院患者,早期行ERCP检查和治疗,观察其疗效和并发症,评价急性胆源性胰腺炎患者内镜治疗的安全性和疗效。结果 本组58例患者均治愈,无严重并发症发生,未见因ERCP检查和治疗而使病情加重者。结论 早期内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎具有微创、安全有效,快速解除胆道急性梗阻及防止胆汁胰管反流的特点,可使急性胆源性胰腺炎和临床怀疑为胆源性胰腺炎的患者得到及时正确的诊治,以阻止病情进一步向重型发展。     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术对急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗价值

目的 探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗的价值及其安全性。方法 选择82例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期（72h内）行逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）及内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）（ERCP组），并与同期保守治疗36例（对照组）进行比较。结果 ERCP组全部成功实施EST，66例胆总管结石者行网篮及气囊取石，所有82例均行鼻胆管引流，重症组8例同时行胰管支架引流。ERCP组平均腹痛消失时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、平均住院天数及平均费用均明显低于对照组。ERCP组重症组死亡率8．33％，对照组重症组死亡率33．33％。结论 急性胆源性胰腺炎早期ERCP治疗是安全的，能降低病人的死亡率．减少病人住院天数和费用。     

内镜介入与保守治疗对急性胆源性胰腺炎病人康复的影响

[目的]探讨内镜介入治疗与保守治疗对急性胆源性胰腺炎恢复的影响。[方法]将108例急性胆源性胰腺炎病人随机分为内镜组和保守组,内镜组病人在发病1d～7d行逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查和治疗;保守组病人在病情缓解后1个月行择期手术,比较两组病人腹痛缓解时间、住院天数、并发症发生情况、出院后1个月病人对健康教育相关知识掌握情况及血淀粉酶、血白细胞、肝功能恢复时间。[结果]内镜组病人腹痛缓解时间、并发症发生率、病人对疾病知晓率、遵医行为及血淀粉酶、血白细胞、肝功能恢复时间明显优于保守组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。[结论]早期内镜介入治疗可以减少急性胆源性胰腺炎并发症的发生率,缩短病人的住院时间;健康教育及出院指导能提高病人的遵医行为,减少胰腺炎的复发几率,从而提高病人的生活质量。     

胆源性胰腺炎内镜治疗的现状和进展

急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP)约占急性胰腺炎的15%～50%。目前对于内镜介入治疗ABP的作用较为肯定,即内镜逆行性胆胰管造影(ERCP)在ABP的病因诊断中仍具有其他方法不可替代的作用,而相应的介入治疗可清除胆管结石,恢复胆流,减少胆汁胰管反流,从而使病情迅速缓解并可以减少复发,改善总体预后,疗效明显优于传统常规治疗。尽管在内镜介入治疗的时机及指征上仍存在一定争议,但多数学者倾向于早期ERCP及内镜治疗,从而阻断急性胰腺炎的病理过程,同时也减少有关并发症的发生。     

内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎80例疗效分析

目的总结内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的疗效和临床价值。方法急性胆源性胰腺炎160例,其中内镜治疗（内镜组）80例,24 h内行逆行胰胆管造影术、内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术（EST）及鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）;保守或外科治疗（对照组）80例。结果保守治疗组和内镜介入治疗组腹痛缓解时间、住院时间、并发症、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、平均住院天数、平均费用之间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论内镜治疗解除胆胰管开口的梗阻,是一种治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的安全、有效的方法。     

经内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎26例临床报告

目的：观察内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的成功率疗效及其并发症。方法：对26例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者在内科综合治疗的基础上，急诊内镜（72h内）逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）及经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开（EST）或鼻胆管引流（ENBD）等治疗。结果：26例治疗成功24例（92．3％），经内镜治疗后原有发热的患者2－5d体温恢复正常；并发腹膜炎的患者3－8d腹部体征好转；血常规、淀粉酶及血生化1－2周内基本恢复。除2例形成胰腺假性囊肿中转外科手术外，其它患者于术后5－2d好转出院。内镜治疗过程中除3例出现切口出血，经局部喷洒凝血酶止血外，再未出现其它并发症。结论：急性胆源性胰腺炎早期ERCP及内镜治疗安全有效。     

内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎36例疗效分析

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎早期行内镜治疗的临床疗效。方法64急性胆源性胰腺炎患者随机分成保守治疗组（28例）和内镜治疗组（36例）,观察两组的临床疗效并对相关指标进行对比分析。结果保守治疗组28例患者中有7例有并发症,其中有4例行急诊手术;2例（7,14％）死亡。内镜治疗组5例发生并发症,无中转手术治疗病例,无死亡病例。内镜治疗组的腹痛缓解天数、体温正常时间、白细胞正常时间、淀粉酶正常时间及平均住院天数和平均住院费用等明显少于保守治疗组（P〈0．05）。结论早期内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎安全、疗效好,能缩短病程,减少并发症,降低死亡率,并且具有明显缩短住院时间和降低住院费用的社会效益,值得临床推广。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗与保守治疗的临床分析

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎非外科手术治疗的最佳方案。方法将180例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者按病情分为重症组86例和轻症组94例。以上患者再分成两组,分别予以早期内镜治疗和保守治疗。比较4组患者治疗后症状缓解天数、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、并发症发生率、死亡率及住院天数等指标。结果与重症保守治疗组相比,重症内镜治疗组白细胞、血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶、肝功能、腹痛恢复时间及住院时间明显缩短,并发症发生率降低(P0.05);而轻症内镜治疗组与轻症保守治疗组各项观察指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论重症急性胆源性胰腺炎应早期行内镜治疗,而轻症急性胆源性胰腺炎根据具体病情可以选择内科保守治疗或者内镜治疗。     

内镜在急性胆源性胰腺炎治疗中的应用价值

研究内镜在急性胆源性胰腺炎治疗中的应用价值。收治的68例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者,按照知情同意原则,在综合治疗的基础上,按照治疗方式将患者分成内镜治疗组（36例）和保守治疗组（32例）。记录两组患者的临床疗效。内镜组在腹痛缓解时间、体温恢复时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间及平均住院天数均显著优于保守组（P〈0.05）。内镜在急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗中具有安全、有效的特点,能够显著提高治疗效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.