Geohelminth infection of children from rural plantations and urban slums in Malaysia

This study compares levels of geohelminth infection in children living in rural estates and urban slum areas of Malaysia. The statistical characteristics of geohelminth infection in 1499 children from birth up to 15 years of age, living in rural estates, were analysed according to age, sex and ethnic origin and compared with the same statistics for 1574 slum-dwelling children of similar age groups and ethnic origins. The prevalence and intensity of ascariasis and trichuriasis were significantly higher among children from the urban slums. Slum-dwelling ethnic Indians and Malays had higher levels of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura than their rural counterparts, but the infection status of the ethnic Chinese in the 2 areas was similar. Hookworm infection was similar in both areas, indicating that hookworm infection is neither necessarily nor solely a rural disease. These results suggest that urban slum children are at greater risk of ascariasis and trichuriasis than their rural counterparts.     

镇江市5岁以下腹泻住院儿童病毒性腹泻感染状况研究

目的了解镇江市5岁以下腹泻住院儿童病毒性腹泻感染状况,为制定儿童病毒性腹泻的预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法收集2007年10月～2008年9月镇江城区和农村5岁以下腹泻住院儿童的粪便标本517份,进行轮状病毒（rotavirus,RV）、杯状病毒（humancali civirus,HuCV）、腺病毒（adenovirus,AdeV）及星状病毒（astrovirus,AstV）病原检测,得到4种病原的阳性率、三间分布和RV的毒株分型情况。结果 517份合格粪便标本,总体阳性率为38.68%,城区儿童病毒性腹泻阳性率明显高于农村地区（P〈0.05）。4种病原阳性率从高到低依次排序：RV为21.47%、AstV为16.83%、HuCV为8.12%、AdeV为1.35%、混合感染22.5%,以RV混合其他病毒感染为主,占82.22%（37/45）。城区与农村的病原谱不一致,城区AstV和混合感染阳性率明显高于农村地区,而农村地区的RV、AdeV阳性率高于城区,HuCV阳性率两地区无明显差异。4种肠道病毒阳性率最高的月份依次为11月、10月、12月、1月,高峰期阳性率为69.50%。13～24月龄患儿病毒性腹泻阳性率较其他年龄组高。结论镇江市城区病毒性腹泻的阳性率较农村地区高,两地区的病原谱不一致。秋冬季节是镇江市病毒性腹泻的高发季节,其病原以轮状病毒为主。     

云南省乙型肝炎疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理基线调查分析

目的　掌握云南省儿童乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种率及乙肝病毒 (HBV)感染状况 ,为乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理提供本底资料。方法　采用分层多阶段随机抽样和标准组群抽样方法 ,抽取了 2 5 96名l～ 3岁儿童进行调查。结果　 1～ 3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率、首针及时接种率、全程接种率、全程及时接种率、乙肝病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)携带率和HBV感染率分别为 70 .3 4%、2 2 .5 3 %、68.45 %、2 2 .3 4%、2 .2 5 %和 12 .60 %。以上 4项接种率及HBV感染率均以城市儿童最高 ,低收入农村儿童最低 ,呈逐层降低趋势 ;HBsAg携带率则是农村儿童高于城市儿童。结论　云南省乙肝防制工作的重点和难点是农村地区 ,尤其是低收入农村地区     

甲型肝炎病毒感染的血清流行病学研究

对543例城、乡正常人群甲肝IgG抗体的IAHA检测指出阳性率为64.8%。男女差异无显著性（P>0.05）。约半数感染人群发生在10岁以前，到成年时已超过80%。农村较城市更高（P<0.001），多数感染（73.2%）发生在10岁以下的小年龄人群，城市感染则多发生在较大年龄人群，与农村不同。表明甲肝感染普遍而严重。包括幼儿在内的青少年应是防止甲肝感染的主要对象，控制这些易感人群集中单位的爆发流行，是降低甲肝发病的有力措施。成人的群体免疫力较强，主要是及时发现，处理好散在发生的甲肝患者及其密切接触的易感人群，防止造成流行是有积极意义的。     

中国6岁以下儿童呼吸系统疾病与腹泻患病情况及经济损失

应用1998年全国营养监测现场调查资料，重点分析我国城市与农村6岁以下儿童2周呼吸系统与腹泻患病情况、变化趋势、疾病对儿童生长发育的影响，并分析儿童因病所赞成的经济损失。资料显示，1998年我国城市与农村6岁以下儿童2周呼吸系统患病率城市高于农村，分别为23．75％和21．97％，但其中贫困农村又高于城市为26．03％。患病年龄特点是2岁以内的儿童呼吸系统患病农村高于城市，而2岁以后城市高于农村。患病高峰农村在6－18个月，而城市3－4岁之间。与1990年比较，1998年儿童呼吸系统患病在城市上升了9．5个百分点，农村上升了6．9个百分点。6岁以下儿童2周腹泻患率农村高于城市，分别为7．0％和4．31％，而贫困农村最高为10．36％。儿童腹泻患病率随年龄上升而下降，患病高峰在6－12个月，各个年龄段患病率农村均高于城市。1998年与1990年相比，城市从9．4％下降为4．3％，农村从13．0％降为7．0％。2岁以内营养不良婴幼儿的呼吸系统与腹泻患病率都显著高于正常儿童。凡患有呼吸系统与腹泻的婴幼儿平均身高与体重都显著低于正常儿童。采用成本效益方法，对1998年400例6岁以下儿童按其2周呼吸系统与腹泻患病率估算的经济损失城市为11793元，农村5458元。     

Acute diarrhoeal disease in Nigeria: detection of enteropathogens in a rural sub-Saharan population

A retrospective study was carried out to obtain epidemiological data concerning the relative risk of Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio cholerae infection in several rural population groups. Faecal samples (rectal swab specimens) were cultured from 914 selected children with acute diarrhoeal disease and from a matched control group of 984 non-diarrhoeal children. Shigella were more frequently isolated than the other enteropathogens from both the diarrhoeal (12.7%) and control children (6.6%). S. flexneri was the predominant species; S. sonnei and V. cholerae were not detected. Salmonella was isolated from 19 diarrhoeal (2.1%) and 16 control children (1.6%). C. jejuni was obtained from 34 diarrhoeal (3.7%) and 6 control children (0.6%). Most Shigella isolates were obtained during the peak agricultural periods (March/April and August/September) and from diarrhoeal children 0-5 months and 3-5 years of age. The highest infection rates with Salmonella and C. jejuni were observed during February and August, in diarrhoeal children aged 0-5 months and 6-11 months of age respectively. Up to 6 months of age, infection rates with Shigella, Salmonella and C. jejuni were markedly higher in bottle-fed than in breast-fed infants.     

Prevalence of anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies in Konya, Turkey

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses in the different areas of Konya. METHODS: Anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies were investigated in 210 healthy children randomly selected (100 from rural areas and 110 from urban areas of Konya). None gave a history of previous icterus nor other signs of hepatitis, had received blood transfusion and HAV vaccine, or had been on hemodialysis. RESULTS: Evidence of HAV infection occurred in children under the age of 6 years. The seroprevalence rate was 67.8% in rural areas and 25.8% in urban areas. This increased rapidly with age and became universal after 11 years of age in both areas. In contrast, HEV infections were not detected until children were 6-11 year olds, and the 5.2% seroprevalence rate in urban areas and 8.5% seroprevalence rate in rural areas in this age group did not significantly increase in older age group. The prevalence of anti-HAV as well as anti-HEV was significantly higher in children with poor socio-economic conditions in both areas. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HAV infection in rural areas of Konya is widespread and that environmental and socio-economic factors play a major role in its transmission. In contrast, hepatitis E is not a public health problem in Konya.     

无锡地区散居儿童粪便幽门螺杆菌抗原的流行病学研究

目的　了解无锡地区儿童人群中幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)感染情况 ,探讨影响Hp感染的因素。 方法　采用酶联免疫方法检测 112 6例 0～ 12岁儿童粪便中的幽门螺杆菌抗原 (HpSA)。结果　该地区儿童HpSA平均阳性率为 19.0 9% ,且有随年龄增长而递增趋势。其中男性为 19.6 2 % ,女性为 18.5 2 % ,二者差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。有症状组HpSA阳性率为 2 6 .94 % ,高于无症状组 10 .6 0 % (P <0 .0 1)。城区儿童HpSA阳性率为 12 .4 7% ,城郊结合部儿童为 19.30 % ,郊区、农村儿童为 2 4 .94 %。十二指肠球部溃疡小儿的HpSA阳性率为90 .77%。结论　该地区儿童人群中Hp感染率较高 ,是引起儿童胃十二指肠疾病的主要原因。     

Campylobacter infection in urban and rural populations in Scotland

A review of campylobacter infection in Scotland over five years (1978-82), during which 7808 human isolates were recorded (mean annual isolation rate of 30 per 100000), revealed differences in the epidemiology of the disease between rural and urban populations which were not apparent in the national data. The incidence of infection in the two rural areas studied was greatest in the early months of the year, whereas that in the two urban areas showed a third-quarter predominance. In both urban and rural populations, age-specific infection rates were highest in children less than 5 years old, but this trend was more pronounced in rural than urban populations. Conversely, secondary peaks in age-specific infection rates observed in young adults were more pronounced in the urban than rural populations. It is postulated that rural children were being infected by campylobacters at an early age by drinking contaminated raw milk which was not normally available to city residents. The lower incidence in adults in the rural populations is interpreted as indicating more widespread immunity, resulting from greater exposure to infection during childhood. The effect of compulsory heat treatment of milk sold in Scotland, introduced in August 1983, is currently being studied.     

Campylobacter infection in urban and rural populations in Scotland.

A review of campylobacter infection in Scotland over five years (1978-82), during which 7808 human isolates were recorded (mean annual isolation rate of 30 per 100000), revealed differences in the epidemiology of the disease between rural and urban populations which were not apparent in the national data. The incidence of infection in the two rural areas studied was greatest in the early months of the year, whereas that in the two urban areas showed a third-quarter predominance. In both urban and rural populations, age-specific infection rates were highest in children less than 5 years old, but this trend was more pronounced in rural than urban populations. Conversely, secondary peaks in age-specific infection rates observed in young adults were more pronounced in the urban than rural populations. It is postulated that rural children were being infected by campylobacters at an early age by drinking contaminated raw milk which was not normally available to city residents. The lower incidence in adults in the rural populations is interpreted as indicating more widespread immunity, resulting from greater exposure to infection during childhood. The effect of compulsory heat treatment of milk sold in Scotland, introduced in August 1983, is currently being studied.     

An epidemiological comparison of parasitic infection among preschool children in four areas in Lagos, Nigeria

This study was carried out using four contrasted areas in Lagos, Agege, Mafoluku, Adeniyi-Jones Village and Allen Avenue by incidental sampling method. No other statistical sampling method was viable due to limitation posed by the parents of the subjects.

An estimated 39.3#pc of parasites infection was identified from the low socio economic pre-school children. Out of 20 pre-school children from highly socio economic status,” Allen Avenue” was tested negative of any parasite. The most common parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides followed by Trichuria Trichurias. 32 children from Adeniyi-Jones Village were infected. 27 children within the age of 0-24 months surveyed from Agege and Mafoluku were infected of the same similar parasites.

Socio economic status played a significant role in this study. Children from Allen Avenue with higher environmental sanitation compared with other three areas carried no parasites. A total of 18 #op12.0#pc#cp females were infected while 27.3#pc of the males were infected. A higher percentage rate occured among females than males though no association was made between the sexes.     

2008年汉川市农村居民肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

[目的]了解农村居民寄生虫感染情况,为防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]2008年11-12月,采用生理盐水直接涂片法、卢戈氏碘液直接涂片法和改良加藤厚涂片法对汉川市白鱼村、何畈村、府河村、胜三四村、艳阳天村部分3岁及以上人群进行粪检调查。[结果]5个点合计检查2 506人,检出寄生虫感染者506人,总感染率为20.19%。总感染率,艳阳天村为24.61%,白鱼村为22.49%,胜三四村为20.69%,何？村为20.32%,府河村为13.04%（P〈0.01）;蛔虫为15.08%,鞭虫为12.41%,姜片虫为0.28%,钩虫为0.04%,棘口吸虫为0.16%,短膜壳绦虫为0.04%,蛲虫为0.16%,结肠内阿米巴为0.32%,溶组织阿米巴为0.04%,微小内蜓阿米巴为0.04%,兰贾第鞭毛虫为0.24%。受检的2 506人中,感染1种寄生虫者占11.81%,感染2种者占8.18%,感染3种的占0.16%,感染4种的占0.04%。蛔虫感染率,3-14岁为18.26%,15-39岁为13.47%,≥40岁为11.14%（P〈0.01）;鞭虫感染率,3-14岁为13.96%,15-39岁为12.42%,≥40岁为8.47%（P〈0.05）。[结论]汉川市农村居民肠道寄生虫感染率较低,蛔虫、鞭虫是感染率最高的寄生虫。     

Implications of health care provision on acute lower respiratory infection mortality in Bangladeshi children

This study uses a geographic information system to evaluate the effects of health care provision on acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) mortality in very young children in rural Bangladesh. Since 1988, an ALRI control program has been operating in a rural area of Bangladesh in an effort to decrease morbidity and mortality of children suffering from ALRI. ALRI-specific mortality data for very young children (<2 years of age) were obtained from a surveillance system of the area from 1988 to 1993. The ALRI mortality data were aggregated by clusters of households called baris. In order to avoid bias in the population size of haris, spatial moving averages of ALRI-specific death rates were calculated. The relationships between ALRI death rates and several environmental and health service provision variables were measured using regression analysis. The results show that the ALRI mortality rate was 54% lower in the community-based ALRI control program area than in a comparison area where there was no intervention. Greater access to allopathic practitioners was related to lower ALRI mortality rates while access to indigenous practitioners was related to higher mortality. In conclusion, the benefit of the community-based ALRI control program, using a simple case management strategy and improved access to allopathic practitioners, should be replicated in other rural areas of Bangladesh in an effort to reduce child ALRI mortality.     

猩红热A组β型链球菌流行病学及耐药性研究

目的探讨小儿猩红热A组β型链球菌的流行病学特点及其对常见抗生素的耐药情况。方法选取2017年1月至2018年1月在浙江省海宁市人民医院就诊的患猩红热小儿147例为研究对象,取咽拭子标本进行病原体分离培养,分析菌株类别及emm基因类型,并检测8种常用抗生素的耐药性。结果①147例患儿的咽拭子标本中共分离出147株A组β型链球菌,其中婴儿占2.72%,幼儿占10.88%,学龄前儿童占45.58%,学龄初期儿童占38.10%,学龄晚期儿童占2.72%,学龄前及学龄初期儿童占比最高,为高发人群。农村发病率高于城镇;4-7月份为流行高峰期。②猩红热A组β型链球菌对青霉素、头孢曲松等药物敏感,但对克林霉素和克拉霉素不敏感。③在147株A组β型链球菌中共检出5种emm基因型,其中emm1型基因最常见,为53株(36.05%)。结论学龄前及学龄初期儿童易感染A组β型链球菌,青霉素和头孢曲松可作为首选药,但是不推荐克林霉素和克拉霉素。     

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites among hospitalized patients attending Al-Nasser Paediatric Hospital, Gaza, Palestine

Aims  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the diagnosed gastrointestinal parasites among hospitalized children attending the Al-Nasser Paediatric Hospital. Method  This was a cross-sectional study among hospitalized children attending the Al-Nasser Paediatric Hospital. The study included 522 children during the period May 2002 to May 2003. Data collection included two methods: medical laboratory results for the examination of stool specimens and a questionnaire. Wet mount using saline and Lugol’s iodine and formal ether sedimentation techniques were employed in the present study. Results  Evidence for infection with the gastrointestinal parasites was found in 176 (33.7%) of the children. The intestinal parasites were most prevalent in females (38.8%). The most highly prevalent parasite was found to be Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (26.4%) and the monthly high prevalence of intestinal parasites was in February (54.5%). The prevalence of intestinal parasites increased significantly with increasing age for both Giardia lamblia and E. histolytica/dispar. Conclusions  The study showed a high prevalence of E. histolytica/dispar infection among hospitalized children. Hygiene and health measures should be reviewed in the hospital where nosocomial infection cannot be excluded. The diagnostic techniques for stool specimens should be reviewed and improved. Physicians in hospitals and private clinics should be aware of intestinal parasitic diseases when requesting stool specimens and prescribing drugs.     

陕西省人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解陕西省人群乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒（HBV）感染现状,评价接种乙肝疫苗（HepB）15年后人群血清流行病学变动情况。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取1～59岁人群2 224人进行问卷调查并采集血标本,用ELISA方法检测HBV血清学标志。结果调查人群HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc标化阳性率分别为3.50%、48.51%、24.45%,HBV标化感染率为37.58%。HepB接种率为50.09%,接种人群HBsAg阳性率（1.62%）及HBV感染率（8.80%）低于未接种人群（4.05%、50.00%）。15岁以下儿童HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率低于15岁以上人群,而抗-HBs阳性率、HepB接种率高于15岁以上人群。HBsAg阳性率、HBV感染率较1992年流行病学调查结果分别下降54.78%、31.86%,抗-HBs阳性率上升60.79%。HBV感染率农村（33.33%）高于城市（24.17%）,HepB接种率城市（88.61%）高于农村（75.96%）。结论陕西省实施HepB接种15年后,HBsAg阳性率、HBV感染率均有不同程度下降,15岁以下儿童下降更为明显。     

The impact of intestinal parasitic infections on the nutritional status of primary school children in Alexandria, Egypt

In order to investigate the relationship between intestinal parasitism and nutritional status, stool specimens obtained from 1674 school children aged 6-13 years, enrolled in primary governmental schools in the Eastern zone of Alexandria, Egypt were examined for helminth and protozoan parasites. The findings were collated with anthropometric data (weight and height) on the same children. The prevalence of parasitic infections was found to be 31.5%. The most common infections were found to be with Giardia lamblia (15.4%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (10.2%). Children infected with both helminths and protozoa showed an increased but insignificant risk of underweight relative to those without infections. The risk of stunting was found among all types of parasites as compared to children with no parasites. Also there was a higher non significant risk of wasting among those with protozoal infection especially Giardia lamblia. Children infected with three species or more of intestinal parasitic infections were significantly underweight than non infected children (OR = 4.68, 95% confidence limit = 1.04-18.03). Using stepwise logistic regression analysis, number of parasites appeared to be the most effective variable of the nutritional status of children indicated by weight for age Z score, followed by education of the mother.     

云南省1～3岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及乙型肝炎病毒感染基线调查

目的 了解云南省乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理前1～3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率和乙型肝炎病毒感染状况,为乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理提供本底资料.方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样和标准组群抽样法,抽取全省4个不同经济收入层,120个调查点的 2 596名1～3岁儿童进行调查.结果 1～3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率70.34%,全程接种率68.45%,首针及时接种率22.53%,全程及时接种率22.34%.不同层次地区乙肝疫苗各接种率差异非常显著,城市最高,贫困农村最低;HBsAg携带率2.25%;抗-HBs免疫抗体阳性率57.26%. HBV总感染率13.08%.各感染率在不同层次地区间、有无免疫史间差异非常显著.结论 ①乙肝疫苗接种率城市高于农村地区,而乙肝病毒感染则是农村地区高于城市,云南省乙型肝炎防治工作的重点和难点是农村地区,尤其是收入较低的贫困地区;②经过10 a的乙肝疫苗有价接种,云南省1～3岁儿童半数以上儿童产生了免疫抗体,形成一定的免疫屏障;③接种过乙肝疫苗儿童的感染率明显低于未接种过乙肝疫苗的儿童,接种乙肝疫苗对降低乙型肝炎感染非常有效.     

成都地区儿童上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况及流行病学特征

目的了解成都地区儿童急性上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况,并分析其流行病学特征。方法将2018年4月至2020年4月医院收治住院治疗的1324例急性上呼吸道感染患儿纳入研究。对咽拭子标本进行病原体培养、分离与鉴定。结果1324份标本中,检出阳性1012份,阳性率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为50.40%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%。1324份标本中,细菌和病毒总检出率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为47.13%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%;细菌类型以流感嗜血杆菌为主,病毒类型以呼吸道合胞病毒A为主;不同年龄儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同季节儿童上呼吸道细菌和病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同地区儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成都地区儿童上呼吸道感染以病毒感染为主,流感嗜血杆菌和呼吸道合胞病毒A为儿童上呼吸道感染的主要病原体,0~1岁为上呼吸道细菌感染高发年龄,1~4岁为上呼吸道病毒感染高发年龄,冬季和城区儿童上呼吸道感染阳性率较高。     

Intestinal parasitism and Vibrio cholerae infection among diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

In this study, we have analysed the epidemiological significance of the concurrent infections caused by Vibrio cholerae and intestinal parasites among different age groups of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata. A total of 3556 stool samples collected during 1996-2004 were screened for vibrios and parasites. The seasonality of V. cholerae and parasitic infections were studied in detail. The detection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides and Giardia lamblia infection were more than for the hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba histolytica. V. cholerae O1 was identified as the predominant serogroup among diarrhoeal patients. The highest rates for V. cholerae infection were in the 2-5 years age group and combined infection of V. cholerae and parasites was recorded among children aged between 2 and 10 years.