Ethnicity,sleep, mood,and illumination in postmenopausal women

Background  

This study examined how ethnic differences in sleep and depression were related to environmental illumination and circadian rhythms.     

The human calvaria: a review of embryology, anatomy, pathology, and molecular development

Introduction  

The human skull is a complex structure that deserves continued study. Few studies have directed their attention to the development, pathology, and molecular formation of the human calvaria.     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,Cardiovascular, and Metabolic Disease: A Review of the Evidence

Background  

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease.     

Examining the Relationships Between Family Meal Practices,Family Stressors,and the Weight of Youth in the Family

Background  

Research is limited on how the social environment of the home is related to childhood obesity.     

Autonomic function, voice, and mood states

Purpose  

The present study examined the relationships among cardiovascular autonomic, acoustic, and mood states in resting young subjects.     

Psychiatric diagnoses,trauma, and suicidiality

Background  

This study aimed to examine the associations between psychiatric diagnoses, trauma and suicidiality in psychiatric patients at intake.     

Prospective,Randomized Comparison of Lansoprazole Suspension,and Intermittent Intravenous Famotidine on Gastric pH and Acid Production in Critically ill Neurosurgical Patients

Background  

There is a paucity of studies comparing stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) agents in high-risk neurosurgical patients.     

Anger Suppression Predicts Pain,Emotional, and Cardiovascular Responses to the Cold Pressor

Background  

Manipulated anger suppression has been shown to heighten pain and anger responses to pain.     

Clinical symptoms in mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies: Frequency,time of onset,and discriminant ability

Background and purpose

Mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) is associated with a range of cognitive, motor, neuropsychiatric, sleep, autonomic, and visual symptoms. We investigated the cumulative frequency of symptoms in a longitudinal cohort of MCI-LB compared with MCI due to Alzheimer disease (MCI-AD) and analysed the ability of a previously described 10-point symptom scale to differentiate MCI-LB and MCI-AD, in an independent cohort.

Methods

Participants with probable MCI-LB (n = 70), MCI-AD (n = 51), and controls (n = 34) had a detailed clinical assessment and annual follow-up (mean duration = 1.7 years). The presence of a range of symptoms was ascertained using a modified version of the Lewy Body Disease Association Comprehensive LBD Symptom Checklist at baseline assessment and then annually.

Results

MCI-LB participants experienced a greater mean number of symptoms (24.2, SD = 7.6) compared with MCI-AD (11.3, SD = 7.4) and controls (4.2, SD = 3.1; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). A range of cognitive, parkinsonian, neuropsychiatric, sleep, and autonomic symptoms were significantly more common in MCI-LB than MCI-AD, although when present, the time of onset was similar between the two groups. A previously defined 10-point symptom scale demonstrated very good discrimination between MCI-LB and MCI-AD (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.91, 95% confidence interval = 0.84–0.98), replicating our previous finding in a new cohort.

Conclusions

MCI-LB is associated with the frequent presence of a particular profile of symptoms compared to MCI-AD. Clinicians should look for evidence of these symptoms in MCI and be aware of the potential for treatment. The presence of these symptoms may help to discriminate MCI-LB from MCI-AD.     

Trauma, dissociation, and antiretroviral adherence among persons living with HIV/AIDS

Background

There are approximately 1,000,000 persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLH) in the United States; to reduce rates of new infection and curb disease progression, adherence to HIV medication among PLH is critical. Despite elevated trauma rates in PLH, no studies to date have investigated the relationship between dissociation, a specific symptom of trauma, and HIV medication adherence. We hypothesized that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms would be associated with lower adherence, and that dissociation would moderate this relationship.

Methods

Forty-three individuals with HIV were recruited from community-based clinics to participate in a cross-sectional study. The relationship of trauma, dissociation, and their interaction to the probability of antiretroviral adherence was assessed using a hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among 38 eligible participants, greater PTSD was associated with lower odds of adherence (OR = .92, p < .05). Dissociation moderated the effect of PTSD on adherence, resulting in lower odds of adherence (OR = .95, p < .05). PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with lower odds of adherence in individuals reporting high levels of dissociation (OR = .86, p < .05) but not in those reporting low levels of dissociation (OR = 1.02, p > .05).

Conclusions

This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between dissociation and medication adherence. Findings are discussed in the context of clinical management of PLH with trauma histories and the need for interventions targeting dissociative symptomatology to optimize adherence.     

Poverty,life events and the risk for depression in Uganda

Background  

Understanding the determinants of major depression in sub-Saharan Africa is important for planning effective intervention strategies.     

Perceived family stress, parenting efficacy, and child externalizing behaviors in second-generation immigrant mothers

Objectives  

Examining family stress and parenting efficacy in relation to child externalizing problems in immigrant families.     

Evaluation of the implementation of the Meeting Centres Support Program in Italy,Poland, and the UK; exploration of the effects on people with dementia

Objectives

MEETINGDEM investigated whether the Dutch Meeting Centres Support Programme (MCSP) could be implemented in Italy, Poland, and the UK with comparable benefits. This paper reports on the impact on people living with dementia attending pilot Meeting Centres in the 3 countries.

Methods

Nine pilot Meeting Centres (MCs) participated (Italy—5, Poland—2, UK—2). Effectiveness of MCSP was compared with Usual Care (UC) on outcomes measuring behavioural and psychological symptoms (NPI), depression (CSDD), and quality of life (DQoL, QOL‐AD), analysed by ANCOVAs in a 6‐month pre‐test/post‐test controlled trial.

Results

Pre/post data were collected for 85 people with dementia and 93 carers (MCSP) and 74 people with dementia /carer dyads' receiving UC. MCSP showed significant positive effects for DQoL [Self‐esteem (F = 4.8, P = 0.03); Positive Affect (F = 14.93, P < 0.00); Feelings of Belonging (F = 7.77, P = 0.01)] with medium and large effect sizes. Higher attendance levels correlated with greater neuropsychiatric symptom reduction (rho = 0.24, P = 0.03) and a greater increase in feelings of support (rho = 0.36, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

MCSPs showed significant wellbeing and health benefits compared with UC, building on the evidence of effectiveness from the Netherlands. In addition to the previously reported successful implementation of MCSP in Italy, Poland, and the UK, these findings suggest that further international dissemination of MCSP is recommended.     

Gender, depression and physical impairment: an epidemiologic perspective from Aleppo, Syria

Objective  

Examine the association of physical impairment with gender, depression, and socio-demographics in the community in Aleppo, Syria.     

Domains of Chronic Stress,Lifestyle Factors,and Allostatic Load in Middle-Aged Mexican-American Women

Background  

Little research has examined how chronic stress in different domains relates to allostatic load (AL).     

War exposure,posttraumatic stress disorder,and complex posttraumatic stress disorder among parents living in Ukraine during the Russian war

Background

High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been documented in war-affected populations. The prevalence of Complex PTSD (CPTSD) has never been assessed in an active war zone. Here, we provide initial data on war-related experiences, and prevalence rates of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in a large sample of adults in Ukraine during the Russian war. We also examined how war-related stressors, PTSD, and CPTSD were associated with age, sex, and living location in Ukraine.

Method

Self-report data were gathered from a nationwide sample of 2004 adult parents of children under 18 from the general population of Ukraine approximately 6 months after Russia's invasion.

Results

All participants were exposed to at least one war-related stressor, and the mean number of exposures was 9.07 (range = 1–26). Additionally, 25.9% (95% CI = 23.9%, 27.8%) met diagnostic requirements for PTSD and 14.6% (95% CI = 12.9%, 16.0%) met requirements for CPTSD. There was evidence of a strong dose–response relationship between war-related stressors and meeting criteria for PTSD and CPTSD. Participants who had the highest exposure to war-related stressors were significantly more likely to meet the requirements for PTSD (OR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.96–5.95) and CPTSD (OR = 8.12; 95% CI = 5.11–12.91) compared to the least exposed.

Conclusions

Humanitarian responses to the mental health needs of the Ukrainian population will need to take account of posttraumatic stress reactions. Education in diagnosing and treating PTSD/CPTSD, especially in the situation of a significant lack of human resources and continuing displacement of the population, is necessary.     

Intracranial tumors in infants: long-term functional outcome,survival, and its predictors

Objective  

Intracranial tumors are rare in the first year of life. This study evaluates survival rates and functional outcomes of survivors at least 5 years after diagnosis and the predictors of this outcome.     

Fatigue,Depression, Sleep,and Activity During Chemotherapy: Daily and Intraday Variation and Relationships Among Symptom Changes

Background  

Previous research suggests that cancer patients frequently experience multiple symptoms during chemotherapy; however, relationships among symptom changes are largely unknown.     

Mediating Effects of Body Image Satisfaction on Exercise Behavior,Depressive Symptoms,and Gestational Weight Gain in Pregnancy

Background  

Body image satisfaction in pregnancy may have an important influence on maternal biopsychosocial outcomes.     

Adolescent sleep,distress, and technology use: weekday versus weekend

Background

In adolescents, technology use at bedtime is linked to disrupted sleep and psychological distress. Adolescents are known to sleep later on weekends compared to weekdays but whether this leads to greater technology use, and, hence, additional psychological distress is not known. At greater risk maybe adolescents with a late compared to early chronotype, that is a preference for late versus early sleep onset and offset times.

Method

Self-reported measures of sleep timing, chronotype (early, neither early nor late, late), technology medium (social media/texting, TV/streaming, and gaming), and psychological distress (DASS-21) were collected from 462 students attending one Australian high school.

Results

Technology use at bedtime was greater on weekends and especially in adolescents with a late chronotype. Social media/texting on weekends was predictive of delayed sleep onset times (β = .120), and shorter sleep (β = −.172). Shorter sleep on weekdays but not on weekends was associated with greater psychological distress. Technology medium and chronotype were not predictive of psychological distress.

Conclusions

This study confirmed that technology use and its impact on sleep differed on weekdays compared to weekends and that a late chronotype was associated with greater technology use. However, neither technology medium nor chronotype was found to affect psychological distress. While greater autonomy may be granted to adolescents over the weekend regarding sleep behaviour, young people, parents, and clinicians should be mindful of the link between technology use and sleep.