Trichosporon asahii infection after total knee arthroplasty: A case report and review of the literature

Reports of fungal infection after total knee arthroplasty are extremely rare. In most reports, the infecting organism is a Candida species. The present report describes a case involving a 73-year-old immunocompetent woman who underwent total knee arthroplasty and presented one month later with signs of prosthetic infection. She underwent joint debridement and the fluid was sent for culture and sensitivity testing. The culture showed growth of Trichosporon asahii. The patient was administered intravenous and intra-articular injections of amphotericin B, followed by antifungal treatment with voriconazole for one year. At 26 months of follow-up, there was no evidence of infection and the patient was ambulating with a walker. To the authors’ knowledge, the present case is the first report of T asahii infection following knee replacement. Early detection, prompt institution of the appropriate antibiotics and regular follow-up are recommended.     

Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

The primary aim of treating infected knee joints after total knee arthroplasty is to eradicate the infection, but this is difficult to achieve. We reviewed the treatment of infections that occurred after total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects were 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (3 men, 11 women; ages 38–81 years) who had 14 infected knee joints. The outcome was preservation of the implant in two cases, revision arthroplasty in six cases, arthrodesis in three cases, resection arthroplasty in one case, amputation in one case, and death in one case. If there is no loosening, preservation of the implant should be attempted. If preservation is impossible, revision arthroplasty is the next best option considering the effect on daily activities in patients with the disease affecting multiple joints.     

Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

The primary aim of treating infected knee joints after total knee arthroplasty is to eradicate the infection, but this is difficult to achieve. We reviewed the treatment of infections that occurred after total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects were 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (3 men, 11 women; ages 38–81 years) who had 14 infected knee joints. The outcome was preservation of the implant in two cases, revision arthroplasty in six cases, arthrodesis in three cases, resection arthroplasty in one case, amputation in one case, and death in one case. If there is no loosening, preservation of the implant should be attempted. If preservation is impossible, revision arthroplasty is the next best option considering the effect on daily activities in patients with the disease affecting multiple joints.     

Outcomes of knee arthrodesis following infected total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective analysis of 8 cases

Abstract

Background. There is insufficient information regarding patient-based outcomes after knee arthrodesis following infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to analyze outcomes in patients who underwent knee arthrodesis following infected TKA using clinical and radiographic measurements including a patient-based outcome measuring system.

Methods. We evaluated 8 patients (mean age 72.9 years) who were followed for more than 3 years after arthrodesis. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed, including examination of the patient’s function and use of supportive equipment for walking. The Japanese knee osteoarthritis measurement (JKOM) was used for measuring patient-based outcomes and health-related quality of life.

Result. Knee fusion was achieved in 7 patients. The mean limb-length discrepancy was 5.4 cm. All patients could walk at least inside the house, and activity of daily living (ADL) independence was achieved by the patients with successful knee fusion, although walking aids, including a shoe lift causing little discomfort, were required. The results of JKOM for the patients with successful fusion were comparable to the data for patients who underwent TKA.

Conclusions. When knee arthrodesis was performed for infected TKA cases, pain was reduced and ADL independence was established when knee fusion was achieved. This study demonstrated that information from subjective and functional evaluations of knee arthrodesis patients is useful in understanding postoperative activity and situations, and revealed the importance of supportive elements for walking.     

Risk factors of delirium in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

Although postoperative delirium is a complicated disorder in elderly individuals, no study has been examined the risk factors associated with perioperative comorbidities and clinical laboratory data while specifically focusing on only total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In the present retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and perioperative risk factors of postoperative delirium after TKA. Between April 2009 and May 2013, 287 patients (365 knees) aged >65 years who had undergone primary TKA were enrolled. These patients were assigned to the delirium group of 11 patients (11 knees) or the non-delirium group of 276 patients (354 knees). The incidence of delirium among the patients was 3.1% (11/365). Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a history of dementia, older age, lower body mass index (BMI) level, and a postoperative day 3 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of >14.9 mg/dL were risk factors. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a history of dementia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 10.4, [1.09, 100]), older age (AOR: 1.15, [1.01, 1.31]), and a postoperative day 3 BUN level of >14.9 mg/dL (AOR: 4.76, [1.15, 19.7]) were independent risk factors. Based on our findings, we believe that the surgeons should be careful to avoid the postoperative delirium and ensure the appropriate management for patients who have these risk factors.     

人工全膝关节置换术截骨方法改良及截骨测量

目的：对人工全膝关节置换术股骨截骨方法进行了改良，通过截骨厚度的测量和临床随访对改良截骨方法的手术效果进行评估。方法：采用改良股骨截骨模板，股骨后髁截骨厚度增加3mm。对81例行人工全膝关节置换术患者术中的各项截骨厚度进行测量，分为膝内翻和膝外翻两组，对截骨厚度和假体厚度进行比较分析。术后平均随访27．1个月。结果：81例患者的屈膝间隙和伸膝间隙平均截骨厚度均小于假体厚度。膝内翻和膝外翻组间除股骨后内侧髁截骨厚度外，各项测量值间均存在显著差异。膝内翻组内侧屈伸膝间隙截骨厚度和假体厚度差异最大；膝外翻组外侧屈伸膝间隙截骨厚度和假体厚度差异最大。术后关节活动度良好，仅7．4％病例存在轻度屈膝不稳，无中、重度不稳。结论：本文对股骨截骨模板的改良是可行的，增加3mm的截骨厚度不会出现过度截骨和屈膝不稳的情况。     

全膝关节置换术康复治疗的研究进展

全膝关节置换术(TKA)是治疗膝关节炎的有效方法.但TKA术后患者常存在关节疼痛、肿胀、活动受限、肌力下降等问题.康复治疗在改善TKA术后并发症以及促进肢体功能恢复有良好作用.该文为TKA术后康复治疗的研究进展作一综述.     

Higher comorbidity, poor functional status and higher health care utilization in veterans with prevalent total knee arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to compare comorbidity, functional ability, and health care utilization in veterans with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) versus matched control populations. A cohort of veterans using Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system reported limitations in six activities of daily living (ADLs; bathing, dressing, eating, walking, transferring, and using the toilet), demographics, and physician-diagnosed comorbidity. VA databases provided healthcare utilization and International Classification of Diseases-9/Common procedure terminology codes for TKA/THA. Patients were classified as: (1) primary TKA; (2) primary THA; (3) combination group (≥1 procedure); and (4) control veteran population (no THA/TKA). Multivariable regression analyses compared the risk or counts of ADL limitation and in-/out-patient visits. After multivariable adjustment, TKA, THA or combination groups had significantly higher prevalence of the following compared to veteran controls: arthritis, diabetes, or heart disease (p < 0.0001 each), severe (≥3) ADL limitation (33%, 42%, 42% vs. 24%; p < 0.0001), and annual hospitalization rate (24%, 19%, 26% vs. 16%, p < 0.0001). Annual outpatient surgery visits were more (2.5, 2.3, 2.3 vs. 2, p = 0.01) and risk of any mental health outpatient visit was lower (12%, 11%, 12% vs. 18%, p = 0.0039). All ADLs, except eating, were significantly more limited in arthroplasty groups (p ≤ 0.0009). Severe ADL limitation was more prevalent in veterans with arthroplasty than in two age-matched US cohorts: 13.4 times in ≥65 years; and 1.2-, 1.6-, and 4-fold in ≥85, 75–84, and 65–74 years. Poorer function and higher comorbidity and utilization in veterans with TKA/THA suggest that this group is appropriate for interventions targeted at improving function and decreasing utilization. Supported by NIH CTSA Award 1 KL2 RR024151-01 (Mayo Clinic Center for Clinical and Translational Research) The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs.     

A case of spontaneous hemoarthrosis after a total knee arthroplasty

A 63-year-old woman with osteoarthritis had undergone right total knee arthroplasty. Nineteen months later, the patient presented with a recurrent hemoarthrosis. Open arthrotomy revealed hypertrophic synovium with small clots in the suprapatellar pouch, but entrapment of synovial tissues could not be observed. Histological examination of the extirpated specimen showed fibrous hypertrophy of synovium. The patient has no symptoms 51 months after surgery.     

A case of spontaneous hemoarthrosis after a total knee arthroplasty

Abstract

A 63-year-old woman with osteoarthritis had undergone right total knee arthroplasty. Nineteen months later, the patient presented with a recurrent hemoarthrosis. Open arthrotomy revealed hypertrophic synovium with small clots in the suprapatellar pouch, but entrapment of synovial tissues could not be observed. Histological examination of the extirpated specimen showed fibrous hypertrophy of synovium. The patient has no symptoms 51 months after surgery.     

Computer-navigated minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty for patients with retained implants in the femur

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with knee arthritis and retained implants in the ipsilateral femur is a challenge for knee surgeons. Use of a conventional intramedullary femoral cutting guide is not practical because of the obstruction of the medullary canal by implants. Previous studies have shown that computer-assisted surgery (CAS) can help restore alignment in conventional TKA for patients with knee arthritis with retained femoral implants or extra-articular deformity, without the need for implant removal or osteotomy. However, little has been published regarding outcomes with the use of navigation in minimally invasive surgery (MIS)-TKA for patients with this complex knee arthritis. MIS has been proven to provide less postoperative pain and faster recovery than conventional TKA, but MIS-TKA in patients with retained femoral implants poses a greater risk in limb malalignment. The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of CAS-MIS-TKA in patients with knee arthritis and retained femoral implants. Between April 2006 and March 2008, eight patients with knee arthritis and retained femoral implants who underwent the CAS-MIS-TKA were retrospectively reviewed. Three of the eight patients had extra-articular deformity, including two femur bones and one tibia bone, in the preoperative examination. The anteroposterior, lateral, and long-leg weight-bearing radiographs carried out at 3-month follow-up was used to determine the mechanical axis of lower limb and the position of components. The mean preoperative femorotibial angle in patients without extra-articular deformity was 3.8° of varus and was corrected to 4.6° of valgus. With the use of navigation in MIS-TKA, the two patients in this study with extra-articular femoral deformity also obtained an ideal postoperative mechanical axis within 2° of normal alignment. Overall, there was a good restoration of postoperative mechanical alignment in all cases, with a mean angle of 0.4° of varus. No limb malalignment or component malposition was found. In clinical assessments, there were also significant improvements in knee specific scores, functional scores, and motion arc. The results of this study suggest that navigation can help achieve accurate alignment and proper prosthesis positioning in MIS-TKA for patients with retained femoral implants and for whom intramedullary rod guidance is impractical.     

旋转平台人工全膝关节系统在全膝关节置换术中的应用研究

目的探讨旋转平台人工膝关节置换术（TKA）的临床疗效。方法对21例患者（25膝）行TKA,采用正中切口髌旁内侧入路,对髌骨行去神经化和修复术,安装假体,膝关节均未进行髌骨置换。术后复查X线观察假体固定情况,采用美国膝关节学会评分（KSS评分）评定膝评分及膝功能评分,观察并发症（旋转平台脱位、翻修或感染）发生情况。结果本组随访时间25—37个月（平均28．2个月）,X线显示假体均无松动、无髌骨脱位;膝评分为94分（82～98分）,功能评分为94分（66—99分）;未出现并发症。结论旋转平台人工全膝关节系统用于TKA近期疗效确切,尤适于年轻、活动量大者;其长期疗效有待进一步观察。     

Metal ion concentrations in the joint fluid immediately after total knee arthroplasty

Abstract

Extensive research has demonstrated increased levels of blood metal ions caused by corrosion or wear of the metal after prosthetic implantations. However, metal ion levels in the joint fluid immediately after prosthetic implantation have not been investigated. We measured the concentrations of metal ions in the joint fluid immediately after total knee arthroplasty in seven patients. Fluid specimens from the joint were obtained from the suction drain 3 days after the operation. We determined the levels of Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe³⁺ using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES). Six of the seven patients exhibited high levels of Fe³⁺, which may have been derived from the accumulated hemoglobin of the red blood cells released following postoperative hemorrhage. Ni²⁺ ions could be detected in one patient, and Cr³⁺ ions in another. These ions are probably the result of mechanical friction between the bone-saw and the cutting guide during osteotomy. We further investigated the effects of metal ions on bone-resorbing cytokine production by synoviocytes and bone marrow macrophages in vitro. The results clearly indicated that the metal ion levels detected in the joint fluid specimens were sufficient to stimulate production of these cytokines. Finally, it should be emphasized that the metal ions detected in the joint fluid in the early stages after prosthetic implantation potentially produce bone-resorbing cytokines and possibly cause subsequent periprosthetic osteolysis.     

Metal ion concentrations in the joint fluid immediately after total knee arthroplasty

Extensive research has demonstrated increased levels of blood metal ions caused by corrosion or wear of the metal after prosthetic implantations. However, metal ion levels in the joint fluid immediately after prosthetic implantation have not been investigated. We measured the concentrations of metal ions in the joint fluid immediately after total knee arthroplasty in seven patients. Fluid specimens from the joint were obtained from the suction drain 3 days after the operation. We determined the levels of Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe³⁺ using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES). Six of the seven patients exhibited high levels of Fe³⁺, which may have been derived from the accumulated hemoglobin of the red blood cells released following postoperative hemorrhage. Ni²⁺ ions could be detected in one patient, and Cr³⁺ ions in another. These ions are probably the result of mechanical friction between the bone-saw and the cutting guide during osteotomy. We further investigated the effects of metal ions on bone-resorbing cytokine production by synoviocytes and bone marrow macrophages in vitro. The results clearly indicated that the metal ion levels detected in the joint fluid specimens were sufficient to stimulate production of these cytokines. Finally, it should be emphasized that the metal ions detected in the joint fluid in the early stages after prosthetic implantation potentially produce bone-resorbing cytokines and possibly cause subsequent periprosthetic osteolysis. Received: June 21, 2000 / Accepted: February 22, 2001     

Risk factors for total knee arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis

We conducted a study to assess the predictive factors for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients recruited and followed prospectively for 5 years. A linked registry study using information from a large observational cohort of RA patients followed at the Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University (IORRA) was done. Baseline routine clinical and laboratory assessments were recorded. The data were analyzed using the multivariate piecewise-linear Cox (PL-Cox) regression model; the model initially included variables such as gender, age, duration of the disease, visual analog scale (VAS) generated by physicians (VAS-physician), patient-reported VAS for pain (VAS-pain), VAS for general health (VAS-GH), disability level using the Japanese version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (J-HAQ), C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor (RF), and hemoglobin. Of the 3945 patients registered at baseline, 955 (24.2%) had pain or tenderness in their knee joints, and 114 (11.9%) had TKA surgery in one or both knee joints. On PL-Cox regression, the variables with positive coefficients were J-HAQ, VAS-pain, VAS-physician, and RF positive; advanced age was associated with a reduced risk of TKA. The hazard ratios were: 0.920 for age >60 years; 2.64 for J-HAQ <1.5; 1.01 for J-HAQ >1.5; 1.47 for VAS-pain >6 (cm); 1.20 for VAS-physician >4 (cm); and 2.08 for RF positive. The consistently predictive factors for TKA in RA were age, J-HAQ, VAS-pain, VAS-physician, and RF positive. Age greater than 60 years was associated with a decreased risk of TKA, while J-HAQ from 0 to 1.5, VAS-pain >6 (cm), and VAS-physician >4 (cm) were associated with an increased risk for TKA surgery. These results suggest that, when treating RA patients, physicians should pay particular attention to pain complaints, the patient's daily activity level, and the RF factor status.     

人工膝关节表面置换术截骨方法的改良

对股骨截骨模板进行了改良,股骨后髁截面厚度增大了3mm。试行人工全膝关节置换术81例,术后平均随访7个月。结果：术后关节稳定性良好,手术后患者膝关节活动范围、最大屈曲角度、伸缺滞均较术前明显改善,术后下肢力线满意。认为这一改良的股骨截面方法效果良好,解决了人工全膝关节置换术中屈伸膝间隙不平衡的问题。     

Three-dimensional gait characteristics of patients after unilateral total knee arthroplasty

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the gait characteristics of bilateral limbs after unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using three-dimensional (3D) dynamic capture technology.Forty-two patients who underwent TKA were selected from the Orthopedic Medical Center of The Second Hospital of Jilin University from November 2018 to May 2019. We used a 3D dynamic capture system to measure the gait characteristics of patients at 3 months after TKA. The data, including relative position and direction of different body parts, the force between feet and ground, spatial and temporal relationship of the lower limb muscles, were measured. Besides, the surface electromyogram signal and the force plate analog signal were also collected. The walking ability, knee 3D kinematic, and kinetic characteristics were analyzed by the Cortex software.Spatial and temporal parameters, including stride frequency, double support phase, single support phase, step length, step time, step width, stride length, gait cycle, velocity, were no significant difference in bilateral lower extremities (P > .05). The reaction force of hip, knee, and ankle joint in the operation side were less than that of the healthy side, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). However, when compared with the healthy side, the hip joint in operation side had a larger maximum extension angle (P < .001), the knee joint in operation side had a larger maximum valgus angle and valgus activity (P < .05), and had a smaller tibial maximum internal rotation angle (P < .05). Besides, the surface electromyogram signals of tibialis anterior muscles were reduced (P < .05).3D gait analysis, as an objective and quantitative evaluation method, is a safe, effective, and reliable method for evaluating postoperative knee function. The data of gait analysis prove that TKA is a vital treatment to improve the function of patients with knee arthritis. Besides, gait analysis also showed that there were various kinematic and biomechanical abnormalities in the knee after TKA, which may be the reason why the surgical knee could not immediately return to normal level.     

Intravenous drug abuse is a risk factor in the failure of two-stage treatment for infected total hip arthroplasty

Reinfection after two-stage revision hip arthroplasty (RHA) is still a complex issue. Only few studies revealed the factors affecting the success rate in the treatment of periprosthetic hip infection (PHI), especially risk factors. A retrospective study was conducted using records of 30 patients underwent two-stage RHA for infected total hip arthroplasty (THA). Treatment was defined as successful if a patient did not need any reoperation or invasive procedure such as image-guided drainage during the two years after reimplantation. Treatment was defined as failure if any surgery or invasive procedure or long-term antibiotic suppression was considered necessary to control infection. Four patients had infection recurrence defined as failed and three of them had intravenous drug abuse. Twenty-six patients had no infection recurrence at the end of follow-up and one of them had intravenous drug abuse but quitting after surgery. We suggest that once adequate cleaning up achieved, risk of reinfection may be little even in immunocompromised patients with RHA because of relative less old age than those with revisional total knee arthroplasty. Patients of the reinfection group were younger and non-obese with adequate nutritional status. We may consider intravenous drug abuse could take a great toll on health and lead to reinfection. Finally, we suggest performing the gold-standard two-stage reimplantation technique to manage cases with infection, educating drug abusers regarding the risk of surgical failure, and implementing a quitting program at least 1 year before the index surgery.     

Bilateral total knee arthroplasty after spontaneous osseous ankylosis in rheumatoid arthritis

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was carried out on both knee joints for spontaneous bony ankylosis due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Preoperative fixation angles were 40°. First, the peroneal nerve was released prior to TKA. Quadriceps snip was performed to evert the patella laterally. Bilateral TKAs were carried out using a stabilized prosthesis. The results showed full extension to 70° flexion at 3 years after the surgery. Absence of pain, maintenance of stability, and walking ability were achieved, without any significant complication. Total knee arthroplasty following takedown of a spontaneous ankylosed knee is an effective procedure under appropriate knee conditions.