Behcet病的胸部CT表现

目的 分析Behcet病的胸部CT表现,评价其在诊断中的作用.方法 回顾性分析13例有胸部病变的Behcet病的临床病历记录及CT影像资料,所有患者的诊断根据Behcet病国际研究小组诊断标准.结果 13例中3例表现为胸膜下斑片状实变影,3例为双肺弥漫磨玻璃密度影,1例左下叶塌陷伴有右下叶结节影,1例胸膜下孤立结节影,2例双侧少量胸水,2例伴有纵隔淋巴结增大,1例在治疗过程中CT表现为双肺弥漫性粟粒状结节.13例中8例有胸部血管病变,2例为上腔静脉栓塞;1例左锁骨下动脉瘤;1例左下肺动脉瘤伴附壁血栓;1例双下肺动脉瘤及左侧基底动脉瘤;3例右下肺动脉栓塞,其中2例伴有左肺动脉闭塞,1例伴有左侧基底动脉分支动脉瘤.结论 Behcet病的胸部CT表现多种多样,增强CT可显示胸部血管病变如上腔静脉或肺动脉栓塞、肺动脉瘤等,有助于对病变的评价.     

S形窦房结动脉的CT表现及临床意义

目的:探讨256层CT评价窦房结动脉S形变异的解剖特征及其临床意义。方法:回顾性分析161例冠状动脉CTA患者的成像数据资料,研究窦房结动脉S形变异发生情况及其起源、数目、解剖走行、终止方式。结果:161例冠状动脉CTA中159例显示窦房结动脉,其中26例可见到S形变异。S形变异的窦房结动脉起源部位与左旋支开口间的平均距离为(24.37±9.32)mm。S形变异的窦房结动脉走行于左上肺静脉与左心耳之间,终止于上腔静脉口周围的窦房结组织。终止方式有上腔静脉口后方、上腔静脉口前方、多分支围绕上腔静脉口周围。结论:窦房结动脉的S形走行的解剖变异常见,256层CT冠状动脉成像能够有效显示窦房结动脉的S形变异。熟悉这一解剖特征,可降低心外科手术和经左心房介入治疗时损伤的风险。     

Lymphangiomatosis Involving the Inferior Vena Cava, Heart, Pulmonary Artery and Pelvic Cavity

A 38-year-old woman who had undergone pelvic lymphangioma resection two months previously presented with cough and dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography and CT demonstrated the presence of a mixed cystic/solid component tumor involving the inferior vena cava, heart and pulmonary artery. Complete resection of the cardiac tumor was performed and lymphangioma was confirmed based on histopathologic examination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of lymphangiomatosis with cardiac and pelvic involvement in the published clinical literature.     

Stenting of the superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery in a woman with a mediastinal mass and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

We report the case of a woman with a mass in the anterior and middle mediastinum (a non-small-cell lung carcinoma), determining significant compression of both superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery. The patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome , necessitating intubation and admission to the Intensive Care Unit . Radiotherapy sessions to reduce the mass effect were attempted, without significant clinical improvement. Due to the persistence of severe hypoxemia, stenting of the superior vena cava and the right pulmonary artery was performed, the latter resulting in a significant improvement of the arterial blood gas parameters, allowing extubation of the patient. In our opinion, stenting of the superior vena cava and the pulmonary artery (or its branches) is an effective and safe treatment; it should be considered in similar cases, especially if other - less invasive - treatments fail.     

先天性心脏病合并右上腔静脉缺如及永存左上腔静脉畸形的治疗

目的 探讨先天性心脏病合并右上腔静脉缺如及永存左上腔静脉畸形的治疗方法。方法 手术治疗2例,在全麻体外循环下行矫治术。1例采用左上腔静脉直接插管法,1例采用心内冠状静脉窦插管法。结果 2例均治愈,远期无心律失常发生。结论 先天性心脏病中,左上腔静脉合并右上腔静脉缺如非常少见,认识不足,是造成漏诊的主要原因。术中应根据情况酌情处理,但无论采取哪种方法,一定要注意对冠状静脉窦口的保护及左上腔静脉引流的通畅。     

CT of the pericardial recesses

Within the pericardial cavity there are several recesses where fluid can collect in close contiguity to the major bronchi and lymph nodes. These include the transverse sinus, behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk; the oblique sinus, behind the left atrium; and the left pulmonic recess, between the left pulmonary artery and the left superior pulmonary vein. There are also smaller pericardial recesses between the superior and inferior pulmonary veins, posterolateral to the superior vena cava, and between the inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. An understanding of sectional anatomy is valuable for differentiation of fluid within these recesses from mediastinal masses or enlarged lymph nodes on computed tomographic scans.     

Benign superior vena cava syndrome caused by transvenous cardiac pacemaker

A case of superior vena cava syndrome in an 84-year-old man caused by transvenous cardiac pacemaker is described. Computed tomograms showed lack of visualization of superior vena cava (SVC) due to thrombosis. Superior vena cavagram showed SVC obstruction with collateral circulation.     

Systemic to pulmonary venous shunting in superior vena cava obstruction. Unusual myocardial and thyroid visualization

Obstruction of the superior vena cava is commonly associated with the development of several collateral venous pathways. Right-to-left systemic to pulmonary venous shunting, however, rarely has been reported. This paper describes a case in which a previously unsuspected shunt, manifested by the striking visualization of myocardial and thyroid tissue in addition to other findings, was discovered on a routine lung perfusion scan. Imaging, as well as radiologic studies are presented in the investigation of this phenomenon.     

Flow characteristics of the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: correlation between 3.0 T phase-contrast MRI and right heart catheterization

PURPOSE

We aimed to determine the correlation between flow characteristics of the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava obtained by 3.0 T phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hemodynamic characteristics by right heart catheterization in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty consecutive patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and 20 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were included prospectively. All patients and controls underwent phase-contrast MRI to determine the flow characteristics including peak velocity, mean velocity, and mean blood flow of the proximal pulmonary artery and vena cava. All patients underwent right heart catheterization to determine the hemodynamics.

RESULTS

Peak velocity and mean velocity of the proximal pulmonary artery were significantly lower in the patient group. In patients, both peak velocity and mean blood flow were sequentially decreased in the main pulmonary artery, left and right pulmonary arteries, and left and right interlobar pulmonary arteries. Inferior vena cava had higher peak velocity, mean velocity, and mean blood flow than superior vena cava. Peak velocity of the main pulmonary artery correlated with mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure. Peak velocity of both inferior and superior vena cava strongly correlated with the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) (r=−0.68, P < 0.001 and r=−0.74, P < 0.001, respectively). Mean velocity of the main pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery strongly correlated with PVRI and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mean velocity of the superior vena cava and mean blood flow of the main pulmonary artery strongly correlated with PVRI and right cardiac work index.

CONCLUSION

Blood flow in the proximal pulmonary artery and vena cava evaluated by phase-contrast MRI correlate with hemodynamic parameters of right heart catheterization and can be used to noninvasively evaluate the severity of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and, potentially, to follow up the treatment response.Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) develops as a result of obstruction of pulmonary arterial vessels by organized thromboembolic material and subsequent vascular remodeling in small unobstructed vessels, and it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (1). Right heart catheterization remains the reference standard to diagnose CTEPH, assess the hemodynamic disturbance, and follow up the treatment response; but it is invasive, delivers radiation, and is associated with recognized complications (2, 3).Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered not only as the reference standard for evaluation of ventricular function, but it also provides a reproducible and noninvasive assessment of hemodynamics changes in pulmonary hypertension (4). In a separate validation study, cardiac MRI-derived parameters showed a strong correlation with invasive determinations (5).In a study by Mohiaddin et al. (6), phase-contrast MRI was used to confirm reduced diastolic peak velocity of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Only one study reported blood flow conditions in the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava in healthy children (7). To our knowledge, no study has assessed proximal pulmonary artery and vena cava flow or evaluated correlation of the flow determined by phase-contrast MRI and hemodynamics by right heart catheterization in CTEPH.We performed a prospective study to observe the flow change in the proximal pulmonary artery, superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) in patients with CTEPH by phase-contrast MRI, and to evaluate the correlation of the proximal pulmonary artery and vena cava flow with hemodynamics derived by right heart catheterization in patients with CTEPH.     

64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像时不同对比剂注射方案的特点

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像时不同对比剂注射方案的特点。方法:冠状动脉CT成像患者297例,随机分为3组。A组,双时相组,97例,第1时相注射对比剂60～70ml;第2时相注射生理盐水20ml。B组,3时相组,又分B1组及B2组。B1组101例,第1时相注射对比剂40～50ml;第2时相对比剂与生理盐水按6∶4比例混合注射20～30ml;第3时相注射生理盐水20ml。B2组99例,第1时相及第3时相注射方案同B1组,第2时相对比剂与生理盐水混合比例为7∶3,注射20～30ml。注射速率4.5～5.0ml/s。评价内容包括冠状动脉成像质量、上腔静脉及右心室伪影、右心室壁及肺动脉显示情况,所得结果进行统计学处理。结果:3组间,冠状动脉成像质量差异无统计学意义。上腔静脉及右心室伪影A组与B组间差异有统计学意义,A组伪影较明显。B1组与B2组间差异无统计学意义。右心室壁评价A组最佳,与B组间差异有统计学意义。B2组优于B1组,两者差异有统计学意义。肺动脉显示A组最佳,与B组间差异有统计学意义。B组中,B2组肺动脉显示率约63.64%,高于B1组。结论:3种注射方案均可提供良好的冠状动脉图像。双时相注射可较好显示右心室壁及肺动脉,但上腔静脉及右心室伪影较明显。6∶4比例的3时相注射上腔静脉及右心室伪影最小,但右心室壁显示较差,基本不能观察肺动脉。7∶3比例的3时相注射方案上腔静脉及右心室伪影小,可进行右心室评价,但肺动脉显影不可靠。可根据临床需求选择不同的注射方案。     

加注生理盐水对16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像作用的探讨

目的:探讨加注生理盐水对16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的作用。方法:60例患者被随机分成两组,1组:注入对比剂欧乃派克120ml;2组:注入对比剂欧乃派克100ml及生理盐水40ml。所有患者均行16层螺旋CT冠状动脉增强扫描,分别测量左、右冠状动脉开口层面升主动脉、肺动脉及上腔静脉的CT值,测量左冠状动脉主干、左前降支、左回旋支及右冠状动脉的CT值,并用统计学软件SPSS分析。结果:升主动脉CT值1组显著低于2组,上腔静脉CT值1组显著高于2组。肺动脉CT值在左、右冠状动脉开口层面1组均高于2组,但差异在右冠状动脉开口层面有显著性意义,在左冠状动脉开口层面无显著性意义。各支冠状动脉CT值1组均显著低于2组。结论:加注生理盐水可以节省对比剂,降低上腔静脉及右心的密度,增加升主动脉的密度,便于更好地显示冠状动脉。     

Unusual fistulas and connections in the cardiovascular system: A pictorial review

A fistula is an abnormal vascular connection leading to diversion of blood from a high resistance arterial circuit to low resistance venous circuit. Coronary artery fistulas are abnormal communications of the coronary artery with a chamber of the heart, or with any segment of systemic or pulmonary circulation, bypassing the myocardial capillaries. Other unusual fistulas include connection between aorta and the right atrium/superior vena cava, aorta and the inferior vena cava or between a coronary artery bypass graft and a cardiac vein. Abnormal connections also include origin of the coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. In this article, we review the imaging, particularly computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of unusual fistulas and connections involving the cardiovascular system, particularly the coronary arteries and the aorta.     

Treatment of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in a patient with colorectal cancer: combination of SVC stenting and IVC filter placement to palliate symptoms and pave the way for port implantation

Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava is a life-threatening complication in cancer patients leading to pulmonary embolism. These patients can also be affected by superior vena cava syndrome causing dyspnea followed by trunk or extremity swelling. We report the case of a 61-year-old female suffering from an extended colorectal tumor who became affected by both of the mentioned complications. Due to thrombus formation within the right vena jugularis interna, thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava syndrome, a combined interventional procedure via a left jugular access with stenting of the superior vena cava and filter placement into the inferior vena cava was performed As a consequence, relief of the patient's symptoms, prevention of pulmonary embolism, and paving of the way for further venous chemotherapy were achieved.     

腔静脉滤器置入术预防肺动脉栓塞

目的 评价腔静脉滤器置入术预防肺动脉栓塞的临床效果。方法 对13例深静脉血栓溶栓过程中应用腔静脉滤器置入预防肺动脉栓塞的临床结果进行分析。结果 全部13例患者,上腔1例,下腔12例,其中肾静脉开口上方1例,肾静脉开口下方11例,均成功进行了腔静脉滤器置入术,随访6～16个月,无肺梗塞发生,亦无滤器移位、出血等相关并发症。结论 腔静脉滤器置入是预防肺动脉栓塞的有效方法。     

Intravascular foreign bodies: loop-snare retrieval system with a three-lumen catheter.

A foreign body retrieval system composed of a three-lumen catheter, a guide wire, and a wire loop nearly perpendicular to the axis of the catheter was used to retrieve catheter fragments located in the inferior vena cava in two patients and in the superior vena cava in one patient. Fragments were looped within 1 minute of catheterization and were retrieved without complication. Catheter fragments placed in the pulmonary artery of one dog were also successfully retrieved.     

Unusual manifestations of aortic dissection

Two unusual manifestations of aortic dissection, rupture into the main pulmonary artery and rupture into the inferior vena cava, are presented. The latter complication has not been reported previously in the literature. The value of inferior vena caval oximetry to delineate the site of fistulous communication is stressed.     

Systemic to portal shunting following vena cava obstruction: Computed tomography and venographic appearances

Obstruction of the inferior or superior vena cava normally leads to the formation of a well-described and consistent pattern of collateral venous pathways. We present the angiographic and CT features of the unusual development of systemic to portal venous shunting in two cases with central vein obstruction.     

自制可回收下腔静脉滤器预防急性肺栓塞的实验研究

目的 探讨一种新型可回收下腔静脉滤器预防急性肺栓塞的有效性、安全性.方法 12只犬制备成髂股深静脉血栓模型,分为滤器组(实验组)与无滤器组(对照组),每组6只.滤器组在深静脉血栓脱落前于对侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器,其后使血栓脱落;对照组直接使血栓脱落即形成肺动脉栓塞.通过血栓脱落前后的肺动脉造影、肺动脉测压以及动脉血氧饱和度测定评价滤器的血栓捕获性能.结果 滤器组均成功捕获脱落的深静脉血栓,无一例发生肺动脉栓塞,8 h后滤器均能成功回收;而对照组在推注血栓后均发生了肺动脉栓塞.结论 自制可回收下腔静脉滤器能有效预防下肢深静脉急性血栓脱落引起的肺动脉栓塞,其置入和回收简便.     

Inferior vena cava filter from left-sided superior vena cava

We describe the unusual case of a 71-year-old male with a history of deep vein thrombosis and recurrent multiple pulmonary embolism (PE) despite adequate anticoagulation. Computed tomography (CT) and brachiocephalic venography revealed a left-sided superior vena cava. We describe successful placement of an inferior vena cava filter via a left-sided superior vena cava.     

二尖瓣闭锁的MRI诊断

目的 分析二尖瓣闭锁（MA）的病理改变和MRI表现,方法 回顾分析5例经手术证实MA的MRI表现,并与心血管造影（CAG）比较,结果 显示了3型MA的病理改变：双心室左侧房室瓣无孔1例,右室型单心室左侧房室无连接3例,以及左室型单心室左侧房室瓣无孔1例,主要合并畸形有：房间隔膨出瘤1例,全肺静脉异位引流心上型1例,左肺动脉缺如1例及肺动脉狭窄4例,5例行右室和（或）右房造影,除1例外均难以显示MA解剖结构,结论 MRI在MA的诊断中有一定的临床应用价值。