腹膜透析中淋巴回流的监测

淋巴回流在腹膜透析液体和溶质转运中具有重要作用，本文就腹透中淋巴回流的测定方法、技术作一综述。     

腹膜透析治疗尿毒症心肌病的临床研究

目的:明确尿毒症心肌病的致病因素,控制其发生或发展,减少尿毒症心肌病的发病率,提高尿毒症患者的生存质量.方法:以腹膜透析为基础,观察治疗前后肾功能、左心功能、左心结构变化.结果:腹膜透析治疗尿毒症心肌病,治疗后左心功能、左心结构、临床症状均有明确改善.结论:腹膜透析可以更好地保存终末期肾病(ESRD)患者残存肾功能,减少心脏等严重并发症,提高患者生活质量.     

腹膜透析中淋巴回流的监测

淋巴回流在腹膜透析液体和溶质转运中具有重要作用，本文就腹透中淋巴回流的测定方法、技术作一综述。     

尿毒症患者腹膜透析置管用导丝的临床研究

目的 比较腹膜透析置管术用涂层金属导丝在临床使用上的作用和意义,以利于腹膜透析的开展.方法 对行腹膜透析置管术的95例慢性肾功能衰竭尿毒症期的患者,根据其所使用的导丝类型不同,将病人分为普通导丝对照组(69例)和涂层导丝观察组(26例)两组,统计其腹膜炎发病率并进行比较.结果 置管术后进行腹膜透析,两组患者发生腹膜炎的...     

腹膜透析治疗糖尿病肾病尿毒症的研究进展

糖尿病患者有广泛的血管病变,所以腹膜透析是糖尿病尿毒症病人肾脏替代治疗的主要方式.腹膜透析液中含有大量的葡萄糖,所以对接受腹膜透析的糖尿病患者,血糖的控制显得尤为重要.而且健康教育对于患者的生存质量也起到重要的作用.还要积极预防各种并发症.腹膜透析的预后也各不相同.本文就近年来腹膜透析治疗糖尿病肾病尿毒症的研究进展作一综述.     

腹膜透析降低尿毒症高血清胃动素研究

腹膜透析降低尿毒症高血清胃动素研究吴宪鸣我们检测了５２例腹膜透析（ＰＤ）与５０例血液透析（ＨＤ）病人透析前和透析后半个月血清胃动素（ＭＴＬ）水平，探讨其与临床症状的关系，并与５０例健康人对照，分析如下：对象与方法１．健康组５０例，男３０例，女２０例，...     

非透析和维持性腹膜透析治疗尿毒症的营养对比研究

随着透析治疗的广泛开展,终末期肾功能不全患者的生活质量不断提高,生存期不断延长,但是尿毒症及其透析治疗所致的营养不良非常普遍。营养不良易导致机体抵抗力下降,并发感染,严重影响患者的生存期和生活质量。我们通过前瞻性研究尿毒症非透析和不卧床持续性腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）治疗患者的营养状态,并提出相应防治建议。 一、资料与方法 １．一般资料：５０例均为住院治疗的尿毒症患者。ＣＡＰＤ组１６例,其中男性９例,女性７例,平均年龄（４９．８ ± ６．０）岁,原发病为慢性肾炎１０例,糖尿病肾病１例,多囊肾１例,高血压２…     

腹腔镜手术在尿毒症患者腹膜透析治疗中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术在尿毒症患者腹膜透析治疗中的应用价值.方法 2007年9月～2011年5月对16例未腹透的尿毒症患者采用腹腔镜下置管.气腹后,观察全腹腔,先将腹透管置于腹腔,末端固定于腹腔底部,然后将腹透管由旁侧5 mm插管处引出,使内涤纶套刚好在腹膜外,无须荷包缝合,术后自行生长闭合.同时对手术粘连、疝、卵巢囊肿或较多的大网膜予以相应处理.同期对6例已腹透的患者反复引流不畅判定有大网膜包裹,腹腔镜下行超声刀切除,并固定末端.结果 16例首次置管的手术操作时间平均26.8 min（25～40 min）,6例大网膜包裹手术操作时间平均38.6 min（30～46 min）.术后1 d内排气,肠功能恢复满意.无腹腔脏器损伤、腹膜炎等并发症发生.首次置管者16例随访2年,均未发生大网膜包裹,未发生漂移;6例大网膜包裹随访2年,均未发生再次大网膜包裹,未发生漂移,无渗漏.结论 腹腔镜手术内固定有效防止漂管,对清除已包裹透析管的大网膜和预防包裹有良好效果,但由于无荷包缝合容易出现渗漏,需要进一步完善手术方法.     

终末期肾脏病腹膜透析患者的心血管疾病

目的 了解终末期肾脏病（ESRD）腹膜透析患者的心血管疾病（CVD）发病率和有关高发危险因素,以及并发CVD的腹膜透析患者治疗时需关注的问题。 方法 研究对象为上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院慢性肾脏病（CKD）5期接受腹膜透析的患者,共254例入选,采用横断面回顾性调查分析方法。平均随访时间中位数为49个月。采集病史、血生化检测结果、腹膜透析充分性评估、颈动脉及心脏彩色多普勒超声检测结果。评估CVD事件的发生、发展和预后,以及进行相关因素分析。 结果 CVD事件发生率为37%（93/254）。发生CVD的患者多伴有糖尿病、透析龄较长、血三酰甘油水平较高、血清白蛋白较低、前白蛋白较低。彩色多普勒超声显示,发生CVD组的左房内径（LAD）（mm）、室间隔厚度（LVST）（mm）、左室心肌质量指数（LVMI）（g/m2）显著高于未发生CVD组（43.16±4.93比 38.02±4.77、11.19±2.05比10.01±1.45、中位数192.03比150.28,均P < 0.05）;颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）较厚（中位数0.80比0.65）,颈动脉内径增宽;收缩期峰值流速（SPV）和舒张期峰值流速（DV）流速降低。既往无CVD的患者在随访过程中发生CVD时,其Ccr、Kt/V、D/Pr、理想体质量校正的蛋白分解率（nPCR）及血清白蛋白水平与无发生CVD组差异有统计学意义（P = 0.045、0.015、0.051、0.029及0.005）。在随访过程中出现新发CVD或CVD病情恶化的原有CVD的患者,都是透析龄较长以及三酰甘油水平较高者。LAD、LVST、LVMI及IMT在新发CVD和未发CVD两组间差异有统计学意义（P=0.033、0.022、0.045及0.029）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,既往CVD史和CVD症状是生存的独立危险因素。血清白蛋白<330 g/L、LAD>39.6 mm及曾患腹膜炎的患者生存率较低。 结论 ESRD腹膜透析患者是CVD的高发群体,需了解这些患者的病史和伴随症状;保持透析的充分性;同时要防止腹膜炎的发生。     

腹膜透析对尿毒症患者颈动脉粥样硬化影响的相关研究进展

腹膜透析患者动脉粥样硬化发病率在逐年提高,目前认为与CRP、ALB、血脂浓度纤维蛋白原、同型半胱氨酸、钙磷代谢等相关.其诊断方法高频彩色多普勒可直接显示血管内膜、粥样硬化斑块,其治疗高危因素的同时注意抗炎,纠正贫血营养不良,纠正钙磷代谢紊乱等.     

Plasma Lipids and Fatty Acid Levels in Chronically Uremic Patients Undergoing Blood Purification with Different Methods

Levels of plasma lipids and the fatty acid composition of major plasma lipid classes have been determined in chronically uremic patients before and after treatments with hemofiltration, high efficiency paired filtration dialysis, or acetate-free biofiltration. The major findings are a decrease of triglycerides and an increase of total free fatty acids (FFAs) at the end of the dialytic session--already reported in the literature--that do not appear to be strictly dependent on heparin administration. The changes in the plasma concentrations of selected saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may contribute to alteration of functional parameters in the cardiovascular system in dialyzed patients, are different in the various types of techniques.     

Acetate-Free Biofiltration: A Viable Alternative to Bicarbonate Dialysis

Eight patients were studied during four sessions of acetate-free biofiltration (AFBF). AFBF is a new dialysis technique with no base replacement agents in the dialysate and with the addition in postdilution mode of bicarbonate (HCO3) solution directly into the extracorporeal blood circuit. In this study the effects on acid-base balance of different infusions of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ranging from 751 to 1,002 mEq per session was evaluated. There were significant positive correlations between the HCO3 infused and net HCO3 gained (r = 0.776, p less than 0.0001) and between HCO3 infused and plasma intratreatment HCO3 changes (n = 0.562, p less than 0.001). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that HCO3 infused and plasma predialysis HCO3 values played the major role in HCO3 balance in AFBF. The best correction of metabolic acidosis was obtained with the infusion of 900-1,000 mEq of HCO3. The use of substitution fluid with 145 mEq/L of Na concentration avoids the risk of a positive intratreatment Na balance.     

川芎嗪注射液对大鼠腹膜透析效能的影响

目的 :通过动物实验观察川芎嗪对腹膜透析效能的影响 ,并初步探讨其作用机理。方法 :采用空白及实验对照设计 ,将 36只雄性SD大鼠平均分为单纯腹透组、多巴胺对照组、川芎嗪常规浓度组、川芎嗪高浓度组 4组 ,观察不同剂量川芎嗪加入腹透液对大鼠尿素氮清除率 (CBun)、肌酐清除率 (CCr)、尿素氮D/P值、肌酐D/P值、排液量及透出液蛋白质浓度的影响。结果 :川芎嗪常规浓度组、川芎嗪高浓度组及多巴胺对照组的CBun、CCr值、排液量均显著高于单纯腹透组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,三组间两两比较无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。川芎嗪常规浓度组、高浓度组透出液蛋白质浓度和单纯腹透组相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,多巴胺组透出液蛋白质浓度显著高于单纯腹透组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,亦显著高于川芎嗪常规浓度组及高浓度组 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :川芎嗪注射液确能提高大鼠腹膜透析效能 ,提高小分子物质的清除率 ,对透出液中蛋白质浓度无明显影响 ,其作用与增加超滤量与腹膜毛细血管血流量均有关 ,同时 ,含 40mg/L川芎嗪腹透液和含 80mg/L川芎嗪腹透液对大鼠腹膜透析效能的影响是相同的。     

腹膜透析患者透析前后焦虑抑郁状态变化的影响因素分析

目的：探讨腹膜透析患者在透析1年后焦虑抑郁状态较透析前的变化,并分析影响其变化的因素。方法：本研究共纳入2002年2月～2007年2月新增腹透患者177名。收集患者透析开始时的人口学资料和生化参数。分别于透析前,透析后1年采用Hamilton焦虑抑郁量表评估出焦虑抑郁积分。根据透析后1年和透析前焦虑积分的差值的百分位数,将患者三等分为焦虑程度改善组,不变组和变差组。结果：患者进入透析时年龄（58.7±14.0）岁,39.5%为男性。透析1年后焦虑积分自（12.1±9.4）分下降至（8.4±6.9）分（P〈0.001）,抑郁积分自（9.8±6.1）分下降至（5.9±4.7）分（P〈0.001）。透析1年后焦虑程度加重组的糖尿病比例,明显高于焦虑程度不变和改善组,分别为47.5%和27.1%（P〈0.01）,其中年收入2万以上所占比例明显低于焦虑程度不变和改善组,分别为22.1%和38.9%（P〈0.05）。结论：总的说来腹透患者透析1年后焦虑抑郁程度有所改善。透析1年后焦虑程度加重者糖尿病和经济收入较低者居多。     

Well-Preserved Cholinergic Neuronal Activity in the Brain Cortex of the Severely Uremic Rats

Abstract

Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with pyogenic liver abscess is rare. In our study we found AKI in 32.6% of patients with liver abscess. Majority of the patients were in their fifties and sixties. As per acute kidney injury network trial criteria, renal failure was in stage 1 in 26.6%, stage 2 in 40%, and stage 3 in 33.3% of the patients. Dialysis support was needed in 26%. All patients except one recovered from AKI.     

慢性肾衰竭透析住院患者合并感染的临床分析

目的:了解慢性肾衰竭透析住院患者合并感染发生情况,以探讨其感染特点。方法:回顾性调查2004年～2005年间慢性肾衰竭透析患者住院病史,分别收集并统计血液透析和腹膜透析合并感染患者的临床资料。结果:调查透析患者病史400份,合并感染181例次。血透感染患者中肺部感染居首位,占54.9%,真菌、革兰阴性菌为主;其次是血流感染及尿路感染,分别占15%和13.5%,均以革兰阳性菌为主。肺部感染临床情况复杂,血流感染发生大多与临时深静脉插管或永久导管相关,尿路感染中无症状菌尿占多数。腹透患者肺部感染居首位占50.5%,革兰阴性菌居多;其次是腹膜炎占23.2%,以革兰阳性菌为主。且在腹透患者中发现了2例结核感染。两组中复数菌感染和多部位感染均超过20%,且病情严重,预后往往不佳。结论:透析患者合并感染发生率高,感染特点:感染种类及病原菌组成复杂,肺部感染最常见,其次分别为血流感染和腹膜炎。临床医生需高度重视预防并采取有效治疗措施。     

Short Time Treatment with High-Efficiency Paired Filtration Dialysis for Chronic Renal Failure

With the aim of treating with short sessions even chronic uremic patients with cardiovascular instability, we have developed our previous findings about paired filtration dialysis (hemofiltration-hemodialysis in series) by a method we call high-efficiency paired filtration dialysis (HEPFD). We have treated with this method for 6 months 6 chronic anuric uremic patients previously treated for 6 months with hemofiltration (HF) because of their cardiovascular instability. By comparison with HF, HEPFD shows much higher clearances of small molecules with consequent significant decrease of their predialytic values, improvement of Kt/V value, lower beta 2-microglobulin clearance (its predialytic value remains unchanged), and the same tolerability. HEPFD allows short, efficient, and well-tolerated treatments even in patients with cardiovascular instability.     

The Prevalence and the Characteristics of Tuberculosis Patients Undergoing Chronic Dialysis Treatment: Experience of a Dialysis Center in Southeast Turkey

Tuberculosis remains a significant health problem for patients receiving chronic dialysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of tuberculosis among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing chronic hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Between 1999 and 2006, we diagnosed 21 active tuberculosis patients among a total of 674-dialysis patient in our dialysis center (582 patients on hemodialysis and 92 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis program). Fourteen patients developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (generally tuberculous lymphadenitis, n = 8) and seven patients developed pulmonary tuberculosis. All patients who developed tuberculosis after starting dialysis had low creatinine clearances and, in general, anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Three of patients greater than 40 years died. In conclusion, tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in our dialysis population. If no cause is found despite extensive investigations in an end stage renal failure case with fever, loss of weight, and/or atypical lymphadenopathy, the physician should consider the possibility of tuberculosis. Finally, it was considered that ESRF is associated with depressed immune system and elevated risk of tuberculosis; thus, in this population, clinicians must evaluate patients carefully.     

腹膜透析患者血中树突状细胞数量及活性研究

目的:了解腹膜透析患者血中树突状细胞(DC)的数量及活性.方法:取正常人23例和尿毒症患者21例外周血,患者分为未透析和腹膜透析组,分离外周血单个核细胞,细胞因子[粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白介素4(IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]体外诱导培养,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志表达;酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定DC分泌白介素12(IL-12)的量;混合淋巴细胞反应评价细胞的抗原递呈能力.结果:与正常组比较,尿毒症患者血中DC表达CD1a、CD11c、CD123、CD40、CD80、CD83较低, 腹膜透析组DC表达CD1a、CD11c、CD123接近正常,但表达CD40、CD80、CD83仍较低(P<0.05);尿毒症患者DC分泌IL-12减少及刺激淋巴细胞增殖的能力均减低 (P<0.01).结论:尿毒症患者血中DC数量减少且不成熟,抗原递呈功能缺陷,腹膜透析患者DC数量正常,但DC抗原递呈活性仍低.     

Uremic toxicity and sclerostin in chronic kidney disease patients

Background and aimsSclerostin is a circulating inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and may have a role in chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder. Blood sclerostin levels are known to be elevated in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. The aims of the present study were to evaluate sclerostin levels in patients at different CKD stages and study potential associations between sclerostin levels and (i) biochemical parameters that are disturbed in CKD, (ii) markers of vascular disease and (iii) mortality.MethodsOne hundred and forty patients at CKD stages 2-5D were included in the present study. Routine clinical biochemistry tests and assays for sclerostin, protein-bound uremic toxins (indoxylsulphate [IS] and p-cresyl sulphate [PCS]) and the toxin β2 microglobulin (β2M) were performed. Aortic and coronary calcification and arterial stiffness were assessed by multislice spiral computed tomography and pulse wave velocity measurements. The enrolled patients were prospectively monitored for mortality.ResultsSclerostin levels were found to be elevated in CKD patients (especially those on hemodialysis). Furthermore, sclerostin levels were positively correlated with inflammation markers, phosphate, fibroblast growth factor 23, IS, PCS, β2M and arterial stiffness. A multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that sclerostin levels were independently associated with IS, PCS and β2M levels. Elevated serum sclerostin appeared to be associated with mortality (independently of age and inflammation). However, this association disappeared after adjustment for a propensity score including age, phosphate, interleukin-6, CKD stage and PCS.ConclusionOur results indicate that sclerostin levels are elevated in CKD patients and are associated with inflammation, vascular lesions, uremia and (potentially) mortality.