人工贵腐葡萄酒的研制(Ⅰ)——灰葡萄孢的分离方法

本文详细地介绍了人工贵腐发酵菌——灰葡萄孢的分离和保藏方法,对该菌的培养方法、生长形态和部分生理生化特征作了详细描述。     

东北山葡萄酒自然发酵酵母菌群的研究

从东北山葡萄酒产区山葡萄酒自然发酵过程中共分离到132株葡萄酒相关酵母,通过WL培养基(Wallerstein Laboratory Nutrient Agar)培养得到5种不同类型的菌落。对其中的44株进行5.8S-ITS rRNA基因的RFLP分析,得到19种酶切图谱,表现了东北山葡萄酒产区葡萄酒相关酵母的多样性。其中以酶切类型6为代表的菌株为Dekkera anomala,是山葡萄浆果表面的主要种,以酶切类型19为代表的菌株为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。聚类分析共得到了5个遗传聚类群且与WL培养基初步分类有较高的相关性。     

人工髋、膝关节置换门诊手术和日间手术

随着人工髋、膝关节置换住院时间逐步缩短,人工髋、膝关节置换门诊手术和日间手术逐步发展起来。门诊关节置换手术的优点包括:减少费用,快速康复,改善患者满意度,并且减少占用医疗资源。通过筛选合适的患者,门诊关节置换术和日间手术可以获得良好的效果,并发症发生情况与住院手术相当。成功要素包括:仔细的患者选择,良好的术前教育,全面的社会支持,多模式的镇痛,良好的自我管理。     

非相干光—红光结合光动力疗法治疗葡萄酒色斑

消除葡萄酒色斑且不留瘢痕。方法 采用非相干光－红光结合光动力疗法治疗１１例。结果 全部病例获得良好疗效。结论认为用穿透皮肤深的红光有效照射和给药后立即照射能有效闭塞ＰＷＳ，特别是紫红型和肥厚型ＰＷＳ的畸形毛细血管。     

人工髋关节置换术后同侧股骨骨折的治疗

目的 探讨内固定治疗人工髋关节置换术后同侧股骨骨折的临床疗效.方法 对4例人工髋关节置换术后同侧股骨骨折的患者行切开复位,用加压钢板加捆绑带或DCS系统内固定.骨折按Johansson分型:3例Ⅱ型,1例Ⅲ型.结果 4例随访4～16个月,骨折均获愈合,平均愈合时间为16周.结论 良好的内固定治疗人工髋关节置换术后同侧股骨骨折可以获得满意的临床疗效.     

非相干光-红光结合光动力疗法治疗葡萄酒色斑

目的消除葡萄酒色斑(Port-wine stains,以下简称PWS)且不留瘢痕。方法采用非相干光-红光结合光动力疗法(Photodynamic therapy,以下简称PDT)治疗11例。结果全部病例获得良好疗效。结论认为用穿透皮肤深的红光有效照射和给药后立即照射能有效闭塞PWS,特别是紫红型和肥厚型PWS的畸形毛细血管。     

葡萄酒色斑的诊治进展

葡萄酒色斑的诊治进展上海九院整形外科（２１０００１）林晓曦，王炜葡萄酒色斑，又称鲜红斑痣，焰色痣，是一种先天性的、良性的、不自然消褪的血管畸形。在人群中的发病率为３‰。习惯上把葡萄酒色斑列属于传统的血管瘤概念中，这种依据临床表现的分类方法把血管瘤分为...     

上臂贵要静脉做血液透析内瘘的设计与临床探讨

目的 探讨上臂贵要静脉做血液透析血管内瘘的手术方法及临床应用。方法 上臂贵要静脉与肱动脉或桡动脉吻合,建立上臂贵要静脉直接内瘘;贵要静脉浅置移位与肱动脉吻合,建立上臂贵要静脉移位-肱动脉内瘘;贵要静脉浅置移位与桡动脉吻合,建立上臂贵要静脉移位-桡动脉转位内瘘。结果 67例手术成功,成功率100％。术后6～8周用于血液透析治疗,血流量可达200～300ml／min,可满足长期维持性血液透析的需要,临床使用成功率97．02％（按内瘘术后穿刺使用1周以上计算）,1年通畅率87．8％。主要术后并发症是肢体肿胀52．2％、血栓形成6．0％、感染3．0％、窃血综合征1．5％。结论 当上肢前臂静脉和上臂头静脉因各种原因不能作血液透析动静脉内瘘时,可选用上臂贵要静脉建立贵要静脉内瘘,临床效果良好,此法应在上肢建立人造血管移植内瘘之前考虑。     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节非功能位骨性强直的人工全髋关节置换

[目的]探讨强直性脊柱炎髋关节非功能位骨性强直的患者行人工全髋关节置换效果的因素,包括手术时机、手术方式、假体选择等。[方法]2011年1月~2014年1月对14例强直性脊柱炎导致髋关节非功能位骨性强直的患者行人工全髋关节置换术,其中男12例23髋,女2例3髋;年龄18~45岁,术前Harris评分平均28分。[结果]14例患者均获得随访,平均随访时间24个月。假体位置良好,无脱位等情况,活动度良好。[结论]对于强直性脊柱炎髋关节非功能位骨性强直的患者应尽早进行手术,应用生物型假体及精确的手术技术,可以获得良好的效果。     

应用扩张的胸三角皮瓣修复成人面颈部葡萄酒色斑

目的通过外科手段修复成人面颈部的葡萄酒色斑。方法应用扩张的胸三角皮瓣修复成人面颈部葡萄酒色斑11例。切除面颈部的血管畸形,转移扩张的胸三角皮瓣覆盖创面,3周以后行断蒂手术。结果扩张后的皮瓣较薄,转移到面部没有明显臃肿,同时色泽和质地与面部组织相似,患者对术后效果满意。结论对于激光治疗效果不佳的成人面颈部葡萄酒色斑,可以选择外科治疗。     

Apoptosis and its clinical impact

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an orderly cascade that can be regulated and ultimately results in the demise of the cell. Induction of apoptosis can occur by various chemical and biologic agents. Initiation of apoptosis leads to activation of effector molecules particularly caspases. These proteases cleave distinct protein substrates, resulting in the morphologic changes seen in apoptosis. This form of cell death is involved in almost every physiologic and pathogenic process in the body. For this reason the ability to control apoptosis has important therapeutic ramifications. RESULTS: This article reviews the history of the investigation of apoptosis and summarizes the most important pathways and regulatory molecules involved in this process. The major regulators of apoptosis, including the Bcl-2, caspase, and inhibitor of apoptosis families, are examined. The two major apoptotic pathways, including the extrinsic/cell surface death receptor and the intrinsic/mitochondrial pathways, are discussed. A major emphasis is given to examining the relationship between apoptosis and certain disease processes. This review specifically focuses on the importance of apoptosis research in the development of new methods of management of cancer with an emphasis in head and neck oncology. CONCLUSIONS: Apoptosis is a rapidly growing field. The understanding of the mechanisms and effector molecules controlling this form of cell death is evolving. On the basis of increasing knowledge of how programmed cell death is regulated and the improvements in designing and developing gene therapies and chemicals that are more accurate in targeting specific molecules, the control of apoptosis will become more important in the clinical setting. This possibility will open the door for new therapeutic endeavors in many areas of medicine and specifically in the area of oncology.     

One‐Health Simulation Modelling: Assessment of Control Strategies Against the Spread of Influenza between Swine and Human Populations Using NAADSM

Simulation models implemented using a range of parameters offer a useful approach to identifying effective disease intervention strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of key control strategies to mitigate the simultaneous spread of influenza among and between swine and human populations. We used the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus as a case study. The study population included swine herds (488 herds) and households‐of‐people (29 707 households) within a county in Ontario, Canada. Households were categorized as: (i) rural households with swine workers, (ii) rural households without swine workers and (iii) urban households without swine workers. Seventy‐two scenarios were investigated based on a combination of the parameters of speed of detection and control strategies, such as quarantine strategy, effectiveness of movement restriction and ring vaccination strategy, all assessed at three levels of transmissibility of the virus at the swine–human interface. Results showed that the speed of detection of the infected units combined with the quarantine strategy had the largest impact on the duration and size of outbreaks. A combination of fast to moderate speed of the detection (where infected units were detected within 5–10 days since first infection) and quarantine of the detected units alone contained the outbreak within the swine population in most of the simulated outbreaks. Ring vaccination had no added beneficial effect. In conclusion, our study suggests that the early detection (and therefore effective surveillance) and effective quarantine had the largest impact in the control of the influenza spread, consistent with earlier studies. To our knowledge, no study had previously assessed the impact of the combination of different intervention strategies involving the simultaneous spread of influenza between swine and human populations.     

Robotics and laparoscopic surgery

Laparoscopic surgery has completely revolutionized modern surgery. In addition to its advantages, however, this approach also presents significant limitations. The most important are loss of the sense of depth, tactile sensation and resistance, as well as loss of natural hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity. The main motivation for the development of surgical robots is the possibility of eliminating all these limitations. Robots have acquired great potential to improve the operative possibilities of surgeons. Given the continual increase in the use of surgical robots, in the near future the structure and appearance of current operating rooms will change. The present article analyzes the origin and development of robotic systems, as well as the characteristics of the latest generation of robots. Because of the strong interest in robotic surgery and its future prospects, surgeons should be familiar with these emerging and innovative techniques.     

Airway management in obstetrics

Objective

Reviewing problems related to the airway management in obstetrics, taking into account the recent evolutions of the anaesthetic practices in obstetrics.

Data sources

A review of the literature in English and French was performed in the Pumed^® database in April 2010. The first research used the following MeshTerms: “Anesthesia, Obstetrical” [Mesh] AND “Intubation, Intratracheal” [Mesh]. Complementary research used alone or in combination the following keywords: difficult tracheal intubation; failed tracheal intubation; airway; prediction of difficult tracheal intubation; maternal mortality; maternal morbidity; liability; aspiration pneumonia and obstetrical anesthesia.

Study selection

All the publications were retained excluding the correspondence.

Data extraction

Data analysis for the airway management in obstetrics, the prediction of difficult intubation, the prevention of pulmonary inhalation of gastric fluid, but also on maternal morbi-mortality in link with general anesthesia in obstetrics.

Data synthesis

Airway management in obstetrics remains a true challenge for various reasons. The physiological and anatomical modifications related to pregnancy are responsible for a faster hypoxemia, a reduction of the diameter of the pharyngolaryngal tract, as well as an increase of the risk of inhalation of gastric contents after 16 weeks of amenorrhea. The emergency or extreme emergency context and the presence of diseases like obesity or preeclampsia raise the risks of difficulties with airway management. The logical evolution of the practices, with the considerable rise of the regional anesthesia/analgesia limits the training and the maintenance of competences for intratracheal intubation in obstetrics. The training per simulation appears particularly interesting on the subject and this approach needs to be developed. The literature indicates that the incidence of difficult intubation is of one per 30. The impossible intubation is one per 280 in obstetrics, eight times greater than in the general population. No criterion of difficult intubation is sufficiently predictive alone. In obstetrics as in other contexts, the association of several criteria will permit to anticipate a difficult intubation. There is a worsening of the Mallampati during the pregnancy and during labour. To limit the risk of a difficult management of the airway in obstetrics, it will be paramount and capital, in addition to give priority to the regional anaesthesia/analgesia each time possible, to perform a careful and repeated evaluation of the predictive criteria of difficult intubation or ventilation. The inhalation of gastric fluid will systematically be prevented. The adapted material and algorithms for difficult intubation must be available in the labour wards. In case of a difficult intubation during an emergency caesarean section, the SFAR algorithms must be applied. In case of a “cannot intubate can ventilate situation”, the possibility of carrying on the Caesarean maintaining the Sellick manoeuvre should be considered. The place of the laryngoscopy assisted by videolaryngoscope in this context clearly remains to be defined. Even if in the literature some cases of successful intubation through these devices suggest an interest, there is a clear deviance between the guidelines and the practices concerning general anaesthesia performed at the end of the labour. Indeed they should be systematically performed with rapid sequence induction and tracheal intubation. A reflexion on this theme is necessary in order to grant the practices to the recommendations.     

Diagnosis and metaphylaxis of stone disease

This review draws the recent state of the art in metabolic diagnosis and metaphylaxis of stone disease. It is the basis for the consensus approval with the other medical societies and institutions in Germany involved in the guideline process of the new "Urolithiasis Guideline". The German Working Committee on Stone Disease reviewed critically the current literature in the field of urolithiasis-including the existing German and EAU-Guidelines as well as the Conference Book of the First International Consultation on Stone Disease. As far as possible the references were rated according to the EBM criteria. On this basis the expert group discussed all pathways and statements regarding the management of stone disease. The present review coincides with the consented guideline draft of the German Working Committee on Stone Disease. Occurrence of stone disease in the western world increases seriously. Modern lifestyle, dietary habits and overweight-problems of the affluent societies-emerge to be the important promoters of the "stone-boom" in the new millennium. This even affects children, whose stone prevalence is otherwise significantly less than that of adults. Criteria for the high risk group of stone formers were clearly defined. A diagnostic standard is formulated for the basic and the elaborate metabolic evaluation of a stone patient. Approximately 75% of all stone patients could anticipate stone recurrence with elementary reorientation of their lifestyle and dietary habits, summarized as general metaphylaxis. About 25% of the stone formers require additional pharmacological intervention to normalize their individual biochemical risk, precisely compiled for each stone type as specific metaphylaxis.     

Baropodometric analysis of the functional donor-site morbidity after gastrocnemius or soleus muscle-flap procedure

The triceps surae muscle is a major donor-site for muscle-flap to cover soft-tissue defects of the leg. There are very limited datas on the functional donor-site morbidity in the literature. From a retrospective study on 14 patients, we realized a baropodometric analysis comparing the operated lower limb with the healthy non operated side and a functional evaluation by a questionary. The modified functional score of Kitatoka was good (87/100). Ninety percent of the patients were able to resume a professional activity and 2/3 to resume the sport. The baropodometric analysis did not show statistically significant difference of propulsion and absorption between the healthy side and the operated side, but a modification of the programming of the step. The absence of important functional donor-site morbidity is probably bound to a compensation of the remaining triceps surae muscles and/or to mechanisms of adaptation. Our study confirms the little functional donor-site morbidity of the partial triceps surae muscle-flap procedure. These flaps remain a good solution for the coverage of the soft-tissue defects of the leg.     

Curvatures of the DIP joints of the hand

Background

The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the hand are highly susceptible to osteoarthritis and trauma. Surgical treatment options mandate accurate characterization of their osseous anatomy; however, there are few studies that describe this. We describe the curvatures of the DIP joints by measuring the bone morphology using advanced imaging and modeling methods.

Methods

The fingers of 16 right hand fresh frozen human cadavers were analyzed. Fingers showing signs of DIP joint arthritis were excluded. The fingers were scanned using microtomography (microCT). Measurements of the bony morphology were made using models created from the scans.

Results

In each finger, there is no statistically significant difference between the radii of curvature of the ulnar and radial condyles of the middle phalanx head. Conversely, the radius of curvature of the distal phalanx ulnar groove is significantly greater than that of the radial groove. The radii of curvature of the groove of the distal phalanx and the condyles of the middle phalanx displayed nonconformity with disparity increasing from the index to small fingers. Remarkably, the radius of curvature of the distal phalanx central ridge and the mean radius of the middle phalanx condyles are essentially the same.

Conclusion

The purpose of this study is to gain better insight into the DIP joints of the hand. The asymmetry between the distal phalanx grooves and the middle phalanx condyles suggests that there may be a translational component to DIP joint motion. Our understanding of morphology may lend insight into the biomechanics and disease progression within the DIP joints.     

Hémostase et prééclampsie

Clotting disorders are associated with the severe, early and complicated forms of PE. Compensated hypercoagulability states associated with a thrombocytopenia (PLT < 150k/mm³) affect 25 to 50% of severe PE patients. Laboratory markers of platelet and endothelial activation are the early increase of fibronectin levels, the worsening of the thrombocytopenia and the raised platelet turnover. The excessive thrombin formation is physiologically compensated by a rise in thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex levels, which is the most specific marker of a PE pregnancy, and a decrease in anti-thrombin (AT) activity. The placenta induced depression of the fibrinolysis appears to contribute towards the hypercoagulable state. The etiological importance of the erythrocyte and leucocyte activation with regards to the abnormal clotting activation is highlighted in the setting of maternal systematic inflammatory disease. The state of compensated coagulopathy found in the PE patient can suffer a pro-coagulatory imbalance because of a quantitative, or a qualitative failure (i.e. thrombophilia) of the physiological coagulation inhibitors, or a combination of both. This disseminated intravascular coagulation, qualified as chronic, is associated with clinically evident signs of fœto-placental unit impairment (i.e. IUGR, foetal death) with or without systemic repercussions in the mother (i.e. renal failure, HELLP syndrome, eclampsia). This set of haemostatic disturbances found in the PE patient is a dynamic phenomenon, which can evolve by the hour therefore requires frequent laboratory investigations. Delivery remains the only curative treatment for these haemostatic disturbances. A better understanding of the aetiology of DIC in PE, an early detection method and a specific identification of the at-risk patients could allow prophylactic and curative treatment.