应用不同类型的大豆蛋白制备大豆酸奶

应用豆奶、脱脂豆粉、大豆浓缩蛋白制备大豆酸奶,并对其影响因素进行了分析.使用常用的保加利亚乳酸杆菌和嗜热链球菌,逐渐增加其中的豆乳含量进行驯化培养.结果表明,豆乳与牛乳质量比为8∶2发酵效果较好.使用经驯化后的菌种对豆乳进行发酵实验,比较了3种不同大豆蛋白原料之间的异同,并分别确定了不同原料的最佳固形物含量、发酵时间、杀菌温度等影响因素.     

酶法豆乳工艺的研究

本文研究了蛋白酶和果胶酶在酶法豆乳工艺中的作用机制。采用这两种酶处理大豆不溶性残渣的结果表明,蛋白酶的作用主要是将不溶性的蛋白质转变成可溶性的组分,而果胶酶能部分地降解大豆组织的细胞壁,从而起到增溶大豆不溶性残渣的作用。蛋白酶和果肢酶具有协同作用的效果。酶法豆乳工艺包括了先用蛋白酶后用果胶酶处理的步骤,与传统工艺相比,新工艺显著地提高了原料的利用率和改进了豆乳粉的质量。     

两种银敷料对慢性伤口愈合及渗液酸碱度影响的比较

目的比较两种银敷料辅助治疗慢性感染伤口的效果及对伤口渗液酸碱度的影响,以指导银敷料在慢性伤口治疗中的合理使用。方法将糖尿病足溃疡、压疮、下肢静脉溃疡、创伤性溃疡、烧伤残余创面5类慢性伤口患者104例随机分为A、B两组,每组52例。两组患者均按照统一方法评估、清洗和清创后,A组使用银离子藻酸盐敷料、B组使用纳米银敷料,分别接受30d的伤口局部辅助治疗。观察比较两组伤口治疗前及治疗后不同时间段的伤口愈合评分及渗液pH值。结果随着治疗时间的延长,两组伤口愈合计分和渗液pH值均较治疗前下降,A组患者伤口愈合计分显著优于B组(P0.01);两组伤口渗液pH值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论两种银敷料辅助治疗慢性感染伤口均能促进伤口愈合,但银离子藻酸盐敷料的效果更优;两种银敷料均能降低伤口渗液pH值且作用相当。     

酸与胆汁盐耐性双歧杆菌菌种的筛选

从婴儿粪便和药品中筛选到耐酸和胆汁盐的2株双歧杆菌菌种,分别命名为Bi.bifidumWN 04与Bi.longumGB 03.在pH值2.0条件下培养2h后再于胆汁盐质量浓度1.0g/dL的条件下培养2h.2株菌在pH值分别为2.0和3.0的50mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液中存活率较高;在胆汁盐质量浓度分别为0.25,0.5,1.0g/dL和2.0g/dL,pH值为6.8的50mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中存活率也较高,胆汁盐耐受性没有明显区别.在4℃保存于新鲜牛乳中,Bi.bifidumWN 04能够在8周内保持最高活菌数[lg(CFU/mL)>9],其它菌种活菌数[lg(CFU/mL)]<8.     

精液液化机制及其影响因素的研究进展

射精后,精液的凝固和液化是精子向前运动和精子获能的关键,这个过程受很多因素的共同调控。精囊凝固蛋白(SemenogelinⅠ)、附睾蛋白酶抑制剂(Eppin)与前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)在调控精液凝固与液化过程中起主导作用。同时,蛋白水解酶系、脂蛋白系、pH值、微量元素、生殖系统感染等同样可参与精液液化的过程。目前对精液液化的机制及影因素研究取得了一定的进展,但由于其机制十分复杂,尚未被人们完全认识。本文就精液液化的机制及其影响因素的最新研究进展作一综述。     

射精管阻塞的简易诊断法

阻塞性不育症的诊断中必须考虑射精管阻塞。若精液量少于1ml,精液中精子数极少甚至没有,精液呈水样,pH6～7,不能凝固也没有特殊气味者,应考虑射精管阻塞。若这些特点均存在则不必再作精液果糖测定,如测定果糖,也必定低或缺乏。若这些特点不存在,则阻塞的可能性较少。为排除此病,可作输精管穿刺,若无远端阻塞,输精管内仅有微量液体。通过钝头23号针头,将10ml无菌盐水注入远端输精管,如药液注完仅少许压力,则表示远端无阻塞。再用5～10ml稀释美蓝液(1ml美蓝于10ml盐水中)证实,导尿尿液为蓝色者为通畅。对侧可用5～10ml稀释氢化荧光素液(1ml氢化荧光素于25ml盐水中)注射,尿液呈黄、绿或     

女性皮肤美在营养

皮肤是女性健美的一面“明镜”。影响皮肤健美的主要因素是皮脂腺过于旺盛(油性皮肤),或皮肤干涩粗糙(干性皮肤)、黄褐色素及痤疮等。食物也对皮肤的代谢、分泌和营养有着直接的作用。例如,豆油和豆浆提供优质蛋白和脂肪,以维持皮肤营养;酸豆乳可使皮肤细胞丰满;胡萝卜则富含维生素A,可润泽皮肤。油性皮肤的人应少吃动物脂肪,多吃蔬菜、水果、豆腐、核桃等富含维生素C和E的食品。而干性皮肤的女性则要增加豆油、豆浆、牛奶、胡萝卜的摄入量。女性的皮肤对营养失调最为敏感。体内如果缺乏蛋白质和脂肪酸,皮肤就变得粗糙,黯淡无光;缺乏维生素A和E,皮肤就发干失华;缺乏维生素B_2,会发生脂溢     

中小型甘蔗糖厂自动化检测控制系统

本文介绍了糖厂中末效蒸发罐的糖浆锤度自动控制和中和管道内的pH自动控制系统。用选择一定温度下的压差作为糖浆锤度的间接指标,结合各效蒸发罐液位调节解决了糖浆锤度的测量和控制问题。选用锑电极—甘汞电极测量电极组,解决了中和管道内的pH值测量,和不溶性钙盐和镁盐的积垢现象。通过实验解决了中和pH值调节系统中存在的技术问题。     

3种天然彩色豆腐的加工工艺

以青菜和芦蒿混合汁、胡萝卜汁、黑芝麻汁和大豆为原料 ,研制了 3种天然彩色豆腐 ,得到了其最佳生产工艺参数 .该产品改变了传统豆腐原有的色泽和风味 ,营养更丰富 ,膳食结构更为合理     

胃粘膜pH作为预测危重病人死亡率的指标

在实验动物中,胃粘膜pH随内脏灌流下降而降低,由此设想可用胃粘膜pH作为组织氧供的非侵入性指标。文内测定了胃粘膜pH与ICU患者预后的相关性。对ICU80名病人进行了研究。80人中男     

Effect of Orally Administered Omeprazole on Abomasal Luminal pH in Dairy Calves Fed Milk Replacer*

The objective of this study was to determine whether oral administration of omeprazole, a proton‐pump inhibitor, increased abomasal luminal pH in calves fed milk replacer. Four male dairy calves with cannulae in the abomasal body suckled milk replacer (60 ml/kg body weight every 12 h) and were administered a non‐enteric‐coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg body weight every 24 h) in a paste formulation for five successive days. Abomasal luminal pH was continuously measured using miniature glass pH electrodes. On the first day of omeprazole administration, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean 24‐h pH from 2.89 to 4.17. The mean 24‐h pH on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 of omeprazole administration were 3.85, 4.02, 3.97 and 3.39 respectively. We conclude that oral administration of non‐enteric‐coated omeprazole increased abomasal luminal pH in calves fed milk replacer, but that the effect may decrease over time.     

微波辐射大豆分离蛋白-糖接枝反应条件的研究

大豆分离蛋白（SPI）通过微波辐射与糖进行接枝反应，研究了微波辐射功率、pH、缓冲液的类型与浓度、无机盐、及底物的配比与浓度对该反应程度的影响。结果表明：微波辐射功率、pH及磷酸盐有助于该反应的进行，反应物的配比与浓度对反应的影响是双向的，而无机盐的加入对反应具有抑制作用。     

盐对勾兑牛奶酒体系稳定性的影响

试验了不同浓度的柠檬酸三钠对于勾兑牛奶酒体系的影响,结果表明随着柠檬酸三钠浓度的增大,勾兑牛奶酒体系的pH值和粘度也随之增大,当柠檬酸三钠的浓度由0.002mol/L增大到0.02mol/L,酒精质量分数大于20%时,其体系的pH值表现出了几乎相同的增加值;而对所有体系来讲,随着酒精质量分数的增大,粘度的增加值却越来越小.试验结果还发现,加入0.008mol/L柠檬酸三钠能够使得牛奶蛋白在乙醇存在下达到最好的稳定效果.     

Soy Isoflavones May Protect Against Orchidectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Aged Male Rats

Evidence from several studies suggests that soy protein and/or its isoflavones may have beneficial effects on bone in postmenopausal women and animal models who have osteoporosis. The present study examined the dose-dependent effects of soy isoflavones in the context of soy protein or casein on the male skeleton. Thirteen-month-old male Fisher 344 rats were orchidectomized (ORX; 5 groups) or sham-operated (Sham; 1 group) and immediately placed on dietary treatments for 180 days. Diets were semi-purified and the protein source was either casein (Sham and ORX; controls), casein with two added doses of isoflavones (Iso1; 600 mg/kg diet and Iso2; 1200 mg/kg diet), soy protein with normal isoflavones content (Soy; 600 mg/kg diet), or soy protein with added isoflavones (Soy+; 1200 mg/kg diet). A 7% loss of whole body bone mineral density (BMD) was observed due to orchidectomy; however, the ORX induced BMD loss was significantly reduced to 4.3 and 4.7 % with the Soy and Soy+, respectively. Both doses of isoflavones in conjunction with casein also reduced the loss of whole body BMD, albeit not significantly different from ORX control animals. Trabecular bone histomorphometric analysis of the proximal tibia further supported the bone-sparing role of soy isoflavones as indicated by higher percent bone volume and trabecular number, and lower trabecular separation. We conclude that isoflavones exert modest beneficial effects on the male skeleton whether provided with casein or a soy protein.     

Soy moderately improves microstructural properties without affecting bone mass in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis

Soy protein is reported to prevent bone loss in both women and rat models of osteoporosis. However, the role of soy isoflavones on the trabecular microarchitectural properties needs to be explored. In the present study, we examined whether soy protein with graded doses of isoflavones reverses loss of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and trabecular microstructure in an ovariectomized (Ovx) osteopenic rat model. Seventy-eight 9-m old female Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (Sham; 1 group) or Ovx (5 groups) and fed a semi-purified casein-based diet. After 90 days, the occurrence of bone loss was confirmed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Thereafter, rats were assigned to the following treatments: Sham, Ovx (control), Ovx + 17beta-estradiol (E(2); 10 microg/kg body wt. twice per week), Ovx + soy protein depleted of isoflavones (Soy-; 0.06 mg isoflavones/g protein), Ovx + soy protein with normal isoflavone content (Soy; 3.55 mg isoflavones/g protein), and Ovx + isoflavone-enriched soy protein (Soy+; 7.10 mg isoflavones/g protein). After 125 days of treatment, rats were euthanized, and tibia and lumbar bones were collected for the assessment of BMD, BMC, and trabecular microarchitectural properties using X-ray microcomputed tomography. None of the treatments had an effect on BMD or microarchitectural properties of the lumbar vertebra. However, Soy treatment significantly increased tibial BMC and BMD by 10% and 4.5% compared with Ovx control, but the increase in BMD was not enough to reach the BMD levels of the Sham control group. The Soy+ diet positively affected the tibial architectural properties including trabecular thickness, separation, and number. In summary, our findings suggest that soy protein does not restore bone loss in osteopenic rats; however, higher doses of isoflavones may be required to reverse the loss of tibial microstructural properties.     

Glucose and Galactose Absorption after Ingestion of Milk Containing Hydrolysed Lactose in Calves with Diarrhoea

Ten calves which had contracted acute diarrhoea caused by rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium were used to test the hypothesis that feeding lactose‐hydrolysed cow's milk instead of unprocessed cow's milk improves sugar absorption in diarrhoeic calves. The animals were rehydrated with an orally administered solution containing electrolytes and glucose. Thereafter the calves received one test meal of whole fresh cow's milk whose lactose had been hydrolysed by added lactase and one test meal of unprocessed cow's milk at an interval of 24 h in a cross‐over design trial. In comparison with unprocessed milk, the intake of milk containing hydrolysed lactose resulted in a slight decrease of mean breath hydrogen concentration (P = 0.18), but also a slight decrease of mean blood galactose concentration (P = 0.14). There was no treatment effect on mean plasma glucose concentration. Peak plasma glucose and blood galactose concentration tended to be delayed after the intake of lactose‐hydrolysed milk, which implies that gastric emptying was probably delayed. The results show that feeding milk which contains hydrolysed lactose does not significantly improve lactose utilization in calves that are suffering from benign infectious diarrhoea.     

Tight Junction Regulation in the Mammary Gland

Tight junctions form a narrow, continuous sealthat surrounds each endothelial and epithelial cell atthe apical border, and act to regulate the movement ofmaterial through the paracellular pathway. In the mammary gland, the tight junctions of thealveolar epithelial cells are impermeable duringlactation, and thus allow milk to be stored betweennursing periods without leakage of milk components from the lumen. Nonetheless mammary epithelial tightjunctions are dynamic and can be regulated by a numberof stimuli. Tight junctions of the mammary gland fromthe pregnant animal are leaky, undergoing closure around parturition to become the impermeabletight junctions of the lactating animal. Milk stasis,high doses of oxytocin, and mastitis have been shown toincrease tight junction permeability. In general changes in tight junction permeability in themammary gland appear to be the results of a state changeand not assembly and disassembly of tight junctions.Both local factors, such as intramammary pressure and TGF-beta, and systemic factors, such asprolactin, progesterone, and glucocorticoids, appear toplay a role in the regulation of mammary tightjunctions. Finally, the tight junction state appears to be closely linked to milk secretion. Anincrease in tight junction permeability is accompaniedby decrease in the milk secretion rate, and conversely,a decrease in tight junction permeability is accompanied by an increase in the milk secretionrate.     

Attenuating effect of soy protein as compared with casein on glomerular injury in spontaneous hypercholesterolemic male Imai rats

SUMMARY: Soy protein has hypocholesterolemic and oestrogenic properties. Because the reno-protective effect of both lipid-lowering agents and oestrogen has been reported, we investigated whether soy protein has an ability to attenuate glomerular injury in male Imai rats in which hyperc-holesterolemia, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and renal insufficiency occur spontaneously. Twenty male Imai rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed diets containing 20.0 g/100 g of either casein or soy protein. Each group was fed freely one of the respective test diets from when they were 8–26 weeks of age. Bodyweight, urinary protein, serum constituents and systolic blood pressure was investigated every 4 or 8 weeks from when rats were 10 weeks through to 26 weeks of age. At 26 weeks of age, rats were studied morphologically. Soy protein-fed animals consumed larger amounts of diet and showed higher urinary urea excretion and a more rapid weight gain than the control casein diet-fed animals. No significant differences were seen in blood pressure between the two groups. the soy protein diet did not influence absolute kidney or heart weight, but significantly reduced those organs to bodyweight ratios. Soy protein diet resulted in less proteinuria, less hyperlipidemia, less hypoalbuminemia, less renal functional impairment, less glomerular hypertrophy, and less renal histological damage as compared with the control casein diet. the soy protein diet tended to affect serum sex-hormone levels with a trend toward lower levels of both testosterone and estradiol. the present study showed a beneficial effect of soy protein diet on glomerular disease in a spontaneous FSGS model, although the mechanisms remain to be determined.     

Potassium and intracellular pH.

Recent work has clarified some of the complex interrelationships between cell pH and potassium. These studies have been limited by the techniques available for accurately measuring cell pH. At present it is obvious that intracellular pH is a major regulator of the cellular potassium concentration, but the precise relationship between these two is still uncertain. It has become increasingly clear, however, that no simple relationship exists between the intracellular to extracellular hydrogen ion and potassium ion ratios. Many experiments do demonstrate that the extracellular metabolic alkalosis of potassium depletion is accompanied by a decrease in skeletal muscle pH in rat, rabbit, and probably dog. The response of cardiac and renal tubular cell pH to potassium depletion is less clear, although most evidence indicates that there is also a reduction in the pH of these tissues. This effect on cell pH appears to be independent of chloride. By contrast, hyperkalemia seems to raise muscle cell pH at the same time it induces an extracellular metabolic acidosis. The metabolic and physiologic consequences of potassium-induced alterations in cell pH have yet to be fully elucidated.     

Feedback control of milk secretion from milk

Extracellular storage allows biologically-active substances in milk to influence mammary function. Among these factors is one which regulates the rate of milk secretion acutely according to frequency or completeness of milk removal in each mammary gland. The active factor in goat's milk has been identified by screening milk constituents for their ability to inhibit milk constituent secretion in tissue and cell culture bioassays, and found to be a novel milk protein. The proteins identified by bioassayin vitro, also inhibited milk secretion in lactating goats in a reversible, concentration-dependent manner. This protein, termed FIL (feedback inhibitor of lactation), acts by reversible blockade of constitutive secretion in the mammary epithelial cell. As the inhibitor is synthesized in the same epithelial cells, feedback inhibition is, therefore, an autocrine mechanism. FIL's unusual mechanism of action also influences other aspects of mammary function. Acute disruption of mammary membrane trafficking is associated with downregulation of prolactin receptors and followed by a decrease in epithelial cell differentiation. Thus, in addition to acutely-regulating milk secretion, FIL may induce the adaptation in mammary cell differentiation which actsin vivo to sustain the secretory response to a sustained change in milk removal. In the long term, matching of milk output to demand is achieved by a change in mammary cell number. This developmental response is also local in nature. Whether it too is due to autocrine modulation by FIL of mechanisms influencing cell proliferation or survival, or elicited by another milk-borne factor, remains to be determined.