眼眶海绵状血管瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的：研究眼眶海绵状血管瘤的CT、MRI成像特点，提高诊断率。资料与方法：选取20例经手术病理证实的眶内海绵状血管瘤，均行CT平扫、MRI平扫及增强扫描，8例行CT增强扫描，分析其CT、MRI征像特点及检查手段。结果：CT能显示肿瘤钙化，眶壁骨质改变，呈渐进性强化，最后明显均匀强化，MRI三维成像能发现微小病变，显示肿瘤毗邻关系更佳，压脂像冠状位扫描能清晰显示肿瘤与视神经、眼外肌的关系。结论：CT、MRI互补，能明显提高眶内海绵状血管瘤的诊断率．     

眶颅沟通性病变的CT和MRI研究

目的 研究、探讨眶颅沟通性病变的沟通路径、CT和MRI表现及其影像学特征。方法 51例患者,男28例,女23例,年龄2－68岁,平均41岁,为手术病理和随访结果证实。51例均行 CT扫描,45例行MR扫描,CT和MR增强扫描各44例。结果 通过眶上裂或视神经管沟通的颅眶沟通笥病变31例,占60.8％。其中9例通过视神经管沟通,包括4例视神经和视交叉胶质瘤、3例视神经鞘脑膜瘤,以及2例视网膜母细胞瘤侵犯视神经和视交叉;通过眶上裂沟通者,包括5例脑膜瘤、4例神经源性肿瘤、2例Tolosa-Hunt综合征、3例炎性假瘤、1例眼眶和海绵窦皮样囊肿,以及7例鼻咽癌同时侵犯海绵窦和眼眶,通过眶骨穿支血管间隙沟通的病变或骨质破坏缺损区沟通的眶颅沟通性病变20例,占39.2％,包括5例眶骨扁平性脑膜瘤、10例眶壁转移瘤、1例眶壁软骨肉瘤侵犯筛窦、额窦和额叶、3例泪腺囊腺癌侵犯颅内和1例额底脑膜瘤侵犯眼眶。结论 CT和MRI,尤其是使用脂肪抑制技术和增强扫描的T1WI能明确显示眶颅沟通性病变的沟通路径和病变特征,为制订治疗方案和手术入路提供重要和直接的依据。     

视神经鞘脑膜瘤影像学研究

目的研究视神经鞘脑膜瘤的CT和MRI表现，并探讨双轨征的显示情况及其价值。方法35例经手术病理证实的视神经鞘脑膜瘤患者，年龄6-71岁，女20例，男15例。28例行CT扫描，其中25例行增强扫描；27例行MR扫描，其中25例行增强扫描。结果35例视神经鞘脑膜瘤中12例呈梭形，7例呈管形增粗，1例呈椭圆形，8例为偏心性生长的肿块，7例弥漫累及整个眼眶。35例均累及眶内段，其中22例同时累及管内段，13例同时累及颅内段，4例同时累及视交叉，1例同时累及视束。行CT扫描的28例中，20例呈等密度，8例为含有钙化的肿块。行CT增强扫描的25例全部强化，其中6例清楚显示双轨征。行MR扫描的27例中，16例T，WI和T2WI均为低信号，3例呈长T1、长T2信号，8例呈等T1、等T2信号。行MR增强扫描的25例均呈明显强化，17例清楚显示双轨征。经统计学处理，MRI显示双轨征明显优于CT(P=0．001)。结论CT和MRI都可显示视神经鞘脑膜瘤的部位、形态和内部特征，M砌在定位诊断和定性诊断方面明显优于CT。     

眶内脑膜瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨眶内脑膜瘤的CT表现,提高其CT诊断水平。方法回顾性分析1997-10—2006-10在我院经手术及病理检查确诊的眶内脑膜瘤(原发或继发)17例CT表现和临床资料。结果视神经鞘脑膜瘤11例,眶骨膜脑膜瘤4例,蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤2例。增强扫描,病变大多数呈均匀性强化。"车轨征"、"套袖征"及眶骨增生性改变是眶内脑膜瘤较为特征性的征象。结论CT检查对眶内脑膜瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

MRI对眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨MRI对眼眶横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma,RMS)的诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析28例经手术病理证实的眼眶RMS患者的MRI表现.结果 28例中胚胎型21例,未作病理分型7例.均行MRI.病变位于肌锥内间隙23例,肌锥外间隙5例.11例原发,17例术后复发.肿瘤形态多较规则,边界尚清.21例病变较大,挤压视神经及眼球,造成视神经及眼球移位.T1WI上24例较眼外肌呈中等偏低信号,4例呈稍高信号.T2WI上信号强度略高于眼外肌,26例低于眶内脂肪.脂肪抑制序列上呈高信号.结论 眼眶RMS在MRI上有一定的信号特点,而且MRI可以清楚地显示病变范围及其与眶内周围组织的关系,对于眼眶RMS的诊断有重要意义.     

眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临床特点及影像学评价

目的 探讨眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临床特点及影像学表现。材料与方法 结合16例经病理证实的眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临床特点,回顾性分析其B超、CT和MRI特征。结果 眼眶横纹肌肉瘤主要临床特点为发展迅速的进行性眼球突出,眼眶内上象限为其好发部位。B超检查显示肿瘤为低或无回声区。16例CT平扫,14例与眼外肌呈均匀的等密度,边缘清楚。10例行增强扫描,明显强化4例,中等强化5例。骨质破坏5例。9例行MRI检查,T1WI肿瘤与眼外肌呈等信号或略低信号,T2WI呈高信号;6例行增强扫描,4例中等度强化,2例明显强化。在脂肪抑制和增强T2WI上呈高信号。结论 超声、CT和MRI,尤其CT和MRI能较准确的显示横纹肌肉瘤的部位、形态和内部结构,结构临床特征,能较准确作出定性诊断,对临床选择治疗方案有重要价值。     

儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和绿色瘤的特征性MR表现

目的 分析儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和绿色瘤的特征性MR表现。资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的9例儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和5例绿色瘤的CT和MRI表现。所有病例均行CT平扫以及MRI平扫和增强扫描。结果 14例CT表现均为眼眶不规则肿块和邻近的眶壁溶骨性骨质破坏,7例骨质破坏区邻近的颅内可见扁平不规则肿块。2例转移性神经母细胞瘤表现为眼眶肌锥外间隙肿块内有与眶外壁垂直的针状高密度影。14例MRI表现为眼眶肌锥外间隙略长T1、略长T2信号不规则软组织影,7例骨质破坏区邻近的颅内硬膜外间隙可见略长T1、略长T2信号扁平不规则肿块,增强后明显强化。14例双侧眶骨及蝶骨大翼,9例斜坡和双侧岩尖及2例双侧颞骨鳞部骨髓腔脂肪高信号影被略长T1、略长T2信号影取代,采用脂肪抑制的增强T1WI显示均有强化,强化程度与眼眶内肿块相似。结论 儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和绿色瘤的眶壁和颅面骨MR表现具有特征,有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

眶内及眶旁病变:脂肪抑制结合顺磁性增强MRI的价值

在眶内及眶旁病变上,虽然MR顺磁性增强技术能改善病变与周围结构的区分,但脂肪量多时,区分强化结构与脂肪仍有困难。作者应用顺磁性对比剂增强结合脂肪抑制MR技术检查了18例眼眶。2例正常眼眶应用单纯脂肪抑制技术显示与正常T_1相反的对比,视神经、泪腺及眼外肌呈高信号与低信号的脂肪形成清楚的对比,管内视神经也由于周围脂肪和骨髓脂肪信号被消除而清楚显示。但增强后脂肪抑制T_1加权,眼外肌和泪腺明显强化,眼内结构之间的解剖分界显示更清楚。3例眼球病变中,2例脉络膜视网膜炎在增强后T_1加权、质子密度和T_2加权象上均未显示,仅在增强后结合脂肪抑     

乳头状内淋巴囊瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨乳头状内淋巴囊瘤的CT、MRI和DSA特征。方法 回顾性分析总结5例组织病理学证实的乳头状内淋巴囊瘤的CT骨破坏特点及MRI信号特征、强化方式、血液流空情况，4例同时进行DSA检查，以观察血供状态。CT采用常规横轴面平扫和增强扫描；MRI采用SE和快速自旋回波（FSE）及脂肪抑制序列，行矢状、冠状和横轴面平扫和增强扫描。结果 （1）CT表现：肿瘤呈中心位于颞骨岩部迷路后区的溶蚀性骨破坏，病变内含钙化。（2）MRI表现：在未增强T1WI和T2WI，5例肿瘤内见不规则形低信号影，其中心位于颞骨岩部中后部的前庭管外口周围区；3例肿瘤周边显示高信号缘；2例囊实性肿瘤的囊性部分呈高信号，脂肪抑制像高信号不被抑制，而且其边缘更清楚；5例瘤内均见血管流空影。（3）DSA显示肿瘤主要由颈外动脉的分支供血。其中2例还有小脑前下动脉参与供血。结论 乳头状内淋巴囊瘤是位于颞骨岩部迷路后区的具有侵袭性、溶骨性、富含血管的肿瘤，它的影像学特征结合发生部位有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

眼眶静脉性血管瘤的MRI和CT表现

目的 分析眼眶静脉性血管瘤的MRI、CT表现,提高对眼眶静脉性血管瘤的影像学认识.资料与方法 对49例经手术病理证实的眼眶静脉性血管瘤患者的MRI、CT资料进行回顾性分析.结果 49例中,位于眼眶前部1例,肌锥内间隙18例,肌锥外间隙3例,肌锥内外间隙同时受累27例.MRI扫描41例显示为边界清楚但不光滑,形状不规则的不均质肿块.6例肿物边界不清.与眼外肌相比,T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,肿瘤内部或周边可见血管流空信号.T2WI脂肪抑制序列高信号不被抑制.46例眼球明显向前突出,7例显示眼球受压变形.29例显示病变沿眼球壁生长呈铸形.15例显示眶尖脂肪间隙消失.7例可见肿物向颅内蔓延.14例具有急性突眼病史者显示出血信号,7例可见液.液平面.CT扫描显示为不均匀的较高密度.5例显示单个或多个的静脉石.26例眶骨受压,眼眶扩大.10例显示眶上裂扩大.结论 眼眶静脉性血管瘤在MRI、CT上分别具有其特征性征象.CT对展示骨性结构及钙化有优势,而MRI对肿瘤的内部形态及其与周围组织结构关系的进一步判断更具意义.MRI在定位和定性诊断上优于CT.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）