Duplex scanning criteria for selection of patients for internal carotid artery endarterectomy

BACKGROUND: The value of carotid endarterectomy for stroke prevention depends on reliable identification of patients at higher risk for stroke from their internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusive disease than from surgery. This selection of patients is based on the degree of ICA stenosis. Therefore, preoperative diagnostic measures should strive for a prevalence independent probability for disease of 100%. Aim of this prospective study was to obtain clinically applicable duplex scanning criteria for ICA stenosis > or = 70% with a probability for disease of 100%. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 124 ICA in 62 patients (79% male) angiography and duplex scanning were performed. Degree of stenosis was classified in 4 categories: I < 50%; II 50%-69%; III 70%-99%; IV 100%. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to estimate agreement between both methods within categories. To improve accuracy post-test likelihood for disease was calculated for each point on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC)-curve for peak systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and cut-off points for velocity criteria were set at a positive likelihood of 100%. RESULTS: Diagnostic agreement was good with kappa = 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64-0.90; p < 0.001). For EDV a criterion of > or = 150 cm/sec was associated with a post-test likelihood for disease of 100%. For PSV no appropriate criterion could be detected. CONCLUSIONS: A probability of 100% for ICA stenosis > or = 70% can be achieved by mere preoperative duplex scanning. Vascular laboratory specific validation of duplex scanning criteria should consider prevalence independent post-test likelihood for disease to ensure the value of CEA for stroke prevention.     

颈内动脉狭窄患者脑血管储备能力的研究

目的探讨脑血管储备能力(cerebrovascular reserve,CVR)与一侧颈内动脉狭窄程度的关系。方法选择脑梗死患者85例,其中颈内动脉狭窄组59例,对照组26例。分别通过吸入5%CO2和95%O2混合气体诱发高碳酸血症,计算大脑中动脉血流速度变化。结果颈内动脉狭窄组患者CVR较对照组明显降低[(22.47±12.45)%vs(37.25±11.77)%,P<0.01]。CVR与颈内动脉狭窄程度呈负相关(CI=-0.6587,P<0.01)。颈内动脉狭窄是CVR下降的独立危险因素(OR=5.149,95%CI:2.682～9.858,P<0.01)。结论颈内动脉狭窄是影响CVR的独立危险因素,检测CVR可能预测颈内动脉狭窄程度。     

不同程度颈内动脉狭窄患者脑分水岭区灌注状态研究

目的采用动脉自旋标记成像技术观察不同程度颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)狭窄患者脑分水岭区灌注状态。方法连续收集2016年10月1日～2018年5月1日辽宁省人民医院神经内科以急性缺血性脑卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或头晕待查为初步诊断,并完善三维动脉自旋标记成像技术的患者168例。其中ICA无狭窄或狭窄50%120例(对照组),ICA狭窄50%～69%28例(中度狭窄组),ICA狭窄≥70%及闭塞20例(重度狭窄组)。进行液体衰减反转恢复序列血管高信号征(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery vascular hyperintensities,FVH)评分,测量前角白质、后角白质、放射冠及半卵圆中心左右对称区脑血流量,计算不对称指数(asymmetry index,AI)。比较不同程度ICA狭窄患者脑分水岭区AI。结果 3组糖尿病、冠心病、既往脑梗死、FVH评分、新发脑梗死、伴发颅内其他血管狭窄比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与对照组比较,中度狭窄组FVH评分、新发脑梗死和伴发颅内其他血管狭窄比例明显升高,重度狭窄组FVH评分、新发脑梗死和半卵圆中心AI明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,冠心病、既往脑梗死、FVH评分、伴发颅内其他血管狭窄、半卵圆中心AI与ICA狭窄程度独立相关(OR=7.799,95%CI:2.230～27.303,P=0.001;OR=3.536,95%CI:1.557～8.029,P=0.003;OR=1.521,95%CI:1.239～1.898,P=0.000;OR=2.646,95%CI:1.058～6.626,P=0.038;OR=3.228,95%CI:1.314～7.933,P=0.011)。结论 ICA重度狭窄时半卵圆中心AI较高,提示ICA重度狭窄患者半卵圆中心脑灌注减低。     

颈动脉支架成形术对颈内动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的观察颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)对颈内动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能与生活质量的影响。方法选择32例未发生大面积脑梗死的重度颈动脉狭窄(狭窄程度≥70%)患者行CAS,手术前及术后3个月采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)及视觉保持测验(VRT)观察认知功能的变化,用WHO生存质量量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)观察患者生活质量变化。结果所有患者均成功行CAS,成功率100%。与术前颈动脉狭窄率比较,术后3个月狭窄率明显降低[(83.4±7.6)%vs(4.3±1.3)%,P<0.01];与术前比较,术后3个月MMSE评分、VRT正确计分、WHOQOL-BREF评分明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);VRT错误计分明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期无症状性脑卒中复发。结论严重颈动脉狭窄可能是导致患者认知功能障碍的原因之一,CAS可以改善患者的认知功能和生活质量。     

Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis

Several clinical trials have demonstrated that carotid endarterectomy (CE) in symptomatic patients with 70-99% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, when used appropriately in experienced surgical hands (postoperative complications of stroke and death must not exceed 7%) is safe and effective in preventing recurrence of ipsilateral carotid ischemia and, in particular, in preventing disabling ipsilateral stroke. Only five patients need to be treated to prevent one stroke in three years. The time of greatest risk of stroke after the development of symptoms was in the first six months, and the incremental risk decreased out to two years. Instead the risk of stroke with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is low. Forty-five percent of strokes in patients with asymptomatic 60% to 99% stenosis are attributable to lacunes or cardioembolism. Because CE cannot prevent stroke of cardioembolic origin and is less likely to prevent stroke of lacunar origin, it is doubtful that CE can be justified for most patients with asymptomatic arteries.     

Therapy of carotid stenosis in contralateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery

From January 1985 up to December 1987 sixteen patients with unilateral stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and concomitant chronic contralateral carotid occlusion underwent surgical correction of the stenosis. 31.2% were asymptomatic, 18.7% had transient ischemic attacks and 50% had suffered a stroke. On the occluded side 31.2% had had a stroke. Angiography showed intracerebral shunting to the occluded side in 43.7%; 56.2% of the patients had concomitant stenoses of intracerebral vessels. Surgical correction consisted of endarterectomy and patch-plasty of the ICA-stenosis in local anesthesia under protection of an intraluminal shunt. There was no mortality and no perioperative stroke. After a mean interval of 32 months life table analysis showed a stroke-free rate of 92% from 6 to 24 months on the operated side and of 84% from 12 to 24 months on the occluded side. We conclude that ICA-endarterectomy in patients with contralateral ICA-occlusion can be done without increased perioperative risk and yields satisfactory long time results.     

颈动脉支架成形术对单侧症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄患者脑血流和脑血管反应性的影响

目的探讨颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)对局部脑血流量(rCBF)和局部脑血管反应性(rCVR)的影响。方法选择2014年8月~2015年12月空军总医院神经内科进行CAS治疗的单侧症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄患者17例,术前1周及术后3个月通过单光子发射计算机断层扫描联合CO2负荷试验评估rCBF和rCVR,选择狭窄同侧大脑中动脉供血区感兴趣区分析。结果 17例患者共有68个感兴趣区,术前所有感兴趣区rCVR均受损,而仅16个(23.5%)感兴趣区rCBF受损。术前rCBF和rCVR均受损的感兴趣区术后平均rCBF较术前显著升高[(86.7±10.0)%和(79.1±7.5)%,P=0.001],术前rCBF正常且rCVR受损的感兴趣区术后平均rCVR较术前显著升高[(4.9±8.6)%vs(1.1±6.7)%,P=0.014]。术前rCBF和rCVR均受损的感兴趣区术后rCBF改善率显著高于术前rCBF正常且rCVR受损的感兴趣区(81.3%vs 50.0%,P=0.027);术前rCBF正常且rCVR受损的感兴趣区术后rCVR改善率显著高于术前rCBF和rCVR均受损的感兴趣区(59.6%vs 31.3%,P=0.047)。结论对于颈动脉狭窄患者,CAS能够改善术前存在脑血流动力障碍感兴趣区的rCBF和rCVR,其改善的模式与术前脑血流动力障碍严重程度有关。     

颈内动脉起始段狭窄合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄发生频率

目的 分析国人颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄合并其他颅内和(或)颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞的发生率.方法 回顾性总结我院自2001年1月至2008年5月收治的颈动脉重度狭窄患者198例.所有患者均经颈动脉彩色超声和经颅多普勒(TCD)检查,部分患者进行r数字减影血管造影、头颅磁共振血管显像或头领部CT血管成像检杳.结果 在198例颈动脉重度狭窄患者中,86.8%合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄,合并至少一条颅内动脉狭窄者占62.1%,其中以大脑中动脉最多见,26.3%的患者合并串联病变(同侧颈内动脉虹吸段或大脑中动脉狭窄),68.2%的患者合并至少一条颅外其他动脉狭窄,其中以对侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞最多见.结论 国人颈内动脉狭窄患者合并串联颅内动脉狭窄或广泛颅内外动脉狭窄的几率较高,此特殊的动脉狭窄分布对颈内动脉内膜剥脱术或支架成型术将造成不可低估的影响.     

严重颈内动脉狭窄时眼动脉血流变化的研究

目的:探讨严重颈内动脉狭窄(internal carotid artery stenosis,ICAS)时眼部血流的变化。方法:2011年10月至2012年10月间,于我院脑卒中中心收治的50例单侧颈内动脉重度以上狭窄住院患者进行详尽的眼部检查、视网膜中央动脉(central retinal artery,CRA)彩色多普勒血流检查、全脑动脉及主动脉弓数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)等检查。结果:50例患者经DSA证实有20例存在眼动脉血液逆流。在20例眼动脉逆流患者中,出现过急性眼部缺血症状11例,出现过不同的慢性眼部缺血症状15例。患者有明确的眼部缺血体征9例。20例逆流患者的CRA的收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV)为(7.16±1.33)cm/s与另外30例眼动脉正向血流患者的CRA的PSV(7.64±1.28)cm/s相比较,并没有明显降低,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.275,P=0.209)。结论:严重的ICAS时,出现眼动脉血液逆流,并不一定会发生眼部缺血性病变。眼动脉血液逆流是眼部缺血产生的高危因素,并不是决定因素。     

Grading of internal carotid artery stenosis: comparative analysis of different flow velocity criteria and multidetector computed tomographic angiography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) versus published color Doppler sonography (CDS) velocity criteria in the grading of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. METHODS: Sixty-eight consecutive patients (50 men; mean age 70.2 +/- 8.1 years, range 51- 85) with known ICA stenosis and complete CTA and CDS data for 127 carotid arteries were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. The degree of stenosis was determined using CDS velocities according to 5 published sets of criteria, as well as the criteria used at the authors' institution. These outcomes were then correlated using kappa-statistics with the results of multidetector CTA according to NASCET. RESULTS: The best overall agreement was achieved applying the criteria sets of Hwang (kappa = 0.70) and AbuRahma (kappa = 0.68). All 5 occlusions were correctly identified with both modalities. CTA detected 73 ICA stenoses > 70%; the best correlation was with the application of Hwang criteria, which correctly identified 69 (94.5%) > 70% stenoses. In order of increasing tendency to underscore the grade of stenosis, the corresponding results for the other criteria sets were 62 (84.9%) for Mittl, 59 (80.8%) for AbuRahma, 55 (75.3%) each for Nicolaides and Filis, and 50 (68.5%) for Nederkoorn. CTA detected 85 stenoses >50%; the sensitivity of all applied CDS criteria sets exceeded 90%. CONCLUSION: Grading of ICA stenosis > 70% with CDS and CTA results in clinically relevant discrepancies, with higher grades of stenoses assessed by CTA. The choice of CDS grading criteria is of significant clinical importance, especially in the identification of high-grade ICA stenosis.     

经颅多普勒微栓子监测在颈动脉狭窄患者中的应用

1990年,Spencer等首次提出了微栓子信号的概念.1995年,Stroke刊出了微栓子信号诊断标准的专家共识.此后,微栓子检测被广泛用作脑动脉造影、血管内支架置入、颈动脉内膜切除术等颈动脉狭窄患者术中预防血栓事件的监测指标.近年来,微栓子监测已成为颈动脉狭窄手术、介入治疗和药物抗栓治疗的一种评价手段.     

颈内动脉中重度狭窄或闭塞患者同侧颈总动脉血流动力学的观察

目的观察颈内动脉(ICA)中、重度狭窄或闭塞患者同侧颈总动脉(CCA)血流动力学的改变,分析CCA血流动力学改变与ICA狭窄程度之间的关系。方法选择单侧ICA颅外段50%～99%狭窄或闭塞,且双侧CCA管径正常或狭窄率<50%的患者200例。按患侧ICA狭窄率将患者分为50%～69%狭窄组(50例)、70%～99%狭窄组(68例)及闭塞组(82例)。采用彩色多普勒超声测量双侧CCA的管径(ID)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、平均流速(MV)及阻力指数(RI)。计算颈动脉血流量(BFV)、患侧的ICA与CCA峰值流速比值(PSVICA/PSVCCA)以及健侧与患侧CCA血流动力学各参数比值。结果①各组内患侧与健侧及各组间患侧CCA的ID比较,差异均无统计学意义。②与健侧比较,50%～69%组除患侧的PSVICA/PSVCCA增高外(1.90±0.36对0.88±0.23,P<0.001),其他参数差异均无统计学意义。③与同组健侧比较及与50%～69%组患侧比较,70%～99%组和闭塞组(闭塞组无PSVICA/PSVCCA)患侧的PSVICA/PSVCCA、RI增高(P<0.001);PSV...     

彩色多普勒超声对双侧颈内动脉狭窄血流速度高估的研究

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDU）与经颅多普勒超声（TCD）联合评价双侧颈内动脉狭窄后一侧颈内动脉（ICA）狭窄率为70％～99％或闭塞时,对另一侧的ICA（狭窄率为50％～69％）血流动力学的影响。方法连续纳入2005年6月_2011年6月由彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）与TCD联合筛查、DSA证实的双侧ICA狭窄（一侧颈内动脉狭窄率为70％～99％或闭塞,另一侧为50％-69％）的患者102例作为研究组（A组）,同期选择单侧ICA狭窄率为50％～69％、对侧正常的患者89例为对照组（B组）。比较两组患者中狭窄率为50％～69％狭窄侧的ICA和大脑前动脉（ACA）的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张期末流速（EDV）、血管阻力指数（RI）和血管搏动指数（PI）的差异。并根据TCD和DSA检测的结果,将A组分为前交通支开放组（A1组54例）与未开放组（A2组48例）,进一步比较两组间中狭窄率为50％～69％狭窄侧ICA、ACA血流动力学参数的差异及血流动力学变化的相关性。结果①A组患者中狭窄率为50％～69％侧ICA、ACA的PSV、EDV高于B组（均P〈0．05）,RI及PI值较B组降低（P=0．001,P=0．000）。②A1组中狭窄率为50％～69％狭窄侧ICA、ACA的PSV、EDV均高于A2组（均P〈0．01）,但A1组ICA的RI值及ACA的PI均低于A2组（P=0．000,P=0．000）,差异均有统计学意义。@ICA的PSV、EDV与ACA的呈正相关（r=0．327、r=0．422,P=0．007、P=0．000）。结论当一侧ICA狭窄率为70％～99％,狭窄率为50％～69％狭窄侧ICA的流速测值明显高于实际病变程度的诊断标准。前交通支开放是双侧ICA狭窄的血流动力学变化的基础,双侧ICA狭窄程度的判断应结合颅内外血流动力学变化进行综合评价。     

丁苯酞改善重度颈内动脉颅内段狭窄患者的脑血管反应性

目的 探讨丁苯酞对重度颈内动脉颅内段狭窄患者脑血管反应性(cerebrovascular reactivity,CVR)的影响.方法 将2010年1月至2010年11月期间南京卒中注册系统中经脑血管造影确诊为颈内动脉颅内段重度狭窄的患者,随机分为丁苯酞组和对照组.所有患者均给予符合指南规定的缺血性脑血管病治疗药物,丁苯...     

磁共振灌注检查在老年颈动脉狭窄患者支架置入术中的应用

目的探讨磁共振灌注加权成像(perfusion-weighted imaging,PWI)检查在老年颈动脉狭窄患者支架置入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)中的应用。方法选择15例年龄≥70岁的症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行CAS,在术前及术后72h分别行PWI检查,对比手术前后影像的改变,并与相关CT灌注成像研究结果进行对比。结果 15例患者全部成功实行CAS,术前PWI异常的患者在术后均有不同程度的改变,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术前PWI正常的患者在术后无变化。手术前后脑血流循环时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 PWI检查在症状性颈动脉狭窄患者CAS前后有明显改变,其结果与相关CT灌注研究相符。     

支架置入对颈动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能障碍的影响

颈动脉粥样硬化所导致的颈动脉狭窄（carotid artery stenosis,CAS）不仅是缺血性脑血管疾病的独立危险因素,而且严重的CAS可能还与认知功能受损相关。有研究显示,轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）是可     

颈内动脉颅外段血流动力学变化与颅内段病变的相关分析

目的通过颈动脉彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检测分析颅外段颈内动脉(ICA)血流动力学参数变化与颅内段狭窄或闭塞性病变的相关性。方法回顾性连续纳入2016年1月至2018年12月首都医科大学宣武医院神经内、外科因缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作住院的患者。入院后常规行颈动脉CDFI检查,经DSA证实为单侧颅内段ICA狭窄或闭塞患者共288例,并根据病变程度将患者分为<70%狭窄组(136例)、70%~99%狭窄组(86例)、闭塞组(66例)3组;选择同期DSA证实无颅内段ICA病变的缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作者为对照组(122例)。比较4组间颅外段ICA收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期末流速(EDV)、血管阻力指数(RI)的差异性,分析4组间颅外段ICA CDFI频谱特征。结果410例患者检测结果分析显示:(1)ICA颅内段70%~99%狭窄组、闭塞组患者的脑梗死发生率明显高于<70%狭窄组、对照组[分别为73.3%(63/86)、95.5%(63/66)、31.6%(43/136)、26.2%(32/122);均P<0.01]。(2)ICA颅内段70%~99%狭窄组和闭塞组患者的患侧ICA颅外段PSV、EDV明显低于<70%狭窄组[PSV:(41±14)、(40±13)cm/s比(86±15)cm/s;EDV(13±7)、(10±4)cm/s比(33±8)cm/s],而RI值明显升高[(0.69±0.12)、(0.77±0.05)比(0.62±0.06)],闭塞组患者ICA颅外段EDV明显低于70%~99%狭窄组,RI明显高于70%~99%狭窄组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);70%~99%狭窄组和闭塞组颅外段ICA CDFI血流频谱呈现低速高阻力性血流改变特征,闭塞组患侧ICA颅外段表现为舒张期血流消失者占1.5%(1/66例),舒张期血流方向逆转者占48.5%(32/66)。结论ICA颅内段70%~99%狭窄或闭塞时,颅外段ICA CDFI频谱特征呈现低速高阻力性血流动力学改变。ICA颅外段出现“振荡”频谱时,高度提示ICA颅内段闭塞。     

The cardiovascular risk of patients with carotid artery stenosis

It is commonly accepted that a relationship exists between coronary and carotid arterial disease, given that the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with carotid stenosis is as high as 77%, depending on the population studied. Elevated cardiovascular (CV) risks are apparent in patients with either asymptomatic or symptomatic carotid stenosis. Patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis are at about a three-fold higher risk of CV death/myocardial infarction compared with a matched population without carotid stenosis, and this risk may be even higher among patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Thus, antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapies are indicated not only to prevent stroke, but also especially to lower elevated CV risks. Carotid revascularization has become well established in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, which is associated with significant absolute risk reductions in terms of recurrent stroke, but remains controversial for patients with significant but asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Carotid revascularization in those with asymptomatic carotid stenosis seems to principally benefit patients with specific clinical/imaging features indicating a high risk of stroke. Screening and treatment of asymptomatic CAD can be beneficial for patients with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis and especially for those for whom surgical or endovascular carotid revascularization is planned. Because evidence of the benefits afforded by prophylactic revascularization of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in all CABG candidates (in terms of reducing perioperative stroke) is lacking, it may be reasonable to restrict prophylactic carotid revascularization to patients at the highest risk of postoperative stroke, thus those with severe bilateral lesions or a history of prior stroke/transient ischemic event.