一株阴沟肠杆菌与福氏志贺菌4型交叉凝集的报告

目的：研究阴沟肠杆菌与福氏志贺菌4型的生物学关系。方法：采用生化试验、血清学凝集等。结果：生化试验符合阴沟肠杆菌，抗原与福氏志贺菌4型有交叉凝集。结论：阴沟肠杆菌与福氏志贺菌4型有交叉凝集。     

能与沙门菌及O157诊断血清交叉凝集的细菌分离与鉴定

目的:研究能与沙门菌、大肠埃希菌O157发生交叉凝集的细菌,为防止误诊提供参考。方法:采用观察形态、血清学凝集、以及API20E生化鉴定试剂盒进行系统生化鉴定的方法。结果:生化鉴定符合变形杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌的18株肠杆菌,其中11株能与沙门菌多价血清发生交叉反应凝集,7株能与大肠埃希菌O157血清发生交叉凝集。结论:在肠杆菌科细菌的鉴定中,单凭血清学反应做出判定,容易产生错误的结论,为确保菌株鉴定的准确性,应当血清学反应和全面生化检验结合的方法。     

与诊断血清发生交叉凝集的5株肠杆菌的分离鉴定

目的了解能与主要肠道致病菌诊断血清发生交叉凝集的肠杆菌科常见细菌,提示交叉凝集是血清凝集试验中较常见的现象,避免由于交叉凝集而产生的错误判断,为今后的细菌鉴定工作提供参考。方法参照《食品卫生微生物学检验》GB/T4789-2008(2003)和GB 4789-2010检测2008～2010年海淀区各次食物中毒送检样品.对检出的交叉凝集菌进行血清学试验和生化试验。结果在肠道菌的检测中检出5株与诊断血清发生交叉凝集的细菌,分别是蜂房哈夫尼亚菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产H2S的大肠埃希氏菌和2株弗氏柠檬酸盐杆菌。结论某些属的肠道细菌因携带与一些主要肠道致病菌相同或相关的抗原,所以会发生交叉凝集现象。故在鉴定肠道致病菌时要用生化试验结合血清学试验来共同确认。     

吡咯烷酮酶试验在沙门菌鉴定中的应用

〔目的〕探讨吡咯烷酮酶 (PYR)试验在鉴定沙门菌中的价值。〔方法〕将实验菌株作常规生化反应 ,血清学凝集 , 噬菌体裂解等试验进行鉴定 ,并同时做PYR试验 ,观察其结果。〔结果〕14 8株沙门菌全部PYR试验阴性 ,3 2株枸橼酸杆菌全部为阳性。〔结论〕PYR试验可作为鉴别沙门菌与枸橼酸杆菌一种有价值的试验 ,对其它肠杆菌科细菌也有一定的鉴别意义。     

多位点序列分型技术在沙门菌鉴定中的应用研究

目的:探讨多位点序列分型技术(Multilocus sequence typing,MLST)在沙门菌鉴定中的应用。方法:对1株分离自腹泻病人的沙门菌疑似菌株用肠杆菌科鉴定试条API 20E进行生化鉴定并进行血清学鉴定,应用MLST分型方法对该菌株分子分型。结果:API 20E鉴定为沙门菌属,Vi因子血清不凝集,O因子血清A-F O多价不凝集。该菌的MLST型别为ST64型,提示为鸭沙门菌。结论:MLST分子分型技术有助于沙门菌的鉴别。     

1株沙门样大肠埃希菌的分离与鉴定

目的对1株与沙门菌抗血清发生交叉凝集的肠道菌分离株进行鉴定。方法分别通过生化培养、抗血清凝集试验与16S rRNA序列比对分析,对该菌株进行鉴定。结果该菌株的分离培养、生化代谢特征均与大肠埃希菌一致,但能与沙门菌属多型、群特异性抗血清发生凝集,与大肠埃希菌抗血清无凝集反应。序列分析结果表明,该菌株16S rRNA与大肠埃希菌一致,与沙门菌属存在明显差异。结论本实验分离获得1株具有沙门菌血清凝集特征的大肠埃希菌。     

一株与志贺氏菌血清发生交叉凝集的阪崎肠杆菌

目的研究阪崎肠杆菌与志贺氏菌的抗原关系。方法采用生化试验、血清凝集及肠杆菌科E75/15细菌编码鉴定系统。结果检出一株与志贺氏菌多价,福氏多价,福氏Ⅰ型,福氏Ⅱ型发生交叉凝集,生化反应符合阪崎肠杆菌的阪崎肠杆菌。结论在肠道致病菌的鉴定中,即便是血清学符合的菌株也要结合全面生化反应结果分析才能做出正确的判断。     

食源性相关腹泻沙门菌种分布

目的了解食源性相关腹泻沙门菌感染的菌种分布,为控制该类细菌的感染及传播提供技术支持。方法对2015年-2017年本系统2家社区卫生服务中心就诊的食源性相关腹泻患者粪便(或肛拭子)标本常规培养分离获得42株沙门菌;采用血清凝集法进行快速血清分型,并自动化生化鉴定及抗菌药物敏感性试验;通过现况调查进行流行病学危险因素分析。结果自动化生化鉴定结果能够覆盖常规血清学快速鉴定结果,同属沙门菌群; 42株沙门菌以肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和斯坦利沙门菌为主,其中肠炎沙门菌占23. 81%,鼠伤寒沙门菌占19. 06%,斯坦利沙门菌占14. 29%;所有患者48 h内有可疑食物暴露史,均为散发。结论菌种鉴定应以常规快速血清学凝集结果为准,自动化生化鉴定仅供参考,并将鉴定菌种与药敏报告相关联。     

微量生化鉴定1株沙门细菌结果的分析

[目的]建立细菌微量生化快速反应鉴定系统,用于细菌检验中的快速诊断。[方法]利用肠杆菌科细菌生化鉴定编码册(第二代15e系统)要求的15种生化组合与被沙门菌A-F多价O血清凝集的细菌培养物进行培养鉴定。[结果]经查系统编码册得出总值为43265,结果为亚利桑那沙门菌。[结论]用细菌微量快速生化反应系统鉴定细菌,具有简单、快速的特点,无需特殊设备,成本低廉,所得结果准确、可靠,能够满足各级医院实验室及基层疾控中心应用。     

一起由阴沟肠杆菌引起的食物中毒的实验室检测分析

目的:对一起由细菌引起的食物中毒进行实验室检测分析,以明确致病菌。方法:对所采集的14份标本进行细菌培养、生化试验、血清凝集和VITEK 2细菌鉴定仪鉴定。结果:所采集的14份标本中,共有5份标本检出阴沟肠杆菌。结论:根据流行病学调查、临床表现和实验室检测分析证实本次食物中毒是由阴沟肠杆菌引起。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.