老年下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉栓塞的预防和护理

目的：老年下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉栓塞（ DVT）的预防和护理分析。方法选取收治的583例经手术治疗的老年下肢骨折患者为研究对象,并将其随机分成两组,对照组291例患者接受常规护理,实验组292例患者在此基础上实施全方位预防和护理。对两组患者下肢深静脉栓塞及并发症情况进行对比分析。结果实验组下肢深静脉血栓发生率与并发症发生率均明显优于对照组,比较两组差异较大,具有统计学意义,P＜0.05。结论对于经手术治疗的老年下肢骨折患者而言,给予全方位预防和护理有助于减少下肢深静脉血栓与相关并发症的发生率,应在临床护理中普及应用。     

麻醉处理对老年下肢骨折并发深静脉血栓患者的影响

正随着经济的发展,老龄化人口和交通事故日益增多,骨折创伤患者也随之增加,一般多由道路交通事故、建筑施工事故、暴力及刀刺伤、跌倒等因素引起。骨折创伤容易造成组织因子活化以及一系列炎症反应~([1]),如压疮、肺部感染、脱位、关节松动等~([2-3]),所以通常需要很长时间才能痊愈。尤其在外科手术中易引起老年患者并发下肢深静脉血栓(DVT),它是创伤患者在住院期间造成死亡的第三因素。本     

下肢骨折后导致深静脉血栓形成的相关因素分析

目的 探讨多功能数字化彩超显像仪检测导致深静脉血栓形成的相关原因.方法 选取我院接诊的152例下肢骨折患者,采用多功能数字化彩超显像仪观察患者下肢静脉血栓形成情况,包括各段血管内径、血流充盈度、血流走向等.并分析患者年龄、性别、体重、骨折部位等因素对深静脉血栓形成的相关性.结果 超声检测出下肢骨折后深静脉血栓形成患者69例,血栓形成患者年龄与对照组相比明显偏大,同时,患有肥胖以及长期采用坐姿的患者发生下肢深静脉血栓的机率增加,但性别和血压状态与疾病发生的相关性不大.此外,骨折部位的不同也影响的深静脉血栓的发生率,其中膝部骨折患者导致深静脉血栓形成的概率较高.结论 下肢骨折后,患者深静脉血栓的形成与年龄、肥胖、久坐及骨折部位相关,与性别、血压等因素无关.     

老年腰椎融合术后早期下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响因素探究

目的分析老年腰椎融合术后早期下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的主要危险因素。方法 2015年7月—2018年6月陆军军医大学大坪医院脊柱外科行腰椎融合术治疗患者165例,其中男性76例,女性89例;年龄55～78岁,平均64.0岁。其中胸腰段骨折19例,腰椎间盘突出症56例,腰椎滑脱症34例,腰椎管狭窄症51例,腰椎内固定翻修术5例。术后发生DVT的21例患者作为DVT组,其余144例作为非DVT组。回顾性分析患者年龄、体重指数(BMI)、高血压和糖尿病的患病情况、血清甘油三酯(TG)水平、凝血四项、D-二聚体、是否使用抗凝药、是否输血和手术情况等一般资料,采用病例对照研究方法,比较分析DVT组和非DVT组患者的临床资料。结果年龄≥70岁、BMI≥24kg/m^2、输血、卧床时间≥5d、血清TG水平增高是老年腰椎融合术患者术后并发下肢DVT的危险因素。而术后两组患者间血小板、凝血酶原时间和D-二聚体值差异无统计学意义。所有发生下肢DVT患者血栓均位于小腿远端。结论年龄≥70岁、BMI≥24kg/m^2、输血、卧床时间≥5d、血清TG水平增高的老年患者在施行腰椎融合术后早期易出现下肢DVT。有高危因素的患者进行腰椎融合术后应积极预防DVT发生。     

下肢骨折合并深静脉血栓形成病人的护理

目的:探讨下肢骨折合并深静脉血栓(DVT)形成病人的护理措施.方法:收集本院自2011-01～12期间1 285例下肢骨折病人,分析DVT形成的发生率.结果:在1 285例下肢骨折病人中,确诊DVT38例,发生率为2.95%.其中术前发生DVT 14例,发生率为1.09%;术后DVT发生24例,发生率为1.86%.结论:加强下肢骨折病人的围手术期护理,减少DVT形成,避免肺栓塞的发生.     

下肢单一骨折后围手术期深静脉血栓发生率及部位分析

目的分析下肢单一骨折后围手术期深静脉血栓(DVT)形成率与骨折部位、血管位置的相关性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月-2017年12月汉中市中心医院创伤骨科收治1 107例下肢单一骨折患者,其中男性438例(39.6%),女性669例(60.4%);平均年龄68.1岁(18~91岁)。观察患者手术前后双下肢静脉超声结果,并分析不同静脉部位DVT与围手术期症状性肺栓塞(PE)的相关性。结果 1107例中发生DVT 789例(71.3%),术前确诊326例(29.4%),其中近端DVT 42例(3.8%),远端284例(25.7%);术后确诊463例(41.8%),其中近端DVT 65例(5.9%),远端398例(36.0%)。术后DVT发生率显著高于术前(41.8%vs.29.4%,P<0.05),远端静脉DVT发生率显著高于近端静脉(61.6%vs.9.7%,P<0.05)。术前骨折同侧下肢和骨折对侧下肢DVT发生率与术后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后双侧下肢DVT发生率显著高于术前(13.6%vs.3.3%,P<0.05)。术前骨折对侧下肢近端静脉DVT发生率与术后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后骨折对侧下肢近端静脉DVT发生率显著高于术前(15.7%vs.4.7%,P<0.05)。症状性PE发生率为1.4%(16/1107),近端静脉DVT患者PE发生率显著高于远端静脉DVT患者(11.2%vs.0.6%,P<0.05)。结论下肢单一骨折患者术后DVT发生率高于术前,尤其是术后双侧下肢DVT发生率升高。DVT主要位于远端静脉、且症状性PE发生率较低,但近端静脉DVT患者的症状性PE发生率较高。     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断下肢骨折术后深静脉血栓形成中的应用

下肢骨折后手术的创伤、术后卧床和患肢制动可引起血管壁损伤、血流缓慢和血液高凝状态,容易诱发下肢深静脉血栓形成。血栓达到足够长度,脱落后可能出现致死性肺栓塞。本研究旨在通过评价彩色多普勒超声对下肢骨折术后深静脉血栓形成的诊断价值,早期检出深静脉血栓,以降低肺栓塞的发病率。     

剖宫产术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的护理研究进展

以下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)为代表的血栓栓塞性疾病已经成为我国孕产妇围产期的常见并发症,该病在剖宫产妇中发生率明显高于自然分娩者。DVT除了可导致血栓性静脉炎、浅表静脉代偿性曲张等自身危害外,还可因栓子脱落而继发急性肺梗死,严重威胁孕产妇的生命安全。     

护理干预在预防下肢骨折术后并发深静脉血栓的应用体会

目的 分析护理干预在预防下肢骨折术后并发深静脉血栓中的应用体会.方法 选取治疗的70例下肢骨折患者临床资料为研究对象,随机分为对照组和干预组,每组35例患者.对照组患者实施常规护理,干预组患者给予针对性的预防深静脉血栓护理干预,总结临床护理干预体会.结果 干预组患者深静脉血栓发生率明显低于对照组,下肢症状(肿胀、疼痛、皮肤温度)评分明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 针对性的护理干预可预防下肢骨折术后并发深静脉血栓的发生,利于下肢骨折患者的愈合.     

高龄股骨颈骨折患者术后预防血栓形成的疗效研究

目的：探讨老年患者股骨颈骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的预防措施及其疗效。方法：高龄股骨颈骨折患者60例随机分为物理治疗组、肝素治疗组（低分子肝素钙＋物理治疗）、联合药物治疗组（低分子肝素钙＋低分子右旋糖酐＋潘生丁＋物理治疗）。观察术后下肢DVT、血小板计数、凝血功能及并发症。结果：物理活动治疗组、肝素治疗组及联合药物治疗组术后DVT的发生率分别为20%、5%、0（P〈0.05）。联合药物治疗组术后血小板计数平均值明显低于其他两组（P〈0.05）。所有病例均未发生大出血,凝血功能正常。结论：联合药物预防高龄股骨颈骨折患者术后DVT疗效确切,并发症少,安全性高。     

Underassessment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis using color flow Doppler compared to compression sonography

The aim of this paper is to compare the accuracy of color Doppler to compression sonography in the diagnosis of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Longitudinal color flow imaging was performed in 60 lower extremities in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The study was then repeated by a blinded examiner using transverse compression sonography. The results were then correlated. Thirty-five examinations were negative by both color flow and compression methods. Twenty thrombi were diagnosed on compression sonography, while only 13 were diagnosed by the color flow method. Thirty-five percent of thrombi were missed using color flow imaging alone. We conclude that compression sonography should remain an integral part of the assessment of lower extremity DVT, as a significant number of thrombi might be overlooked using longitudinal color flow imaging alone. This is especially true in non-occlusive thrombi that are adherent to the vessel wall.     

Placement of the VenaTech LP Caval Filter in the Elderly: Feasibility and Clinical Benefits of Insertion Via the Arm

Purpose

To evaluate routine use of access sites in the arm for percutaneous caval filter placement (PCFP) in elderly patients. Neck arthritis, patient anxiety, access site thrombosis or fecal/urinary incontinence complicating jugular or femoral access may require alternative access sites in this population.

Methods

Access via the right arm was chosen for PCFP (VenaTech LP). The indication for PCFP was deep vein thrombosis, a history of pulmonary embolism, and a contraindication to anticoagulant therapy. Ultrasound-guided puncture was performed after diameter measurement of the arm veins (Ø_AV). The filter was inserted with standard imaging procedures. Procedural difficulty was graded and compared with Ø_AV and the angle from the arm vein to the superior vena cava (α_AV/SVC).

Results

Over 2 years, 16 patients (14 women, 2 men) with an average age of 90 years (range 79–97 years) were included in the study. The average Ø_AV value of the basilic or brachial veins was 4.2 mm (range 3.0–5.1 mm). The minimal Ø_AV for successful access was determined after the first 15 patients. No hematoma occurred at the puncture sites. The average α_AV/SVC value was 62° (range 29°–90°). Arm access was possible in 12 of 16 patients (75%) with Ø_AV ≥ 3.5 mm and α_AV/SVC ≥ 29°. Every procedure via the arm was graded “easy” by the operator, regardless of angulation values. Femoral access was used in one case due to the impossibility of traversing the heart (patient no. 2), and jugular access was used in 3 of 16 (19%) patients due to puncture failure (patient no. 4), small Ø_AV (3 mm) (patient no. 6), and stenosis of the distal right subclavian vein (patient no.16), respectively.

Conclusion

PCFP via the arm can be routinely accomplished in patients older than 75 years, provided Ø_AV ≥ 3.5 mm, and α_AV/SVC ≥ 29°.     

凝血功能检测对烧伤患者下肢静脉血栓的预测价值

目的探讨凝血功能检测对烧伤患者下肢静脉血栓的预测价值。方法选取2015年4月—2016年4月福建医科大学附属三明第一医院烧伤科收治的236例烧伤患者及30例健康成人作为研究对象,对其进行血常规、凝血功能及下肢深静脉血管超声检测,并采用Logistic回归分析下肢静脉血栓的风险因素。结果以性别、年龄、烧伤程度、红细胞比容、血小板含量(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)水平为自变量,以深静脉血栓为终点事件,通过基线年龄调整后,Logistic分析结果显示,PLT、FIB及D-D水平为烧伤患者深静脉血栓形成的独立风险因素。结论严密监测烧伤患者的PLT、FIB及D-D水平有助于烧伤患者下肢静脉血栓的预测,值得临床推广应用。     

Deep venous thrombosis: comparison of indirect multidetector CT venography and sonography of lower extremities in 26 patients

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of indirect mutidetector row computed tomographic (MDCT) venography with lower extremity venous sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and to determine the frequency and location of DVT at MDCT venography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE) underwent both combined MDCT venography and MDCT pulmonary angiography and lower extremity venous sonography. Indirect MDCT venography was acquired from the upper calves to the mid-abdomen following MDCT pulmonary angiography. The CT venographic findings were compared with those of sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. All CT scans were also reviewed for the frequency and location of DVT. RESULTS: Indirect MDCT venography disclosed DVT in 19 patients, and 12 of whom also had PE. Seventeen patients with thrombosis in the femoropopliteal veins were identified in both indirect MDCT venography and sonography. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect MDCT venography for femoropopliteal DVT, as compared with sonography, were both 100%. In one patient DVT in the superficial femoral vein was detected using only indirect MDCT venography. MDCT venography also showed superior extension of femoropopliteal DVT to the inferior vena cava and iliac veins in four patients and thrombosis isolated to the inferior vena cava and common iliac vein thrombosis in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect MDCT venography is as accurate as sonography in the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. MDCT venography can further reveal thrombus in large pelvis veins and the inferior vena cava, an important advantage over sonographic screening for DVT.     

二维及彩色多普勒血流显像诊断下肢静脉病变的意义

目的 评价彩色多普勒血流显像检测临床下肢静脉病变的应用价值。方法 对临床下肢静脉病变90例107条下肢静脉进行彩色多普勒血流显像检查。结果 彩色多普勒血流显像可迅速清晰地显示下肢的解剖图像,其中检出61例64条下肢静脉有血栓形成（急性血栓31例,慢性血栓30例）,8例9条深静脉瓣功能不全,31例34条为下肢静脉曲张。结论 下肢深静脉血栓形成有一定的声像特征,彩色多普勒血流显像检出敏感性高,可对血栓作出定位,定范围和管腔阻塞程度的判断,是帮助临床选择治疗方案和客观评价药物疗效的重要方法。判断有无深静脉功能不全,可为临床手术和治疗提供可靠依据。     

Great saphenous vein thrombosis causing acute pulmonary embolism suggested by combined CT venography and pulmonary angiography

Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition, which is most commonly related to deep vein thrombosis. Varicose vein thrombosis, a very common disease, is seldom reported as being related to pulmonary embolism. We present combined computed tomography venography and pulmonary angiography findings suggesting that thrombosed varicosities of a great saphenous vein caused acute pulmonary embolism in a 30-year-old male.     

急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的多普勒超声诊断与手术对照

目的 :探讨常规超声和彩色多普勒超声 (CDFI)对急性下肢深静脉血栓形成 (DVT)诊断的价值。方法 :对 94例急性DVT病例进行了常规超声和CDFI检查并经手术证实。结果 :DVT声像表现为静脉内径增宽 ,腔内实质回声 ,按压静脉未变形 ,静脉瓣固定等 ,彩色多普勒可无血流信号或腔内充盈缺损确诊。本组病例均经手术证实 ,无一误诊。结论 :彩色多普勒与常规超声联合应用为诊断急性DVT的首选方法     

经腘静脉置管接触性溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成应用价值研究

目的探讨经患侧腘静脉置管接触性溶栓(CDT)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012年3月至2017年3月收治的39例应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT患者的临床资料。所有患者均在腔静脉滤器保护下经患侧腘静脉置管CDT。记录置管成功率,健、患肢周径差值,静脉血栓评分,静脉再通率,深静脉瓣膜保存率,介入治疗并发症与下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的发生率等指标并评价疗效。结果所有患者均穿刺置管成功,置管成功率为100.0%(39/39)。患者治疗前后的健、患肢周径差值分别为(6.12±1.03)cm与(2.55±0.76)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肢体肿胀消退明显。患者治疗前后静脉血栓评分为(5.73±0.94)分与(2.13±1.60)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血栓消融明显,静脉再通率为(64.23%±16.21%)。39例患者中,1例患者出现置管处炎症,1例患者出现穿刺处血肿,1例患者溶栓后出现髂静脉狭窄并行髂静脉支架植入术治疗,即介入治疗并发症的发生率为7.7%(3/39)。随访6~12个月,34例患者完成随访,随访率为87.2%(34/39),无DVT复发与肺栓塞发生。深静脉瓣膜保存率为(76.14%±9.15%),PTS的发生率为15.4%(6/39)。结论应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT安全有效。     

Thrombosis of the popliteal vein

Among 3,307 consecutive patients (3,556 legs) with deep venous thrombosis, 54 (1.5%) showed an isolated thrombus of the popliteal vein on phlebography. The majority of those had a history of “effort” or long lasting flexion during air or bus travel. Forty-four percent suffered from pulmonary embolism as the first sign of deep venous thrombosis. Functional phlebography demonstrated the primary site of thrombosis at folds forming in the vein wall at flexion. In order to further elucidate the pathogenetic mechanism, 158 popliteal veins were examined phlebographically in different functional states revealing age-related characteristic wall patterns of rings and folds in flexion causing transient impairment of flow. Complementary morphological studies of 120 popliteal veins during autopsy showed a transverse rippling of the vein wall caused by intimal fibrosis and partial atrophy of the media corresponding to the phlebographic findings. It is concluded that microtrauma during effort in combination with impaired venous backflow and fibrotic transformation of the venous wall can lead to thrombus formation in the popliteal vein.