自发性脑叶出血73例病因分析

报告73例经CT证实的自发性脑叶出血,均行DSA检查,确定病因者61例(84％)。包括25例AVM,5例隐匿性血管畸形(经手术病理证实),28例动脉瘤,烟雾病、高血压和肿瘤各1例,其余12例原因未明。在30例脑血管畸形中,年龄40岁以下者29例,说明年青人脑叶出血的主要病因是AVM。28例动脉瘤中,前交通动脉瘤破裂的发生率最高,为16例(57％),且均造成额叶血肿,年龄50岁以上者13例,提示对年长者的额叶血肿,应注意前交通动脉瘤破裂的可能性。54例经手术治疗去除出血病因获痊愈。     

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

To determine the prognostic value of etiology and localization in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, 896 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, as proven by CT, operation or autopsy, were retrospectively studied using univariate data analysis. Etiologies were hypertension in 63.5%, cerebrovascular malformations in 8.5% and abnormal hemostasis in 15% of the patients. In 23% no etiology was determined. Main localizations were cerebral lobes in 49.2%, basal ganglia in 34.4%, brain stem in 6.9%, cerebellum in 6.7% and primary intraventricular in 2.3% of the patients. Ventricular extension was present in 47.0%. A higher case fatality correlated with: 1) ventricular extension ( P <0.00001), 2) increasing age ( P =0.00005), 3) surgical treatment ( P =0.00010), 4) localization in basal ganglia ( P =0.0108) and 5) hypertension as only etiology ( P =0.01471). A lower case fatality was found in patients with cerebrovascular malformations ( P =0.00006) and when the hemorrhage was localized to the cerebral lobes ( P =0.0050). We conclude that etiology and localization are of prognostic value in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.     

青年自发性脑出血的病因及诊治

目的 探讨青年人自发性脑出血的病因及诊断治疗特点。方法分析42例自发性脑出血青年患者(年龄在45岁以下)的临床资料，其均急诊行CT检查，根据病情采取不同的治疗方法，其中手术治疗24例，血管内介入治疗5例，保守治疗13例。结果病因中AVM最常见．其次高血压，部分病因未明。AVM引起的青年自发性脑出血有82．4％(14／17)位于脑叶，高血压性脑出血有66．7％(8／12)位于脑基底节，75％(9／12)的高血压性脑出血患者年龄在40-45岁之间。治愈27例，好转12例，死亡3例。结论青年自发性脑出血最常见的病因是。AVM，AVM所致的脑出血主要位于脑叶。高血压性脑出血主要位于脑基底节，其发病率与年龄有明显的相关性。只要诊断及时，治疗得当．青年自发性脑出血一般预后良好。     

Even Faster Door-to-Alteplase Times and Associated Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose: The timely administration of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke has been associated with good functional outcomes. Current guidelines recommend alteplase administration within 60 minutes in 75% of eligible patients and within 45 minutes in 50% of patients. There is limited evidence guiding these measures and their effect on outcomes. We report a single-center, retrospective assessment of the safety and efficacy of alteplase treatment within 45 minutes. Methods: Five hundred and eighty-six patients were treated with alteplase in our emergency departments (EDs) between January 2014 and October 2016; 368 patients were included for analysis. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the association between door-to-alteplase (DTA) times and 90-day modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores. Incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was also documented. Results: The median DTA time was 29 minutes versus 64 minutes in the DTA less than or equal to 45 minutes arm and more than 45 minutes arm, respectively. The primary outcome of 90-day mRS 0-1 was achieved in 56% of patients in the less than or equal to 45 minutes group versus 58% in more than 45 minutes group (P = .67). Odds of achieving mRS 0-1 were not significantly impacted by DTA times. In the multivariate regression analysis, patient characteristics associated with achieving mRS 0-1 were: younger age, male sex, not requiring intubation in the ED, and without prior history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, or stroke. There was no significant difference in rates of ICH for patients less than or equal to 45 minutes versus more than 45 minutes. Conclusions: Rapid administration of alteplase was not associated with significantly better outcomes nor increased risk of ICH. Conclusions about efficacy are limited due to the retrospective nature of the study, small sample size, and incomplete data points.     

The effect of age on arteriovenous malformations in children and young adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging

Objective  

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the most frequently encountered structural cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in childhood, excluding hemorrhages of prematurity. The goal of our study was to examine the relationship between age and AVM prevalence on imaging in children, which to date has not been well described.     

Older Age Is Not Associated with Worse Outcomes Following Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is commonly offered after large spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as a life-saving measure. Based on limited available evidence, surgery is sometimes avoided in the elderly. The association between age and outcomes following DHC in spontaneous ICH remains largely understudied. Objective: The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of older age on outcomes of patients who undergo DHC for spontaneous ICH. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, inpatient data were obtained from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2011. Using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision designations, patients with a primary diagnosis of nontraumatic ICH who underwent DHC were identified. The primary outcome of interest was the association of age to inpatient mortality and poor outcome. Subjects were grouped by age: 18-50, 51-60, 61-70, and more than 70 years. Sample characteristics were compared across age groups using χ² testing, and univariate and multivariate Poisson Regression was performed using a generalized equation to estimate rate ratios for primary and secondary outcomes. Results: One thousand one hundred and forty four patient cases were isolated. Death occurred in an estimated 28.9% and poor outcome in 86.4%. In multivariate Poisson regression models, there was no difference in hospital mortality or poor outcome by age group. Although younger patients were more likely to be diagnosed with herniation, total complication rate was similar between age groups. Conclusions: Our study results do not provide evidence that age independently predicts in-hospital mortality or poor outcomes. The true influence of age on outcomes is unclear, and further study is needed to determine which factors may be best in selecting candidates for DHC following spontaneous ICH.     

In-Hospital and Long-Term Prognosis after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage among Young Adults Aged 18-65 Years

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10%-15% of all strokes and has an estimated annual incidence of 5/100,000 in young adults. Limited data on prognosis after ICH in young adults are available. We aimed to identify prognostic predictors after ICH among adults aged 18-65 years. Methods: We retrospectively selected all patients with ICH from a prospective single-center registry of adults with first stroke before 65 years between 1997 and 2002. We recorded in-hospital mortality as well as mortality and recurrent stroke after discharge until December 1, 2018. For in-hospital analysis, we compared patients that died in-hospital versus patients discharged alive. For long-term analysis, we compared patients that died in follow-up versus patients still alive. Independent prognostic predictors were identified using multivariate analyses. Results: Among 161 patients included, 24 (14.9%) died in-hospital. Among in-hospital survivors, 5-year survival was 92.0%, 10-year survival 78.1%, and 15-year survival 62.0%. After median follow-up of 17 years, 47.4% of patients died, 18 patients had ischemic stroke, and 6 recurrent ICH. Regarding in-hospital prognosis, coma at admission (OR .02 [.00-.11]) was independent predictor for mortality whereas alcoholic habits (OR 12.32 [1.82-83.30]) was independent predictor for survival. An increasing age (OR 1.08 [1.03-1.12]), higher blood glucose levels (OR 1.01 [1.00-1.01]), and hypertension (OR 2.21 [1.22-4.00]) were independent predictors of long-term mortality after ICH. Conclusions: Alcoholic habits may influence in-hospital survival after ICH in young adults. Long-term mortality in young adults seems to be lower than in elderly and was predicted by higher blood glucose levels and hypertension.     

北京与京外地区青年卒中临床特点对照研究

目的 比较北京与京外地区18～45岁青年卒中的危险因素、发病情况及两组人群对卒中的认识情况,达到提高一级预防青年卒中的效果。方法 收集2006年北京21所三甲医院卒中住院患者1214例,同期京外地区12所三甲医院卒中住院患者1056例。调查内容包括年龄、性别、居住地、文化程度、职业、生活习惯、常规危险因素、对卒中的认识、临床诊断及转归等。结果 （1）在所调查的人群中,北京地区青年卒中的比例低于京外(4.5％vs7.9％,P<0.05）。居住市区、在职人员、男性等在青年卒中所占的比例较高,两组之间无统计学差异（北京地区分别为：60.0％,65.5％,81.8％;京外地区分别为：63.8％,59.0％,69.9％,P <0.05）。（2）北京地区青年卒中亚型的各构成比前3位分别为：缺血性卒中、脑出血、短暂性脑缺血发作。京外地区为：缺血性卒中、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血。（3）北京和京外地区青年卒中发病的危险因素前3位均为：高血压、吸烟、大量饮酒。（4）两组超过一半的患者发病当时即治疗(北京72.7％,京外56.6％,P >0.05)。两组患者接受溶栓、超过溶栓时间的比例、高危个体的知晓无统计学差异（北京地区分别为9.1％,29.1％,29.1％;京外地区分别为 4.8％,31.3％,16.9％,P >0.05）。北京地区和京外地区青年卒中住院期间病死率差异无统计学意义（3.6％ vs 1.2％,P >0.05)。结论 （1）北京和京外地区居住市区的在职男性青年卒中在卒中中所占的比例较高。（2）高血压、吸烟和大量饮酒是两组青年卒中发病的重要危险因素。（3）两组青年卒中的发病类型均以缺血性卒中和脑出血为主。（4）两组青年卒中住院期间的病死率均较低。（5）两组患者对卒中知识的了解均较少。     

Association Between Baseline Serum Ferritin and Short-term Outcome of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage is a devastating disease. In recent years, the association of between baseline serum ferritin and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage is an interesting issue. Although some of the studies have shown that baseline serum ferritin can predict the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage, there is no clear evidence that baseline serum ferritin can be used as an independent predictor of intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: Electronic databases through November 2018 were searched to identify relevant studies that examined association between baseline serum ferritin and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage. Results: We found 7 eligible studies that included 411 participants. Our results showed that among them, 216 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage of poorer functional outcome were associated with elevated serum ferritin at admission. The results of 7 literature meta-analysis showed that intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients with favorable shot-term functional outcome had lower baseline serum ferritin levels, with significant mean differences of ?70.85 (95% confidence intervals ?134.26, ?7.43). Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that baseline serum ferritin level at admission may predict the short-term prognosis of patients with ICH, and may provide a new target for intracerebral hemorrhage therapy.     

Young ischemic stroke in Tunisia: a multicentric study

Purpose: There is wanting data regarding young ischemic stroke in developing countries, especially in Tunisia. The purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors and etiologies of young ischemic stroke in Tunisian and make a comparison with previous reports. Materials and methods: A total of 102 young ischemic stroke patients (15–45 years old) were admitted, between January 1996 and August 2007, to 11 departments of internal medicine in different Tunisian hospitals. The risk factors for stroke were documented and assessed. Diagnosis workup consisted of anamnesis, complete physical examination and extensive laboratory, radiologic, immunologic, neurologic and cardiologic examination. Stroke etiologies were classified according the Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Results: There were 42 men (41.2%) and 60 women (58.89%) with a mean age at onset of 35.7 years. As regards stroke subtype, large-artery atherosclerosis was diagnosed in 6.9% of cases, cardioembolism in 11.8%, small-vessel occlusion in 8.8%, other determined etiology in 37.3% and undetermined etiology in 35.3%. Concerning the traditional risk factors, smoking (31.4%), hypertension and diabetes mellitus (12.7% for each one) and a family history of stroke (10.8%) were the most common. The mean follow-up period was 30.5 months. Conclusions: In our study, traditional risk factors were not-so-uncommon in young adults with ischemic stroke suggesting that prevention can go through controlling these factors. Stroke of other determined etiology was the most common among our patients, so that a broad and detailed diagnostic workup is crucial to puzzle out the etiology for more and better stroke prevention.     

Educational Placement After Pediatric Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BackgroundThis study describes educational placement of school-aged children after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and examines whether educational placement is associated with severity of neurological deficits.MethodsChildren with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage presenting from 2007 to 2013 were prospectively enrolled at three tertiary children's hospitals. The Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure and parental interview gathered information about neurological outcome, school attendance, and educational placement.ResultsThe cohort of 92 enrolled children included 42 school-aged children (6 to 17 years) with intracerebral hemorrhage. Four children died; one was excluded because of preexisting cognitive deficits. Thirty-seven children completed three-month follow-up, and 30 completed 12-month follow-up. At 12 months, 14 children (46.7%) received regular age-appropriate programming, 12 (40%) attended school with in-class services, three (10%) were in special education programs, and one child (3.3%) received home-based services because of intracerebral hemorrhage–related deficits. Of 30 children with three- and 12-month follow-up, 14 (46.7%) improved their education status, 13 (43.3%) remained at the same education level, and three (10%) began to receive in-class services. An increasing Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure score predicted the need for educational modifications at three months (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 7.9; P = 0.007) and at 12 months (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.9; P = 0.025).ConclusionsMost children returned to school within a year after intracerebral hemorrhage, and many had a reduction in the intensity of educational support. However, a great need for educational services persisted at 12 months after intracerebral hemorrhage with fewer than half enrolled in regular age-appropriate classes. Worse deficits on the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure were associated with remedial educational placement.     

急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后 症状性颅内出血的预测因素

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗后症状性颅内出血的预测因素。方法 选取2014年1月-2017年12月因急性缺血性脑卒中至本院就诊并进行血管内治疗的患者,记录其一般情况与凝血功能,观察其治疗效果与不良反应,采用Logistic回归分析颅内出血的影响因素。结果 血管内治疗颅内出血概率为16.09%。发生颅内出血的患者平均年龄(64.46±15.47)岁,饮酒率28.57%,高血压患病率71.43%,糖尿病患病率42.86%,溶栓前抗血小板聚集药使用率64.26%,溶栓前NIHSS评分(15.63±6.84)分,溶栓前血小板计数(182.05±52.49)×10⁹/L,溶栓前INR(1.09±0.16),溶栓前收缩压(145.79±12.40)mmHg,均高于未出血组; 进一步logistic回归分析显示年龄OR=1.75(0.82～2.08),饮酒OR=0.99(0.47～1.65),高血压病OR=4.29(3.74～5.63),溶栓前NIHSS评分OR=2.81(1.46～3.26),溶栓前收缩压OR=1.45(1.15～1.93)为血管内治疗后颅内出血的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 年龄、饮酒、高血压病、NIHSS评分溶栓前收缩压为血管内治疗颅内出血的危险因素。     

The Influence of Weather on the Incidence of Primary Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

Intracerebral hemorrhage has been associated with changes in various weather conditions. The primary aim of this study was to examine the collective influence of temperature, barometric pressure, and dew point temperature on the incidence of primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH).

Predictors of mortality and recurrent stroke within five years of intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective There are limited studies exploring prognosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Chinese populations. Thus, we evaluated the risk factors and predictors of mortality and recurrent stroke in a large clinical cohort at a single institution.

Methods We analysed consecutive cases of spontaneous ICH at admission to our hospital from September 2010 to December 2016. Independent predictors of mortality at one month and five year follow-up, as well as stroke recurrence were analysed.

Results A total of 1187 cases were included (33.5% women). The one month case fatality rate was 12.5%, and the five year mortality rate was 22.2%. In the multivariate analysis, diabetes was an independent predictor of one month case fatality, and older age (≥65 years) was an independent predictor of five year mortality. Brain stem hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage were independent predictors of both short- and long-term mortality. The overall recurrence rate was 32.5% among one month survivors.

Conclusion Predictors of recurrent stroke were older females, hypertension, diabetes, and brain stem hemorrhage. These findings may help to determine specific treatment strategies and improve quality of health care for such patients.     

Frequency,Predictors, Etiology,and Outcomes for Deep Intracerebral Hemorrhage without Hypertension

ObjectivesSome patients with deep intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have a transient hypertensive response and they may be erroneously classified as secondary to hypertension. We investigated frequency, risk factors, and outcomes for patients with deep ICH without hypertension.Materials and methodsWe consecutively recruited patients with spontaneous ICH attending two Spanish stroke centers (January 2015-June 2019). Excluded were patients with lobar/infratentorial ICH and patients who died during hospitalization. We defined deep ICH without hypertension when the bleeding was in a deep structure, no requirement for antihypertensive agents during follow-up and no evident chronic hypertension markers evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography, 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and/or electrocardiography. We compared clinical, radiological, and 3-month functional outcome data for deep-ICH patients with hypertension versus those without hypertension.ResultsOf 759 patients with ICH, 219 (mean age 69.6 ± 15.4 years, 54.8% men) met the inclusion criteria and 36 (16.4%) did not have hypertension. Of these 36 patients, 19 (52.7%) had a transient hypertensive response. Independent predictors of deep ICH without hypertension were age (adjusted OR:0.94;95%CI:0.91–0.96) and dyslipidemia (adjusted OR:0.27;95% CI:0.08–0.85). One third of deep ICH without hypertension were secondary to vascular malformations. Favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) were more frequent in patients with deep ICH without hypertension compared to those with hypertension (70.9% vs 33.8%; p < 0.001).ConclusionOf patients with deep ICH, 16.4% were unrelated with hypertension, around half showed hypertensive response, and around a third had vascular malformations. We suggest studying hypertension markers and performing a follow-up brain MRI in those patients with deep ICH without prior hypertension.     

Nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage in the young: A study of 107 cases.

Background: Reports on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the young are rare, and information on the cause and prognosis of ICH in this age-group is sparse. Methods: All cases of ICH admitted to three major hospitals in Saudi Arabia over a 15-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients aged between 6 months and 45 years at stroke onset were studied. Pooling of our data with those published from other centers was used for final analysis. Results: One hundred seven cases (69 male, 38 female), including 12 children younger than 10, were analyzed. The causes of hemorrhage were as follows: arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), 23%; systemic hypertension, 20%; blood dyscrasias, 16%; berry aneurysms, 8%; other causes, 7%. No cause was found in 26%. Sixty-two percent of the ICHs were lobar and 3% multiple. Early death rate was high (27%). Twelve percent of the patients were lost to follow-up, and only 26% returned to a state of complete autonomy. Conclusion: The pooling of the causative data from our cases and the 253 others reported in the literature showed that even before 45 years of age systemic hypertension is the leading cause of ICH. It accounts for approximately 30% of the cases, with AVMs (20%) being next. The pooled overall early mortality rate is approximately 20%, and only one third of the patients return to independent living.     

Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapy in Infective Endocarditis: Case Series and Systematic Review

Objectives: To evaluate the safety of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) therapy in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) or endovascular therapy (EVT) such as mechanical thrombectomy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent AIS therapy with IVT or EVT at a tertiary referral center from 2013 to 2017, that were later diagnosed with acute IE as the causative mechanism. We then performed a systematic review of reports of acute ischemic reperfusion therapy in IE since 1995 for their success rates in terms of neurological outcome, and mortality, and their risk of hemorrhagic complication. Results: In the retrospective portion, 8 participants met criteria, of whom 4 received IVT and 4 received EVT. Through systematic review, 24 publications of 32 participants met criteria. Combined, a total of 40 participants were analyzed: 18 received IVT alone, 1 received combined IVT plus EVT, and 21 received EVT alone. IVT compared to EVT were similar in rates of good neurologic outcomes (58% versus 76%, P= .22) and mortality (21% versus 19%, P= .87), but had higher post-therapy intracranial hemorrhage (63% versus 18% [P= .006]). Conclusion: IV thrombolysis has a higher rate of post-therapy intracranial hemorrhage compared to EVT. EVT should be considered as first-line AIS therapy for patients with known, or suspected, IE who present with a large vessel occlusion.     

Characteristics of Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients Receiving Oral Anticoagulants

Objective

We investigated the precise clinical and radiologic characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with direct oral anticoagulant use.

High ethanol consumption as risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage in young and middle-aged people

We examined the prevalence of high ethanol intake, hypertension, and other risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in a case-control study of 24 young and middle-aged patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. We recorded ethanol consumption, history of hypertension, liver disease, cigarette smoking, and mild or severe coagulation disorder in each case of intracerebral hemorrhage and in 48 control patients matched by sex and age. In univariate matched analyses, the frequencies of high ethanol intake (p = 0.009), hypertension (p = 0.05), and coagulation disorder (p = 0.05) were higher in the cases than in the controls. After controlling for possible confounding factors, we found that high ethanol intake and hypertension were the only independent risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The hemorrhagic lesion found in cases with a high ethanol intake tended to be located in the cerebral lobes (p = 0.01), contrasting with the typical basal ganglia location of hypertensive hematomas (p = 0.009). We conclude that chronic, high ethanol intake should be considered as an important risk factor for lobar hematomas in young and middle-aged people.