以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死临床类型及供血区分布

目的:探讨以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死临床类型及病灶供血区分布特征。方法:对26例经MRI确诊、以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:将眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死分为2种临床类型:①稳定型:单纯自发性持续性眩晕伴平衡失调(19/26例,73.1%);②进展型:以持续性眩晕、平衡失调为首发症状,起病2d后伴有延迟神经功能受累症状(7/26例,26.9%)。梗死病灶以小脑后下动脉内侧支(16/26例,61.5%)受累最为常见;其次为小脑前下动脉区(6/26例,23.1%)及小脑上动脉区(2/26例,7.7%)。未见多发小脑供血动脉区梗死患者以单纯眩晕为首发症状。结论:以眩晕为首发症状的小脑梗死以小脑后下动脉内侧支受累最为常见,绝大多数患者呈良性病程,但需警惕可能出现的延迟神经功能受累症状和体征。     

Neuro-Otological Aspects of Cerebellar Stroke Syndrome

Cerebellar stroke is a common cause of a vascular vestibular syndrome. Although vertigo ascribed to cerebellar stroke is usually associated with other neurological symptoms or signs, it may mimic acute peripheral vestibulopathy (APV), so called pseudo-APV. The most common pseudo-APV is a cerebellar infarction in the territory of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Recent studies have shown that a normal head impulse result can differentiate acute medial PICA infarction from APV. Therefore, physicians who evaluate stroke patients should be trained to perform and interpret the results of the head impulse test. Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) can produce a unique stroke syndrome in that it is typically accompanied by unilateral hearing loss, which could easily go unnoticed by patients. The low incidence of vertigo associated with infarction involving the superior cerebellar artery distribution may be a useful way of distinguishing it clinically from PICA or AICA cerebellar infarction in patients with acute vertigo and limb ataxia. For the purpose of prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment, it is imperative to recognize the characteristic patterns of the clinical presentation of each cerebellar stroke syndrome. This paper provides a concise review of the key features of cerebellar stroke syndromes from the neuro-otology viewpoint.     

孤立性眩晕起病的后循环缺血性脑卒中患者临床分析

目的 探讨后循环缺血性脑卒中的患者中最初仅表现为孤立性眩晕的患者的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析阜新市中心医院2018-08—2019-08以孤立性眩晕起病的后循环缺血性脑卒中患者13例,对13例以孤立性眩晕起病的后循环缺血性脑卒中患者的危险因素、临床表现、磁共振特点及预后进行回顾性分析.结果 13例患者的发病危险因素主要...     

Recent Advances in Cerebellar Ischemic Stroke Syndromes Causing Vertigo and Hearing Loss

Cerebellar ischemic stroke is one of the common causes of vascular vertigo. It usually accompanies other neurological symptoms or signs, but a small infarct in the cerebellum can present with vertigo without other localizing symptoms. Approximately 11 % of the patients with isolated cerebellar infarction simulated acute peripheral vestibulopathy, and most patients had an infarct in the territory of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). A head impulse test can differentiate acute isolated vertigo associated with PICA territory cerebellar infarction from more benign disorders involving the inner ear. Acute hearing loss (AHL) of a vascular cause is mostly associated with cerebellar infarction in the territory of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), but PICA territory cerebellar infarction rarely causes AHL. To date, at least eight subgroups of AICA territory infarction have been identified according to the pattern of neurotological presentations, among which the most common pattern of audiovestibular dysfunction is the combined loss of auditory and vestibular functions. Sometimes acute isolated audiovestibular loss can be the initial symptom of impending posterior circulation ischemic stroke (particularly within the territory of the AICA). Audiovestibular loss from cerebellar infarction has a good long-term outcome than previously thought. Approximately half of patients with superior cerebellar artery territory (SCA) cerebellar infarction experienced true vertigo, suggesting that the vertigo and nystagmus in the SCA territory cerebellar infarctions are more common than previously thought. In this article, recent findings on clinical features of vertigo and hearing loss from cerebellar ischemic stroke syndrome are summarized.     

不同眼动特征在中枢性孤立性眩晕中的诊断价值

目前研究认为,孤立性眩晕是后循环TIA或脑梗死的常见表现形式,而且当中枢病变患者 以前庭症状发病时,初始的临床表现中,孤立性眩晕较非孤立性眩晕更为常见。长期以来,临床医师 对中枢性眩晕的诊断多基于临床体征的定位诊断,事实上,在脑干和小脑中包含诸多调控眼动的中 枢前庭结构,这些结构受损会导致相应的异常眼动模式。本文综述了中枢性孤立性眩晕的临床表现 及不同眼动特征,并对其中包含的6个中枢前庭结构（前庭神经核、舌下前核、小脑下脚、小结叶、小 脑扁桃体、绒球叶）的病变特点进行了系统介绍,旨在促进临床医师对中枢性孤立性眩晕的认识,提 高鉴别诊断的水平。     

Positional Vertigo After Isolated Cerebellar Nodulus Stroke: A Report of 3 Cases

We report 3 cases (69-year-old man, 71-year-old man, and 82-year-old woman) of isolated cerebellar nodulus stroke patients, who presented with positional vertigo alone that lasted only for 2-4 days. Brain magnetic resonance imaging helped diagnosing these cases. Although rare, clinicians should be aware of isolated cerebellar nodulus stroke, when facing with patients with paroxysmal vertigo of acute onset.     

以位置性眩晕及水平眼震为首发表现的小脑占位病变(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨主要症状为位置性眩晕及水平眼震的小脑占位病变患者的临床及病灶分布特征,以提高临床医生对该少见病的认识。方法回顾性分析2016年12月诊治的1例以位置性眩晕及位置性眼震为首发症状的小脑占位病变患者的临床资料及疾病诊治经过,并结合文献复习进行总结。结果患者男性,75岁,以反复眩晕、恶心、呕吐、活动后加重2个月就诊,查体发现水平翻滚试验可见水平背地眼震,首次查头颅CT平扫未见明显异常,诊断右侧水平半规管帽石症,给予Gufoni手法复位治疗无明显效果。4周后患者出现意识淡漠,复查头颅CT显示梗阻性脑积水,头颅CT增强示右侧小脑小结占位病变,先后行侧脑室外引流及小脑肿瘤切除术,术后病理为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。结合既往报道的文献13例和本研究的1例共计14例小脑占位引起的位置性眩晕及水平眼震患者中,有9例初诊为良性阵发性位置性眩晕;肿瘤主要位于小脑小结、舌叶及四脑室底部等小脑中线部位。结论小脑中线部位的占位病变可以表现为位置性眩晕/眼震,临床医生需注意识别,以免漏诊。     

Lesion patterns and etiology of ischemia in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory involvement: a clinical – diffusion weighted – MRI study

The topography and mechanism of stroke in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) territory are delineated before, but the detailed clinical spectrum of lesions involving AICA territory was not studied by diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). We reviewed 1350 patients with posterior circulation ischemic stroke in our registry. We included patients if the diagnosis of AICA territory involvement was confirmed, and DWI, and magnetic resonance angiography were obtained in the 3 days of symptoms onset. The potential feeding arteries of the AICA territory were evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a three-dimensional rotating cineoangiographic method. There were 23 consecutive patients with lesion involving AICA territory, six with isolated lesion in the AICA territory, six with posterior inferior cerebellar artery, 11 with multiple posterior circulation infarcts (MPCIs). The clinical feature of isolated AICA infarct was vertigo, tinnitus, dysmetria, ataxia, facial weakness, facial sensory deficits, lateral gaze palsy, and sensory-motor deficits in patients with pontine involvement. Patients with largest lesion extending to the anterior and inferolateral cerebellum showed mixed symptomatology of the lateral medullary (Wallenberg's syndrome) and AICA territory involvement. Patients with MPCIs presented various clinical pictures with consciousness disturbances and diverse clinical signs because of involvement of different anatomical structures. Large-artery atherosclerotic disease in the vertebrobasilar system was the main cause of stroke in 12 (52%) patients, cardioembolism (CE) in one (4%), and coexisting large-artery disease and a source of CE in four (17%). The main cause of stroke was atheromatous vertebrobasilar artery disease either in the distal vertebral or proximal basilar artery. The outcome was usually good except those with multiple lesions. The new MRI techniques and clinical correlations allow better definition of the diverse topographical and etiological spectrum of AICA territory involvement and associated infarcts which was previously based on pathological and conventional MRI studies.     

神经内科171例孤立性眩晕患者病因分析

目的 分析以眩晕为主诉患者的病因,旨在早期识别后循环缺血性孤立性眩晕。 方法 回顾性分析孤立性眩晕患者171例,根据病史特点、神经影像学检查、脑血管评估等辅助检 查,焦虑抑郁状态通过自评焦虑或抑郁量表评价。采用卒中风险评分（Stroke Risk Score,SRS）确定 眩晕患者病因,筛查危险因素。 结果 171例患者中,中枢性眩晕19例（11%）,前庭周围性眩晕142例（83%）,焦虑或抑郁10例（6%）。 各组临床表现（体位诱发或加重眩晕,恶心、呕吐,眼球震颤,耳鸣,听力减退）比较无显著差异。中 枢性眩晕组发病年龄、吸烟率、合并糖尿病、高血压、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、高低密度脂蛋白 胆固醇血症、既往短暂性脑缺血发作/卒中史的发病率以及SRS＞7分的比例等方面均显著高于周围性 眩晕组（P值分别为0.001,0.004,0.023,0.015,0.021,0.002,0.006和＜0.001）。中枢性眩晕组发病 年龄、合并糖尿病、高血压、颈动脉狭窄的发病率以及SRS＞7分的比例等方面均显著高于焦虑/抑郁 组（P值分别为0.001,0.011,0.019,0.027和0.003）。周围性眩晕组合并高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症 的发病率显著高于焦虑/抑郁组（P =0.001）。 结论 孤立性眩晕常见为非中枢性眩晕,而急性脑血管病也可表现为孤立性眩晕。中枢性眩晕患者 在年龄、既往血管危险因素病史等方面与非中枢性眩晕有显著差异,临床诊治中应重点识别中枢性损 害,避免严重后果发生。     

A patient with small cerebellar infarcts at tonsil and nodulus who complained of vertigo, vomiting and chest oppression]

We reported a 66-year-old man who complained of headache, vertigo, vomiting and chest oppression sensation. He could not walk veering to right and spontaneous contrarateral horizontal nystagmus was noted. A MRI DWI showed scattered multiple small high signals within the territory of left medial branch of posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Cerebellar infarcts specifically affected the tonsil and nodulus, which has tight connections with vestibular labyrinth and vestibular nuclei. Digital subtraction angiography exhibited tapered occlusion on the V4 segment of the right vertebral artery. Stroke mechanism of artery to artery embolism from occlusive site was presumed. As small multiple infarcts were limited within the cerebellar tonsil and nodulus, repeated CT or MRI T2 weighted image did not showed obvious findings. It is worth noting for differential diagnosis that small cerebellar infarcts only detected by diffusion MRI can produce strong vertigo, nausea and chest oppression.     

Anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction with sudden deafness and vertigo

We report a patient with anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction, which manifested as profound deafness, transient vertigo, and minimal cerebellar signs. We suspect that ischaemia of the left internal auditory artery, which originates from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, caused the deafness and transient vertigo. A small lesion in the middle cerebellar peduncle in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory and no lesion in the dentate nucleus in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory are thought to explain the minimal cerebellar signs despite the relatively large size of the infarction. Thus a relatively large infarction of the vertebral-basilar territory can manifest as sudden deafness with vertigo. Neuroimaging, including magnetic resonance imaging, is strongly recommended for patients with sudden deafness and vertigo to exclude infarction of the vertebral-basilar artery territory.     

眩晕并椎动脉发育不良患者后循环梗死的规律及危险性分析

目的探讨椎动脉发育不良(vertebralartery dysplasia,VAH)在眩晕患者中的发生率及其相关后循环梗死的规律和危险性。方法连续入组245例眩晕患者(可疑为血管性),采用磁共振血管成像检查合并VAH情况,根据磁共振弥散加权成像是否出现后循环新鲜梗死灶分为梗死组和非梗死组,对相关血管危险因素进行单因素和多因素分析;并分析VAH合并后循环梗死的特点和规律。结果 VAH发生率26.1%(64/245);多因素分析显示VAH(OR=2.59,95%CI:1.07~6.27,P=0.035)、后循环血管狭窄(OR=6.04,95%CI=1.94~17.07,P=0.002)和糖尿病(OR=3.21,95%CI:1.36~7.57,P=0.008)是后循环梗死独立危险因素。VAH合并后循环梗死患者中,TOAST分型多为小动脉病变型(10/18);8例桥脑、丘脑和颞枕叶梗死发生在VAH对侧(8/11),4例小脑和延髓梗死发生在VAH同侧(4/6)。结论 VAH在可疑的血管性眩晕病人中较常见;VAH为后循环梗死的独立危险因素,其相关的梗死分布存在一定的规律性。     

Isolated acute vertigo in the elderly; vestibular or vascular disease?

Intruduction – - Elderly patients with isolated acute vertigo are commonly encountered in clinical practice, but little is known about the underlying cause of the symptoms. Material & methods – - We prospectively studied 24 patients aged 50–75 years with the acute onset of isolated vertigo lasting > 48 h and no abnormality on neurological examination other than nystagmus. The study protocol included neuro-imaging (MRI 22 patients, CT 2 patients), Doppler sonography, and electro-oculography. Results — MRI/CT showed the presence of an infarction of the caudal cerebellum in six patients (25%), 3 of whom had a potential cardioembolic source and normal Doppler sonography findings, whereas 3 patients had ipsilateral vertebral artery occlusion and normal cardiac findings. MRI of the posterior fossa was normal in 18 patients. On electro-oculography, ataxic pursuit eye movements was a characteristic finding in patients with cerebellar infarction, whereas caloric test findings were not discriminative. Conclusion – - A caudal cerebellar infarction may easily be misdiagnosed clinically as a labyrinthine disorder, and was found to be the cause in one fourth of patients presenting with isolated acute vertigo.     

Recurrent audiovestibular disturbance initially mimicking Ménière’s disease in a patient with anterior inferior cerebellar infarction

An anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) stroke is characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, and deafness in addition to facial weakness, hemiataxia, and hypalgesia. Sometimes, it can present as sudden deafness with vertigo, without brainstem or cerebellar signs. We report a 55-year-old woman with hypertension and diabetes, showing recurrent audiovestibular disturbance before a typical pattern of AICA infarction, which was initially diagnosed as Ménière’s disease. In elderly patients with recurrent hearing loss and vertigo lasting several minutes, lack classic brainstem or cerebellar signs, if they have vascular risk factors, physicians may also consider the potential symptom of AICA infarction.     

Infarcts presenting with a combination of medial medullary and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndromes

Cerebellar and medial medullary infarctions are well-known vertebrobasilar stroke syndromes. However, their development in a patient with distal vertebral artery occlusion has not been previously reported. A 49-year-old man with longstanding hypertension suddenly developed vertigo, right-sided Horner syndrome, and left-sided weakness. An MRI of the brain showed acute infarcts in the right inferior cerebellum (posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory) and the right upper medial medulla (direct penetrating branches of vertebral artery). Magnetic resonance angiogram showed occlusion of the distal vertebral artery on the right side. Atherothrombotic occlusion of the distal vertebral artery may cause this unusual combination of vertebrobasilar stroke.     

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarcts: a clinical-magnetic resonance imaging study

Acute infarcts of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) are unusual. We report 15 cases of AICA infarcts and their correlation with the topography of the lesion by brain MRI. During 2 years we prospectively identified 7 cases of AICA infarcts among 770 acute strokes (0.9% of the acute strokes seen in our department). We studied these cases and also another 8 that we found retrospectively. Most patients (8/15) had a unilateral affeétation of both middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) and inferior lateral pontine area (ILP), in these cases the main symptoms were vertigo, ataxia, peripheral facial palsy and hypoacusia. Two other patients had isolated MCP infarcts and were characterized by peripheral vertigo and ataxia, without hypoacusia or facial palsy. Another 2 patients had isolated ILP territory infarct characterized by vertigo, left peripheral facial palsy without hypoacusia and mild or no ataxia. One patient had a Gasperini syndrome. Finally 3 patients had bilateral AICA infarcts due to basilar thrombosis. The etiology was atherosclerosis in 9 patients, lacunar due to hypertension in 1, cardiac embolism in 1, migraine in 1 and unknown in 3. Among the 15 patients only 2 died, both with AICA plus infarcts. In the remaining patients a follow-up during a mean of 31 months (3 months to 12 years) showed no recurrences.     

Rotational vertebral artery syndrome due to compression of nondominant vertebral artery terminating in posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Rotational vertebral artery syndrome (RVAS) is characterized by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal vertigo, nystagmus, and ataxia induced by head rotation. We report on a patient who developed atypical RVAS due to compression of the vertebral artery (VA) terminating in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). A 59-year-old man suffered from vertigo and nystagmus induced by leftward head rotation and oculography showed right beating horizontal-torsional and downbeat nystagmus. Cerebral angiography showed hypoplastic right VA terminating in PICA without connection to the basilar artery. The basilar artery received its flow from the left VA only and branched out both anterior inferior cerebellar arteries. Cerebral angiography revealed a complete occlusion of the right distal VA at the level of the C1–2 junction when the head was rotated to a leftward position. In contrast, the blood flow through the left vertebral and basilar arteries remained intact while turning the head to either side. The hemodynamic compromise observed in our patient with RVAS indicates that isolated vertigo and nystagmus may occur due to transient ischemia of the inferior cerebellum or lateral medulla.     

双侧椎动脉/基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的急性后循环梗死患者临床特点及预后分析

目的总结分析双侧椎动脉/基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的急性后循环梗死患者的临床特点和预后。方法收集急性后循环梗死且伴有双侧椎动脉/基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的住院患者资料,分析其血管危险因素、起始症状、治疗及病情演变情况,并随访90 d预后,以mRS2分定义为预后不良。结果共纳入28例患者,最常见的起始症状为孤立性头晕或眩晕(57.1%)。53.6%的患者出现病情加重,加重≥2次9例(32.1%),预后不良15例(53.6%)。预后不良组高血压3级、病情加重、加重≥2次比例明显高于预后良好组(P0.05)。病情加重≥2次组高血压3级、高脂血症、孤立性头晕或眩晕起病、预后不良和死亡比例明显高于加重2次组(P0.05)。基底动脉不显影组死亡率(75%)明显高于显影组(4.2%)(P0.05)。结论双侧椎动脉/基底动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的急性后循环梗死患者多以孤立性头晕或眩晕起病;孤立性头晕或眩晕起病和高血压3级患者病情容易加重;病情反复加重患者预后不良比例高,死亡率高;基底动脉不显影患者死亡率高。     

Rotational vertebral artery syndrome

Whether the rotational vertebral artery syndrome (RVAS), consisting of attacks of vertigo, nystagmus and tinnitus elicited by head-rotation induced compression of the dominant vertebral artery (VA), reflects ischemic dysfunction of uni- or bilateral peripheral or central vestibular structures, is still debated. We report on a patient with bilateral high-grade carotid stenoses, in whom rightward headrotation led to RVAS symptoms including a prominent nystagmus. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the nystagmus pattern, recorded with search coils, revealed major downbeat nystagmus with minor horizontal and torsional components. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated a hypoplastic right VA terminating in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, a dominant left VA, and a hypoplastic P1-segment of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA) that was supplied by the left posterior communicating artery (PCoA). The right PCA and both anterior inferior cerebellar arteries were supplied by the basilar artery. The right PCoA originated from the right internal carotid artery. Color duplex sonography showed severe reduction of diastolic blood flow velocities in the left VA during RVAS attacks. The nystagmus pattern can be best explained by vectorial addition of 3D sensitivity vectors of stimulated right and left anterior and horizontal semicircular canals with slightly stronger stimulation on the left side. We hypothesize that in RVAS, compression of dominant VA leads to acute vertebrobasilar insufficiency with bilateral, but asymmetric ischemia of the superior labyrinth. With regard to RVAS etiology, our case illustrates a type of pure vascular RVAS. Severity of attacks markedly decreased after successful bilateral carotid endarterectomy.     

后循环血管重建手术治疗椎基底动脉闭塞疗效初探

目的探讨后循环血管重建手术治疗双侧椎动脉或基底动脉闭塞的术式选择和疗效。方法分别采用枕动脉小脑后下动脉、颞浅动脉小脑上动脉、颞浅动脉大脑后动脉,以及移植桡动脉行枕动脉椎动脉寰椎上段吻合术等术式治疗9例双侧椎动脉或基底动脉闭塞患者。结果术中吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影显示所有患者吻合血管形态良好、血流通畅;术后第7天脑血管造影检查,8例吻合血管血流通畅、1例吻合血管未显影,MR(或CT)灌注成像7例血流灌注明显改善。术后患者头晕症状完全消失(2例)、构音障碍减轻及吞咽功能好转(5例)。9例患者中仅1例于术后15d死于心肺功能衰竭,其余8例随访期间均未发生脑缺血症状,4例基本恢复正常生活。结论根据椎基底动脉闭塞部位选择相应后循环血管重建手术方式,初步结果显示效果良好,但仍需大样本随机对照研究予以验证。