甲壳低聚糖-硒对THP-1源性巨噬细胞抗氧化酶相关基因表达的影响

目的初步探讨甲壳低聚糖-硒(COS-Se)抗氧化的可能分子机制。方法用100μg/mL的COS-Se处理THP-1源性巨噬细胞6,12,24,48 h,运用半定量RT-PCR方法检测其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)mRNA表达水平的变化。结果COS-Se处理THP-1源性巨噬细胞24和48 h后,SOD mRNA的表达与对照组比较分别上调了14.4%,16.9%(P<0.05);处理6,12,24,48 h后,GSH-Px mRNA的表达与对照组比较分别上调了12.7%,10.9%,13.1%(P<0.05)和27.3%(P<0.01)。结论COS-Se具有抗氧化功能可能与其能上调巨噬细胞中SOD、GSH-Px mRNA表达水平有关。     

PMA诱导THP-1源巨噬细胞的MMP-1表达

目的探讨PMA诱导THP-1源分化成巨噬细胞后不同时间（0、12、24、48、72 h）MMP-1的蛋白和mRNA表达。方法采用佛波醇诱导THP-1细胞分化成巨噬细胞。用酶联免疫吸附实验和逆转录-聚合酶链反应测定不同时间MMP-1蛋白和mR-NA的表达。结果在24 h MMP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达增加（0.545 0±0.008 26,0.048 6±0.010 65;0.118 0±0.013 00,0.091 7±0.008 15;0.190 0±0.001 80,0.165 8±0.784 70;0.142 3±0.116 40,0.127 7±0.009 20;0.095 5±0.002 29,0.054 6±0.022 15;P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论 THP-1细胞分化成巨噬细胞后,在24 h MMP-1蛋白和mRNA表达最高,24 h可能降解斑块胶原纤维最强,促进AS的病变的发生和发展。     

甲壳低聚糖对糖尿病小鼠血糖和肠道菌群的影响

目的观察甲壳低聚糖对链脲佐菌素 (STZ)糖尿病小鼠血糖和肠道菌群的影响。方法将用STZ诱导的糖尿病模型小鼠分为糖尿病治疗组和糖尿病对照组 ,分别灌胃甲壳低聚糖 60 0mg (kg·d)和等体积的蒸馏水 ,连续 2 1d ,而后检测两组小鼠血糖及肠道菌群的变化。结果糖尿病治疗组小鼠的血糖降低、肠道菌群中双歧杆菌数量增多 ,与糖尿病对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论甲壳低聚糖具有降低STZ糖尿病小鼠血糖及调节肠道菌群功能     

甲壳低聚糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响及降血糖作用

目的探讨甲壳低聚糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响及降糖效果。方法在体外建立标准酶反应体系,分别加入6%甲壳低聚糖50,100,150,200,250,300μl,用4-硝基酚-α-D呋喃葡萄糖苷法测定酶活性;再建立加有6%阿卡波糖200μl的酶反应体系,测定酶活性;以250 mg/(kg.d)剂量灌胃,观察其对实验性糖尿病大鼠空腹及餐后血糖的影响。结果甲壳低聚糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶具有明显抑制作用,抑制效果接近于阿卡波糖;甲壳低聚糖能显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹及餐后血糖。结论甲壳低聚糖可能具有阿卡波糖样的降血糖作用。     

甲壳低聚糖对2型糖尿病造模大鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用

目的观察甲壳低聚糖(COS)对2型糖尿大鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用。方法试验大鼠经腹腔注射STZ 2周后,挑选葡萄糖耐量异常者继续给予高糖高脂饲料喂养,同时试验组用COS灌胃给药。分别在第0、4、8、12周剪尾取血测定空腹血糖及胰岛素水平,第16周末,股动脉取血,分离胰腺并固定做HE染色和胰岛原位细胞凋亡检测。结果 COS组空腹血糖、胰岛素水平和胰岛β细胞凋亡比例明显低于模型组。结论甲壳低聚糖具有改善胰岛素抵抗,保护胰岛β细胞的作用。     

甲壳低聚糖对饲高糖高脂大鼠血糖的调节作用

目的观察甲壳低聚糖(COS)对注射小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)及饲高糖高脂大鼠血糖的影响。方法大鼠随机分为2组:正常对照组10只,喂基础饲料;造模组40只,经腹腔注射小剂量STZ后,用基础饲料喂养2周,挑选葡萄糖耐量异常者20只又随机分为2组:高糖高脂对照组10只和COS干预组10只,两组均用高糖高脂饲料喂养,同时COS干预组用COS溶液灌胃给药。各组连续观察16周,定期测定体重、空腹血糖及胰岛素水平,实验结束前通过葡萄糖耐量试验来观察胰岛β-细胞功能变化。结果 COS干预组与高糖高脂组比较,体重、空腹血糖和胰岛素水平差异显著(P<0.05或0.01),葡萄糖耐量异常得到明显改善(P<0.05)。结论 COS有降低高糖高脂饲料大鼠血糖水平,增强糖耐量的作用。     

替罗非班对体外培养THP-1源性巨噬细胞CD40及其配体表达的影响

目的探讨替罗非班对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)刺激下THP-1源性巨噬细胞CD40和CD40配体(CD40L)表达的影响,探讨该类药物的抗炎及稳定斑块的作用机制。方法向体外培养的THP-1细胞中加入ox-LDL(80mg/L)共同孵育24h,然后与替罗非班共同孵育不同时间(分别为12、24、48h),应用流式细胞技术检测CD40和CD40L在细胞上的表达。采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测CD40和CD40L mRNA表达。结果替罗非班既可下调细胞表面CD40和CD40L的表达,又能使CD40和CD40LmRNA表达下降,其阻断作用呈时间依赖性(P<0.05)。结论替罗非班可以拮抗巨噬细胞CD40和CD40L表达,并呈时间依赖性,这种作用可能是其减轻动脉粥样斑块炎症及稳定斑块的机制之一。     

甲壳低聚糖硒对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素指标及胰腺组织的影响

目的观察甲壳低聚糖硒(COS-Se)对2型糖尿病大鼠的胰岛素含量、胰岛素敏感性及胰腺组织的影响。方法制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型,分别给予COS-Se、Se、甲壳低聚糖(COS)对其进行干预,观察20周,期间检测血糖、胰岛素的含量、胰岛素敏感指数及胰腺组织HE染色观察。结果 COS-Se、Se、COS对糖尿病模型的高胰岛素血症都有一定改善作用,随着时间的延长,COS-Se的改善作用更明显。结论 COS-Se可保护胰岛细胞,改善2型糖尿病大鼠的胰岛素敏感性。     

Rolipram对THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出和ABCA1表达的影响

目的　以THP 1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象 ,探讨磷酸二酯酶抑制剂rolipram对THP 1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达及细胞内胆固醇流出的影响。方法　用液体闪烁计数器检测细胞内胆固醇流出 ,运用逆转录 -多聚酶链反应和Westernblot印迹分别检测ABCA1mRNA与ABCA1蛋白的表达 ,采用低pH值EIA法测定细胞内cAMP水平。结果　实验显示PDE4抑制剂rolipram能引起THP 1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞cAMP水平、ABCA1表达和apoA 1介导的胆固醇流出成平衡增加 ,而细胞内总胆固醇、游离胆固醇与胆固醇酯明显减少。结论　PDE4抑制剂rolipram增加THP 1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达及细胞内胆固醇流出 ,这为防治动脉粥样硬化发生发展提供一个新的策略     

瘦素对THP-1细胞泡沫化过程中ACAT-1表达的影响

目的：研究单核或巨噬细胞转分化和泡沫细胞形成过程中瘦素对人酰基辅酶A1胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT-1)表达的影响。方法：在体外模拟动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成过程中，运用放射性同位素标记底物法、逆转录聚合酶链反应、蛋白质免疫印迹法检测ACAT-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果：单核或巨噬细胞转分化过程中ACAT-1酶活性、蛋白及mRNA水平均升高。巨噬细胞转变为泡沫细胞过程中ACAT-1表达水平无明显变化。高瘦素血症可明显增强单核或巨噬细胞转分化和泡沫细胞形成过程中ACAT-1表达。结论：高瘦素血症可能通过增强ACAT-1表达导致动脉粥样硬化提前发生。     

In vitro effects of monophthalates on cytokine expression in the monocytic cell line THP-1 and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic and non-allergic donors

It has recently been shown that plasticizers are present in indoor air dust, which may lead to human exposure via the inhalation route. Moreover, studies have indicated that plasticizers may possess adjuvant effects increasing the health damaging potential of allergens. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of metabolites of phthalate plastisizers, such as whether an adjuvant effect is paralleled by changes of the cytokine expression in the monocytic cell line THP-1 and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from allergics and non-allergics. The toxicity monitored by cell viability was determined by incubating THP-1 cells with a 10-fold dilution series of monophthalates for 24 h. At different points in time cytokine expression (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 (p35)) in THP-1 cells incubated with non-toxic concentrations of monophthalate (2–20 μg/ml)±LPS (1 μg/ml) were determined using Quantitative Competitive RT-PCR. PBMCs from allergics and non-allergics were incubated with monophthalate 220 μg/ml) for up to 48 h and cytokine expression (IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ) was measured using real-time PCR. The cytotoxic level of monophthalates is 20–200 μg/ml, depending on the individual monophthalate. There seems to be a correlation between increasing side-chain length and toxicity. Monophthalates did not induce changes in cytokine expression in THP-1 cells, though there is an increase when co-incubating with LPS. Cytokine expression in PBMC seems virtually unchanged when co-incubated with monophthalate, though mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBUP) tends to increase the level of IL-4 in PBMCs from allergic individuals. The two cellular models demonstrated the dynamics of regulated cytokine mRNA and are applicable for in vitro immunotoxicological investigations. The results regarding monophthalates suggest these to have a limited effect on cytokine expression in the monocytic cell line THP-1 and weak effect on cytokine expression in PBMCs from allergic and non-allergic individuals.     

壳寡糖减弱内毒素对小鼠巨噬细胞的损伤作用

目的观察壳寡糖对内毒素刺激的小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)的影响。方法采用半定量RT-PCR检测IL-1β的基因水平变化,ELISA分析蛋白水平变化,流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡情况。结果壳寡糖可显著抑制内毒素介导的炎症细胞因子IL-1β的增高,0.4 mg/mL的壳寡糖抑制效果最为明显,并显著降低内毒素介导的细胞凋亡。结论壳寡糖可显著保护内毒素介导的细胞损伤。     

Prediction of the contact sensitizing potential of chemicals using analysis of gene expression changes in human THP-1 monocytes

The aim of this study was to find differentially regulated genes in THP-1 monocytic cells exposed to sensitizers and nonsensitizers and to investigate if such genes could be reliable markers for an in vitro predictive method for the identification of skin sensitizing chemicals. Changes in expression of 35 genes in the THP-1 cell line following treatment with chemicals of different sensitizing potential (from nonsensitizers to extreme sensitizers) were assessed using real-time PCR. Verification of 13 candidate genes by testing a large number of chemicals (an additional 22 sensitizers and 8 nonsensitizers) revealed that prediction of contact sensitization potential was possible based on evaluation of changes in three genes: IL8, HMOX1 and PAIMP1. In total, changes in expression of these genes allowed correct detection of sensitization potential of 21 out of 27 (78%) test sensitizers. The gene expression levels inside potency groups varied and did not allow estimation of sensitization potency of test chemicals. Results of this study indicate that evaluation of changes in expression of proposed biomarkers in THP-1 cells could be a valuable model for preliminary screening of chemicals to discriminate an appreciable majority of sensitizers from nonsensitizers.     

Combined effects of low levels of palmitate on toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to THP-1 macrophages

We have recently proposed that the interaction between food components and nanoparticles (NPs) should be considered when evaluating the toxicity of NPs. In the present study, we used THP-1 differentiated macrophages as a model for immune cells and investigated the combined toxicity of low levels of palmitate (PA; 10 or 50 μM) and ZnO NPs. The results showed that PA especially at 50 μM changed the size, Zeta potential and UV–vis spectra of ZnO NPs, indicating a possible coating effect. Up to 32 μg/mL ZnO NPs did not significantly affect mitochondrial activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) or release of interleukin 6 (IL-6), but significantly impaired lysosomal function as assessed by neutral red uptake assay and acridine orange staining. The presence of 50 μM PA, but not 10 μM PA, further promoted the toxic effects of ZnO NPs to lysosomes but did not significantly affect other endpoints. In addition, ZnO NPs dose-dependently increased intracellular Zn ions in THP-1 macrophages, which was not significantly affected by PA. Taken together, the results of the present study showed a combined toxicity of low levels of PA and ZnO NPs especially to lysosomes in THP-1 macrophages.     

Influence of bovine serum albumin pre-incubation on toxicity and ER stress-apoptosis gene expression in THP-1 macrophages exposed to ZnO nanoparticles

When entering a biological environment, proteins could be adsorbed onto nanoparticles (NPs), which can potentially influence the toxicity of NPs. This study used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model for serum protein and investigated its interactions with three different types of ZnO NPs, coded as XFI06 (pristine NPs of 20?nm), NM110 (pristine NPs of 100?nm) and NM111 (hydrophobic NPs of 130?nm). Atomic force microscope indicated the adsorption of BSA to ZnO NPs, leading to the increase of NP diameters. Pre-incubation with BSA did not significantly affect hydrodynamic size but decreased Zeta potential of NM110 and NM111. The fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence of BSA were quenched after pre-incubation with ZnO NPs, and the quenching effects were more obvious for XFI06 and NM110. Exposure to all types of ZnO NPs significantly induced cytotoxicity and lysosomal destabilization, which was slightly alleviated when NPs were pre-incubated with BSA. However, ZnO NPs with or without pre-incubation of BSA resulted in comparable intracellular Zn ions, glutathione and reactive oxygen species in THP-1 macrophages. Exposure to ZnO NPs promoted the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (DDIT3 and XBP-1s) and apoptosis genes (CASP9 and CASP12). Pre-incubation with BSA had minimal impact on ER stress gene expression but decreased apoptosis gene expression. Combined, these results suggested that pre-incubation with BSA could modestly alleviate the cytotoxicity and reduce ER stress related apoptosis gene expression in THP-1 macrophages after ZnO NP exposure.     

In vitro methods of assessing ocular biocompatibility using THP-1-derived macrophages

Macrophages play an important role in the elimination of infections, the removal of debris and in tissue repair after infection and trauma. In vitro models that assess ocular biomaterials for toxicity typically focus on the effects of these materials on epithelial or fibroblast cells. This investigation evaluated known ocular toxins deposited on model materials for their effects on the viability and activation of macrophages. THP-1-derived macrophages were cultured onto silicone films (used as a base biomaterial) deposited with chemical toxins (benzalkonium chloride (BAK), zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). Utilizing three fluorescent dyes calcein, ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) and annexin V, the viability of macrophages attached to the biomaterial was determined using confocal microscopy. Propidium iodide (PI) staining and alamarBlue® (resazurin) reduction were used to assess cell death and metabolic activity. CD14, CD16, CD33, CD45, and CD54 expression of adherent macrophages, were also evaluated to detect LPS activation of macrophages using flow cytometry. The sensitivity of this test battery was demonstrated as significant toxicity from treated surfaces with ZDEC (0.001–0.01%), and BAK (0.001%–0.1%) was detected. Also, macrophage activation could be detected by measuring CD54 expression after exposure to adsorbed LPS. These in vitro methods will be helpful in determining the toxicity potential of new ocular biomaterials.     

姜黄素诱导急性单核细胞白血病细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的观察姜黄素对人白血病细胞株K562的致凋亡作用,及其对凋亡相关基因NF-κB与Caspase-3表达的影响。方法将姜黄素加入白血病细胞株THP-1中,用流式细胞仪检测其凋亡率,免疫组化方法检测NF-κB与Caspase-3的表达,比色法检测Caspase-3活性。结果流式细胞仪检测15μmol/L姜黄素作用24h后,凋亡率为(26.504±0.617)%,与对照组(1.232±0.120)%相比明显增高,差异有显著性(P<0.01),姜黄素诱导THP-1细胞凋亡具有量-效关系;免疫组化法检测发现姜黄素可降低NF-κB的表达,增加Caspase-3蛋白的表达,且表达量与姜黄素的作用呈剂量相关。结论姜黄素能诱导人白血病细胞株THP-1凋亡,其机制可能与姜黄素抑制NF-κB信号转导通路,下调NF-κB表达继而上调Caspase-3表达有关。