冠状动脉侧支循环某些相关因素的临床研究

目的研究冠状动脉侧支循环在冠状动脉完全闭塞与次全闭塞血管病变中的形成情况,观察心肌梗死病史、心肌肥厚及糖尿病对侧支循环形成的影响以及侧支循环对心肌的保护作用。方法回顾分析了我院一年内409例经冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉完全或次全闭塞患者,先按有无心肌梗死病史将患者分为两组,对照分析侧支循环形成的良好率,及心功能相关因素方面的差异。再按有无心肌肥厚、有无糖尿病病史分别分为两组,观察其对侧支循环形成的影响。结果冠状动脉完全与次全闭塞对比侧支循环形成的良好率有显著差异。有心肌梗死与无心肌梗死病史两组侧支循环形成的良好率比较无显著差异。两组的左心室舒张末期内径、左心室射血分数、室壁运动异常发生率及室壁瘤形成均有显著差异。而有心肌梗死病史者侧支循环良好组与不良组比较左心室舒张末期内径、左心室射血分数无差异。有无心肌肥厚对侧支循环形成良好率无差异。有糖尿病史者侧支循环血流良好率明显高于无糖尿病史者,且有显著差异。结论冠状动脉侧支循环的开放依赖于冠状动脉血管的完全或次全闭塞。冠状动脉缓慢闭塞下形成的侧支循环对心肌、心功能有保护作用。糖尿病有利于侧支循环的发展。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的影响因素

为探讨冠状动脉侧支循环形成的影响因素 ,分析了 1 2 2例选择性冠状动脉造影 (冠状动脉造影 )证实有冠状动脉侧支循环形成的冠心病患者 (有侧支循环组 )及 1 31例至少有一支冠状动脉闭塞而无侧支循环形成的冠心病患者 (无侧支循环组 )的冠状动脉造影及临床资料。结果发现 :有侧支循环组 98.36 %的患者有一支冠状动脉完全闭塞或次全闭塞 ;与无侧支循环组相比 ,有侧支循环组患者中多支冠状动脉闭塞率及完全闭塞率明显增高 (分别为 30 .0 0 %比 1 1 .4 5 % ,P <0 .0 0 1 ;75 .77%比 6 0 .2 7% ,P <0 .0 5 )。Logistic多元逐步回归分析也证实 :闭塞血管数及闭塞程度与侧支循环形成间存在有意义的回归关系。此外 ,无侧支循环组患者血清总胆固醇水平及甘油三酯异常率较有侧支循环组明显增高 (5 .0 3± 1 .38mmol L比 4 .6 8± 1 .0 6mmol L ,P <0 .0 5 ;4 5 .80 %比 32 .78% ,P <0 .0 5 )。提示冠状动脉病变严重程度是冠状动脉侧支循环形成的决定性因素 ,高脂血症不利于冠状动脉侧支循环的形成     

冠状动脉侧支循环与心肌缺血时间的相关性

目的:研究冠状动脉侧支循环形成与心肌缺血、心肌梗死发生的时间关系。方法:回顾分析412例经冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉完全或次全闭塞患者,先将有心肌梗死病史的患者分为3组:A组(心肌梗死后1个月内)、B组(1个月～1年)、C组(1年以上)。仅有心肌缺血者同样根据缺血时间(上述3个时间段)分为A、B、C组。分别观察侧支循环形成良好率,进行对比分析。再根据闭塞血管将所有患者分为前降支、回旋支、右冠状动脉3组观察其侧支循环形成情况。结果:有心肌梗死及心肌缺血病史者A、B、C组患者侧支循环形成的良好率两两比较均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。右冠状动脉完全或次全闭塞时侧支循环形成良好率明显高于左冠状动脉;前降支与右冠状动脉比较、回旋支与右冠状动脉比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:心肌梗死和心肌缺血随着时间的延长侧支循环良好情况无显著改变。     

冠状动脉侧支循环与FGF的血管新生作用

冠状动脉狭窄或闭塞导致心肌缺血,影响心脏功能。心脏功能的预后有诸多因素的参与,其中重要因素之一是冠状动脉侧支循环的建立与否及其发达程度。侧支循环的存在可防御或减少心肌缺血或坏死。以往对冠状动脉侧支循环的研究着重于血管内压及血流等物理因素。近年来,血管内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞的增殖伴随血管新生过程引人注目。本文以心脏组织中大量存在,与冠状动脉侧支循环建立有关的血管新生因子ａＦＧＦ（ａｃｉｄｉｃＦｉｂｒｏｂｌａｓｔＧｒｏｗｔｈＦａｃｔｏｒ）,ｂＦＧＦ（ｂａｓｉｃＦｉｂｒｏｂｌａｓｔＧｒｏｗｔｈＦａｃｔｏ…     

慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变患者支架术再通前后心功能和侧支循环研究

目的探讨血运重建对慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变的临床意义及侧支循环对心肌缺血和心功能的保护作用。方法对冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉完全闭塞并侧支循环良好的20例患者,支架术前后分别行亚极量运动负荷试验,试验中监测心电图变化及最大氧耗量,最大运动量,最大运动时间。采用超声心动图监测左心室收缩功能和泵功能变化。观察侧支循环开闭情况及室壁运动情况。结果支架术后运动所达到的最大心率较术前明显提高(P<0.05)最大运动量明显提高(P<0.01),运动诱发的心电图相应导联ST段压低明显改善(P<0.05),运动时间明显延长(P<0.01),侧支循环关闭。与支架术前比较,左心室收缩功能与泵功能均有明显改善。结论患者支架术后左心室收缩功能与泵功能明显改善,运动诱发的心肌缺血明显改善,运动耐量明显增加,良好的侧支循环对缺血心肌和心功能有保护作用,但多数不能消除负荷所致的心肌缺血。     

冠状动脉侧支血管评价心功能指数和心肌梗死面积的价值

为了探讨冠状动脉侧支血管能否对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者预后和治疗提供线索，本文将68例冠状动脉闭塞患者分为侧支血管发展良好组和侧支血管发展不良组，比较两组间的静息心电图ST－T改变、运动负荷试验、心功能指标和心肌梗死面积。结果发现，与侧支血管发展不良组相比，侧支血管发展良好组心电图ST－T改变明显减少，QRS波积分和室壁异常运动积分明显降低，射血分数和心脏指数明显增高，左心室舒张期末压明显减小（P均＜0．01），两组间运动负荷试验阳性率无明显差异（P＞0．05），但侧支血管发展良好组中有4例未发生心肌梗死，其中3例运动负荷试验为阴性。结果提示，冠状动脉造影时观察侧支血管对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者预后的预测和治疗的指导提供有价值的线索。     

冠状动脉侧支循环形成的影响因素

冠状动脉侧支循环的及时形成和开放可以减轻心肌缺血,降低冠状动脉闭塞后心肌梗死的面积,在一定程度上改善心功能。基于大量的动物实验和临床研究,冠状动脉病变及其特点是侧支循环形成的前提。在此基础上,心血管疾病危险因素（糖尿病、高血压病、血脂异常、吸烟等）和运动均可影响侧支循环开放的程度。治疗性血管再生已经步入了临床阶段,虽然临床上对血管再生的安全性较肯定,但是血管再生的临床结果却远不如动物实验理想。     

单支或多去冠状动脉完全闭塞病变侧支循环建立对左室？…

目的：探讨冠状动脉完全闭塞或近乎完全闭塞病变冠脉侧支循环的建立及其整体病变程度对左室收缩功能的影响。方法：通过Ｌｅａｍａｎ冠状动脉记分判定冠脉病变程度,左室造影测定左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）,左室壁运动Ｃｏｒｔｉｎａ记分判断左室功能,并研究Ｌｅａｍａｎ记分和侧支循环建立对ＬＶＥＦ,Ｃｏｒｔｉｎａ记分的影响。结果：侧支循环建立组２５例与无侧支循环组２０例比较ＬＶＥＦ升高有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）;侧支     

老年冠心病并发慢性心力衰竭患者冠状动脉造影分析

目的探讨老年冠心病慢性心力衰竭(慢性心衰)患者冠状动脉病变程度与慢性心衰的关系.方法将165例老年冠心病患者分为并发慢性心衰组和无慢性心衰组,对比观察二组冠状动脉造影中冠状动脉病变程度及范围、侧支循环形成情况.结果冠心病并发慢性心衰均为多支血管病变并发现存在冠状动脉至少1支完全闭塞或次全闭塞,闭塞率100%,均有侧支循环形成,与无慢性心衰相比差异有显著性.结论冠状动脉病变严重程度与慢性心衰存在密切的关系.     

冠状动脉侧支血管出现与发展影响因素的探讨

目的:探讨冠状动脉(冠脉)侧支血管出现与发展的影响因素.方法:经冠脉造影观察180例冠心病患者的侧支血管出现情况,对比其发展程度与心肌缺血病程、冠脉闭塞部位、冠脉病变程度及高血压病、糖尿病等合并症的关系.结果:侧支血管仅见于冠脉次全闭塞或完全闭塞的冠脉,心肌缺血病程长、右冠脉闭塞、无高血压病、糖尿病等合并症者侧支血管发展良好(P<0.01),闭塞或次全闭塞冠脉外血管的病变程度则与侧支血管的发展关系不大(P>0.05).结论:侧支血管出现提示有严重冠脉病变,慢性长期的心肌缺血可促进侧支血管的发展,高血压病、糖尿病等合并症是侧支血管发展的不利因素.     

Good collaterals predict viable myocardium

The authors undertook this study to see whether highly developed coronary collaterals at an area shed by a totally occluded coronary artery predicts myocardial viability. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a totally occluded coronary artery has been debated since its introduction. It is recommended to search for viable myocardium before opening a totally occluded coronary artery; however, there is no practical yet sensitive method of assessing myocardial viability in the catheterization laboratory. Forty-seven consecutive patients (12 women, 25.5%; 35 men, 74.5%), each with 1 totally occluded coronary artery, were prospectively enrolled to the study. After the diagnostic coronary angiography, all patients underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography to determine viable myocardium at the territory of the totally occluded coronary artery, and the status of angiographic coronary collaterals was assessed. Patients were then divided into 2 groups according to the presence (Group A) or absence (Group B) of viable myocardium by stress echocardiography. Eighteen patients (38.3%) had viable myocardium (Group A) in the area shed by the totally occluded coronary artery and 29 patients (61.7%) had nonviable myocardium (Group B). The incidences of significant coronary collateral circulation to the viable (Group A) and nonviable (Group B) areas were 66.7% (12 patients) and 20.7% (6 patients), respectively (p = 0.002). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent factors for viable myocardium, and only significant coronary collateral circulation was found to be an independent factor for the detection of viable myocardium (p = 0.006, OR 16.7, 95% CI 2.25 to 124.4). The sensitivity and specificity of good collateral circulation for the detection of viable myocardium were 75% and 65.7%, respectively. The positive predictive and negative predictive values of the good coronary collateral circulation in detecting viable myocardium were 75% and 79%, respectively. The authors conclude that good coronary collaterals have a high sensitivity and positive predictive value for the prediction of viability as shown by dobutamine echocardiography, and only by assessing the coronary collateral circulation can one decide for percutaneous coronary revascularization, if not for coronary artery bypass surgery.     

Coronary collateral circulation

The occurrence and influence of coronary collateral circulation and obstruction of the supplying coronary arteries on left ventricular contractility, prevalence of myocardial infarction, and bicycle exercise ergometer test were studied in a random sample of 286 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Collaterals appeared increasingly in all three main coronary arteries with grade of obstruction. The highest prevalence of collaterals occurred in stenosis of the right coronary artery (60%), followed by the left descending artery (45%); they occurred least in the left circumflex artery (21%) (p less than 0.001). The frequency of intra-arterial collateral circulation was 42%, 11%, and 12%, respectively (p less than 0.001). With total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, 22% of the patients had normokinetic anterior and apical left ventricular wall when collaterals were present. More often, the inferior wall showed normal contraction with total occlusion of the right coronary artery and collaterals [52%, p less than 0.001 compared with left anterior descending artery (LAD)]. The prevalence of inferior myocardial infarction was 39%, with collateral circulation to the totally occluded right coronary artery. The respective prevalence of anterior infarction and total occlusion in the left coronary artery was 58% (p less than 0.02). The presence or absence of collaterals had no obvious influence on ST-segment response during bicycle ergometer test. In triple-vessel disease, peak work capacity was better when collaterals to LAD were not jeopardized (427 kpm) than when jeopardized (321 kpm) (p less than 0.02).     

Potential protective effect of high coronary wedge pressure on left ventricular function after coronary occlusion

To assess the potential of coronary collateral circulation to protect myocardium after occlusion of a coronary vessel, the mean coronary wedge pressure, the angiographic grade of collateral channels, and the left ventricular function were studied in 47 consecutive patients with mechanical recanalization of totally occluded coronary arteries. Coronary wedge pressure measurements were obtained 39 +/- 51 days (range, 2 hours to 361 days) after the presumed time of occlusion. The patients were divided into two groups: 31 with a coronary wedge pressure more than 30 mm Hg (group 1) and 16 with a coronary wedge pressure of or less than 30 mm Hg (group 2). Patients in group 1 had a significantly higher mean global left ventricular ejection fraction than those in group 2 (63 +/- 9% vs. 49 +/- 7%, p less than 0.001). Regional left ventricular function (artery-related area change) was also superior in group 1 compared with group 2 (47 +/- 11% vs. 36 +/- 10%, p less than 0.01). Global left ventricular function was significantly correlated to coronary wedge pressure (r = 0.51, p less than 0.001) but not to the angiographic presence of collaterals. The data suggest that a high coronary wedge pressure is associated with improved left ventricular function after coronary artery occlusion and that coronary wedge pressure more accurately reflects the physiological role of collaterals than their angiographic presence.     

Collateral circulation in coronary artery disease

The coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms of 202 consecutive patients were reviewed. All had at least 75% diameter reduction of 1 or more major coronary arteries. In 127 patients (63%), at least 1 major branch was totally occluded. Collateral circulation was seen in 125 of these 127 patients (190 of 192 totally occluded arteries). Of the 75 patients without total occlusion, only 2 with 99% (or near-total) occlusion had demonstrable collateral circulation (2 of 208 arteries). In no patient with 75 to 98% diameter narrowing was collateral circulation demonstrated (0 of 164 arteries). An analysis was made of the relation between left ventricular (LV) segmental wall motion and the quality of collateral circulation in 190 totally occluded arteries among 125 patients. Of 126 arteries with good collateral circulation, LV contraction was normal in 21%, hypokinetic in 48% and akinetic/dyskinetic in 29%. Of 64 arteries with poor collateral circulation, LV contraction was normal in 23%, hypokinetic in 55% and akinetic/dyskinetic in 20%. There was no statistically significant difference between the effect of good or poor collateral circulation on LV function. These data indicate that collateral circulation cannot be seen angiographically unless there is total or near-total occlusion, and that the presence of collateral circulation does not correlate with LV wall motion abnormalities, i.e., akinetic area, despite good collateral flow or normal wall motion despite absent or poor collateral flow.     

Coronary wedge pressure in relation to spontaneously visible and recruitable collaterals

Coronary angiography demonstrates only collateral arteries that are already in use (spontaneously visible collaterals). Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) provides an opportunity to uncover collaterals ready to become functional in case of occlusion of the recipient artery (recruitable collaterals). The incidence of recruitable collaterals and their relation to the distal pressure in the occluded artery (coronary wedge pressure) during a 30 sec or longer balloon occlusion was assessed in 57 coronary arteries of 49 patients undergoing PTCA for a proximal coronary stenosis or occlusion. Collateral to 75% of the arteries were present. Spontaneously visible collaterals were four times as frequent as recruitable collaterals. Coronary wedge pressure was significantly higher in arteries with spontaneously visible and recruitable collaterals (41 +/- 12 and 36 +/- 12 mm Hg, respectively) than in arteries without collaterals (18 +/- 4 mm Hg). A coronary wedge pressure of 30 mm Hg or higher was found exclusively in the presence of collaterals. Electrocardiographic changes during balloon occlusion were found more frequently with arteries without collaterals than with arteries with spontaneously visible or recruitable collaterals. Chest pain was more frequent in patients without collaterals or with recruitable collaterals than in those with spontaneously visible collaterals. Major in-hospital events occurred in three patients with collaterals, with a salutary influence of the collaterals in two. The coronary wedge pressure allows prediction of recruitable collaterals. Their clinical impact remains to be investigated in long-term studies on large patient populations.     

Prevalence and significance of coronary collateral circulation in patients with acute myocardial infarct

Angiograms from consecutive and unselected patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied with respect to the prevalence as well as the significance of coronary collateral circulation to myocardium distal to the acute coronary occlusion. METHODS: Coronary angiograms were obtained from 700 consecutive and unselected patients with an acute transmural infarction within 3.7 +/- 3 hours (0.5-12) of symptom onset. No patient had undergone i.v. thrombolysis prior to angiography. Complete and acute vessel occlusion was found in 626/700 patients (89%). Coronary collaterals were detected and graded using Rentrop's classification. The grade of collateral circulation was related to the clinical course after 30 days and to the global and regional left ventricular wall motion. RESULTS: Collaterals were found in 334 patients (69%); 242 patients (38%) had collateral flow grade 2 or 3. Collaterals were demonstrated more frequently in women vs men and in patients with multivessel disease. The prevalence of collaterals was unrelated to age and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Patients who had angiography within 3 hours of symptom onset had collaterals detected less frequently than patients who had angiography beyond 6 hours (66% vs 75%, p < 0.05). No collaterals were found in 17/37 patients (47%) in cardiogenic shock and inferior MI but in only 30/164 patients (18%, p < 0.01) without shock. Global and regional left ventricular wall motion after 2 weeks was unrelated to the degree of coronary collateral circulation during acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: Collateral circulation to myocardium distal to an acutely occluded coronary artery is detected in 2/3 patients during the acute infarct phase. The absence of collaterals is related to the early occurrence of cardiogenic shock in patients with inferior MI but not to the presence of diabetes mellitus. After direct angioplasty of the infarct vessel, the protective effects of coronary collaterals on chronic LV function remain uncertain.     

Influence of coronary collateral blood flow on the development of exertional ischemia and Q wave infarction in patients with severe single-vessel disease

The functional significance of coronary collateral flow from a nonobstructed supply artery was studied in 121 patients with severe (greater than or equal to 80%) single-vessel disease, 64 with and 57 without Q wave infarction. All patients underwent exercise thallium imaging and coronary angiography. On angiography, collateral flow was present in 85% of 74 occluded arteries compared with only 17% of 47 arteries with subtotal obstruction (p less than .001). Collateral flow was not seen in arteries with lesions of less than 90% obstruction. Collateral flow was present in 100% of 29 occluded arteries in patients without Q wave infarction compared with only 76% of 45 occluded arteries with Q wave infarction (p less than .005). Clinical variables did not correlate with collateral flow. Collateral flow did not prevent ischemia on exercise thallium imaging in patients without Q wave infarction: 30 of 33 (91%) with collateral flow had reversible thallium defects compared with 24 of 24 (100%) without collateral flow (p = NS). In patients with Q wave infarction, partially reversible exercise thallium defects (peri-infarctional ischemia) were more common with flow to the area from either subtotal obstruction (73%) or collateral flow (45%) than with no flow from total occlusion (27%; p = .05). In patients with severe single-vessel disease the presence of collateral flow is principally determined by coronary occlusion. Collateral flow may protect from Q wave infarction but does not prevent exercise ischemia on thallium imaging.     

Relation of coronary arterial occlusion pressure during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to presence of collaterals

To investigate the relation of the gradient across a coronary artery stenosis and the pressure distal to the stenosis after proximal occlusion during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to the amount of angiographically estimated collateral circulation, 63 patients (55 men, 8 women) were studied. All patients had 1-vessel disease (54 left anterior descending, 8 right coronary artery and 1 circumflex coronary artery). All patients had documented ischemia, and angioplasty was carried out within 4 weeks after the initial angiogram. The patients were separated into 4 groups: 0 = no collaterals (35 patients), +1 = just visible collaterals (8 patients), +2 = collaterals without reaching the contralateral vessel (10 patients), and +3 = filling of the contralateral vessel (10 patients). There was no difference in age among the 4 groups. There was a significant negative relation of the gradient vs the extent of collateral circulation, although the degree of stenosis increased significantly from group 0 to group +3. There was a significant positive relation of the occlusion pressure (in absolute terms and in percent of the proximal systolic pressure) vs the extent of collateral circulation. There was a significantly smaller change of the occlusion pressure vs the distal pressure before occlusion if good collaterals were present. The occlusion pressure remained constant during 1 occlusion up to 40 seconds and was reproducible in 3 successive occlusions. In conclusion, the pressure distal to a coronary artery stenosis is mainly dependent on the severity of the stenosis and on the collateral flow. If anterograde flow is eliminated by proximal occlusion the distal pressure is only dependent on the extent of collateral circulation.     

Coronary collateral development in swine after coronary artery occlusion.

We have quantified the development of the coronary collateral circulation in the pig. The collateral circulation was induced to grow by placing an ameroid occluder on the left circumflex coronary artery. Two to 16 weeks after ameroid placement, the coronary collateral circulation was identified after the injection of several colors of a silicone polymer into the coronary arteries and the aorta. We identified intercoronary and extracardiac collaterals and quantified their number, location, size, and wall thickness. Intercoronary collaterals grew to a level that represents a 14-fold increase in normal collateral blood flow under resting conditions compared with the values in an animal not subjected to coronary artery occlusion. Extracardiac collaterals could potentially supply approximately 30% of resting flow. The sources of the extracardiac collaterals were the bronchial and internal mammary arteries. Coronary collateral morphometry and DNA synthesis in the pig heart also were examined. Coronary collaterals had significantly less smooth muscle than did normal arterioles. This may account, in part, for the reduced response of the coronary collaterals to vasodilators. We observed intense DNA synthesis in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the first 2 or 3 weeks of ischemia. However, DNA synthesis rapidly ceased after this time, coincident with coronary collateral reserve values (ischemic/nonischemic regional blood flow ratios during maximal vasodilation) reaching their maximum level. This suggests that failure of the vessels to continue proliferating accounts for the occurrence of the plateau in blood flow levels.