重症监护患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌的耐药性分析

目的:调查我院重症监护患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌的分布与耐药情况,为抗感染治疗提供依据。方法:对本院重症监护患者下呼吸道感染分离的312株致病菌用VITEK32全自动细菌鉴定及药敏系统进行细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,部分药敏试验为K-B法。结果:感染革兰阴性杆菌62．8％。主要菌群有铜绿假单胞菌29．5％,鲍曼不动杆菌12．8％,肺炎克雷伯菌10．9％,大肠埃希菌5．8％,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌5．1％等,革兰阳性球菌18．2％,真菌18．9％,头孢哌酮/舍巴坦和亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌搞菌活性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率较高,对亚胺培南的耐药率40．8％,革兰阳性球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌12．8％,耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌100％。肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌ESBLs的检出率分别为39％、59％,真菌以白色念珠菌为主,对常用药物敏感性较高。结论:我院重症监护患者下呼吸道感染主要病原菌常为多重耐药的革兰氏阴性杆菌、MRSA,对常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,真菌所占比例也较高,加强细菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素对临床抗感染治疗十分重要。     

辽宁锦州地区尿路感染致病菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解锦州地区尿路感染患者的致病菌分布及耐药性，指导临床合理用药。方法 分析2005年6月～2006年6月确诊为尿路感染的住院患者尿细菌培养及其对抗生素的耐药性。结果 分离前4位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌（43．75％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（9．03％）、肠球菌（6．94％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（5．56％）；超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率21．43％；革兰阴性杆菌对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和亚胺培南的敏感性较好，对哌拉西林、氨苄西林、磺胺类、喹诺酮类抗生素耐药率高；革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利福平、呋喃妥因敏感，对头孢菌素类、青霉素类、红霉素等抗生素耐药率高。结论 分离菌株对常用抗生素耐药严重，临床应结合药敏试验和耐药菌株的报告结果，合理选择抗生素。     

下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析下呼吸道感染常见病原菌的临床分布和耐药性,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集本院2013年临床送检的下呼吸道标本进行常规细菌培养,对培养出的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,采用WHONET 5 L．4软件进行统计分析。结果2548份下呼吸道感染痰标本中共分离出902株病原菌,检出率为35．4％。其中革兰阴性菌645株占71．5％,革兰阳性球菌142株占15．7％,真菌115株占12．7％。革兰阴性菌主要以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主;革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主;真菌以白假丝酵母菌为主。主要革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛耐药现象较为严重,其余抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感,耐药率均为0,而对青霉素的耐药率达100％。结论本院下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要病原菌的耐药性较高,临床治疗应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

临床分离菌的耐药性测定与分析

目的：分析本地区临床分离菌耐药趋势，为合理选择抗生素提供参考。方法：用Kirbv-Bauer琼脂扩散法测定285株革兰阴性菌和133株革兰阳性菌对18种抗菌药物的敏感性，计算各菌种对不同抗生素的耐药率。结果：多数革兰阴性菌对第三代头孢菌素耐药率明显增加。74株金黄色葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为28．4％；所有金葡菌对万古霉素均敏感，耐万古霉素的肠球菌检出率为3．4％。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性率分别是34．0％和29．7％。结论：本地区常见致病茵耐药情况较严重，提示用药前的药敏试验是非常必要。     

常见病原菌耐药监测及抗菌药物应用对策

目的：对常见病原菌进行耐药性监测，为临床合理制订用药方案提供依据。方法：从临床送检标本中分离出病原菌，用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测定仪进行耐药性监测。结果：临床常见病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌(21．04％)、金黄色葡萄球菌(SA，19.24％)、大肠埃希菌(14．12％)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS，12．00％)、鲍曼不动杆菌(5．40％)、肠球菌(2．43％)及肺炎克雷伯菌(2．25％)。常见病原菌对临床常用多种抗菌药物耐药率达40％以上，SA和CNS对苯唑西林耐药率分别达79.43％、63．91％，仅万古霉素和亚胺培南分别对革兰阳性球菌和革兰阴性杆菌表现优秀。结论：某些传统用药观点必需改变，进行病原菌耐药监测，掌握常见病原菌耐药特点，对合理使用抗菌药物尤为重要。     

尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性情况。方法对住院及门诊患者尿培养分离出的355株细菌进行鉴定和耐药分析。结果尿路感染菌株以大肠埃希菌为主（70．42％）,其次为阴沟肠杆菌（5．63％）、铜绿假单胞菌（3．10％）、粪肠球菌属（5．35％）;肠杆菌科细菌除对亚胺培南、关洛培南100％敏感外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均呈上升趋势;革兰阳性球菌耐药率也相当严重,仅万古霉素、替考拉宁对革兰阳性球菌敏感率为100％;大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株检出率为33．3％。结论革兰阴性杆菌是我尿路感染的主要病原菌,以肠杆菌科细菌为主,由于病原菌耐药性呈上升趋势,临床医师应根据尿培养结果及药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物。     

重症监护病房获得性下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解重症监护病房（ICU）下呼吸道医院感染病原菌分布及耐药情况，为临床经验性使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法：收集近两年来泰安市第一人民医院综合性ICU获得性下呼吸道感染患者156例细菌培养及药敏试验结果，对其病原菌分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果：共检出致病菌227株，其中革兰阴性杆菌133株占绝对优势，其次是革兰阳性球菌50株，真菌44株，44例中有30例为二重感染，占68％。革兰阴性杆菌以鲍氏不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌居多；革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌占多数；真菌主要为白色念珠菌，占75％。药敏显示，主要病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高，且具多重耐药性。除嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌外，其他革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南最敏感，耐药率＜20％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素耐药率最低为0％。结论：ICU获得性下呼吸道感染的病原菌多为多重耐药菌，临床应依据细菌病原学及耐药性资料，会理诜柽经验性抗菌药物．有效控制威染，减少新的耐药菌株出现。     

我院常见病原菌感染状况及药敏分析

目的分析本地区引起各类感染病的致病菌种类及其耐药状况,为临床医师合理选用抗菌药提供依据。方法按常规方法将患者血、尿、粪、分泌物、渗出液等标本进行细菌培养,并用Kirby—Bauer纸片扩散法作药敏试验。结果在12499份不同标本中,共分离出1933株致病菌,其中革兰阳性球菌536株（27．73％）,革兰阴性杆菌1368株（70．77％）,其他致病菌29株（1．50％）。药敏试验显示,金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素大多耐药,D群链球菌对青霉素敏感率迭80％以上;肠杆菌科细菌除肠杆菌属和大肠埃希氏菌外,对第三代头孢菌素和氟喹诺酮类的敏感率都在70％以上;假单孢菌属和不动杆菌属对阿米卡星、头孢他啶、氧氟沙星等较为敏感,对其它抗生素敏感性均较差。结论本地区感染病的致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌占多数,革兰阳性球菌居次,这些致病菌对不同抗生素有一定程度的耐药性,临床医师在治疗感染性疾病时应参考药敏试验,以便正确选用抗菌药物。     

100例新生儿尿路感染的菌谱分布及药敏结果分析

目的：探讨本院NICU新生儿尿路感染的茵谱及药敏特点。方法：将100例新生儿尿路感染的细菌按革兰阴性杆菌及革兰阳性球菌分类,研究菌谱分布情况及各致病菌药敏结果。结果：革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主;革兰阳性球菌以屎肠球菌为主;药敏结果显示革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林普遍耐药,对美罗培南及第四代头孢菌素均较敏感;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素均敏感。结论：新生儿尿路感染菌种有变化,革兰阳性球菌有上升趋势,各茵种均出现耐药增加情况。     

探究儿童尿路感染致病菌分布及药敏分析

目的了解本地区儿童泌尿系感染常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法对268例疑为泌尿系感染的患儿中段尿进行细菌培养,分离鉴定病原菌,并进行药敏试验,结果小儿尿路感染的病原菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占86．3％。革兰阳性球菌占12．6％大肠埃希检出率最高。其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌,肠杆菌科细菌对青霉素分类,氨基糖苷类和第三代头孢菌素有不同程度的耐药,对亚胺培南敏感。铜绿假单胞对呋喃妥因的耐药率高达（91．6％）对亚胺培南、阿米卡星和头孢他啶全部敏感,葡萄球和肠球菌对克林霉素和红霉素的耐药平均高于80．0％对去甲万古霉素全部敏感。结论以大肠埃希菌为首的革兰阴性杆菌是儿童尿路感染的主要致病菌,因耐药菌株不断增加,临床医师在选择抗生素时,应参考细菌药敏结果,合理用药。     

天津市急性弛缓性麻痹患者病原学分析

目的:了解天津市无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)状态下急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)患者病原学检测情况。方法:收集AFP患者和密切接触者的粪便标本,用表达了人类脊灰病毒受体的小鼠细胞系(L20B)和来源于人横纹肌肉瘤的细胞系(RD)细胞分离脊灰病毒,用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的定型血清进行脊灰病毒(PV)和非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV)的分型,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析方法对PV进行型内鉴定。结果:2000—2005年收集AFP患者粪便标本302份,检出PV32株,检出率为10.60%,均为疫苗相关株;检出NPEV11株,检出率为3.64%;检出肠道病毒(EV)总数为43株,总检出率为14.24%。共检测粪便标本总数为954份(其中包括本市及外省AFP病例、密切接触者的粪便标本)从中检出PV63株,检出率为6.60%,检测出的PV均为疫苗相关株;检出NPEV77株,检出率为8.07%;检出EV总数为140株,总检出率为14.68%。结论:AFP患者中未发现脊灰野病毒及其他脊灰病毒衍生株。     

Comparative studies of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1984). III. Secular changes in susceptibility

Cases with infections of urinary tracts were divided into 3 groups of the simple infections, and complicated infections without indwelling of catheter, and complicated infections with indwelling of catheter. Susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens which were isolated from patients with these infections were determined. There was no tendency of decline in the susceptibilities of E. coli isolated from the patients with simple urinary tract infections (UTI). Susceptibilities of E. coli isolated from the patients with complicated UTI without and with indwelling of catheter to cephem antibiotics of the third generation were examined. The susceptibility of E. coli strains isolated from patients with complicated UTI without and with indwelling of catheter remained the same. More specifically, cefmenoxime (CMX) at a concentration of less than 0.10 microgram/ml inhibited the growth of E. coli isolated from cases without: with catheter at 74.1%: 78.3% in 1982, 75.4%: 73.3% in 1983, and 81.3%: 84.8% in 1984. Also, ceftizoxime (CZX) at a concentration of less than 0.10 microgram/ml inhibited the growth at 83.3%: 95.7% in 1982, 89.2%: 86.7% in 1983, and 91.7%: 97.0% in 1984. Latamoxef (LMOX) at less than 0.10 microgram/ml inhibited the growth at 59.3%: 43.5% in 1982, 47.7%: 40.0% in 1983, and 47.9%: 42.4% in 1984. The antibacterial effect of penicillin against Klebsiella spp. was found to be poor, while those of oral cephem antibiotics, cephalexin (CEX), cefaclor (CCL), and cefazolin (CEZ) which is the cephem antibiotics of the so-called first generation and cefotiam (CTM) among other cephem antibiotics of the so-called second generation were relatively good. A study of susceptibilities of Klebsiella spp. isolated from patients with complicated UTI without and with indwelling of catheter revealed inhibition of growth by CTM at a concentration of 0.39 microgram/ml at 84.0%: 75.9% in 1982, 70.6%: 75.0% in 1983, and 95.8%: 77.8% in 1984. Cefmetazole (CMZ) at a concentration of 0.39 microgram/ml showed a relatively lower rate of growth inhibition of Klebsiella spp., while at 0.78 microgram/ml it inhibited the growth at 88.0%: 72.4% in 1982, 52.9%: 50.0% in 1983, and 70.8%: 66.7% in 1984. The antibacterial effects of both CTM and CMZ against Klebsiella spp. isolated from patients with indwelling of catheter were found to be poor, and some of the bacterial strains showed a MIC over than 100 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

上海市杨浦区市东医院2008-2010年临床分离菌菌群分布及其耐药性

目的:调查上海市杨浦区市东医院2008-2010年常见临床分离菌的菌群分布和耐药性。方法:收集本院2008-2010年临床送检标本中非重复菌株的药敏试验资料,用WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析。结果:共分离病原菌9852株,鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和屎肠球菌的检出率明显上升(P<0.01)。56.9%的大肠杆菌和17.1%的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。鲍曼不动杆菌耐药形势日趋严重,2010年该菌对美罗培南的耐药率为39.2%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为30.7%。葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率高达78.1%～93.6%。屎肠球菌的耐药率高于粪肠球菌。2010年检出2株耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的溶血葡萄球菌,以及2株耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌。结论:本院临床分离菌耐药情况日趋严重,并于2010年出现多耐药菌株和泛耐药菌株,增加了临床抗菌治疗的难度。     

The anti-endotoxic effect of o-aminobenzoic acid from Radix Isatidis

Aim: To study the anti-endotoxic effect of o-aminobenzoic acid (OABA) isolated from Banlangen(BLG). Methods: OABA was extracted and isolated from BLG and diluted into 0.5% solution. The concentration of endotoxin (ET) pretreated with OABA was quantitatively detected using Limulus test. The inhibition of ETinduced fever by OABA was measured in rabbits. The rates of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced death in mice pretreated with or without OABA were the ncompared. The influence of OABA on the release of TNF-α and NO from macrophages induced by LPS was examined in mice. Results: After pretreatment with OABA, 84.4% of ET was destroyed. The ET-induced fever in rabbits decreased significantly and the rate of LPS-induced death in mice dropped from 70% to 20%. The release of TNF-α and NO induced by LPS in mice was inhibited dose-depen-dently when the concentration of OABA was between 0.125% and 0.5%.Conclusion: OABA isolated from BLG has an anti-endotoxic effect.     

天津市胸科医院2008-2009年临床分离病原菌对抗菌药耐药状况分析

目的:调查天津市胸科医院主要临床分离病原菌的种类分布及耐药趋势,为制定抗菌药物临床用药干预措施提供参考。方法:对本院2008-2009年分离菌株的种类及其药敏结果作回顾性分析。结果:主要菌种所占比例:肺炎克雷伯菌18.27%,铜绿假单胞菌13.98%,金黄色葡萄球菌12.92%,鲍曼不动杆菌10.97%。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)分别为61.9%和57.8%,溶血葡萄球菌100%为甲氧西林耐药株,葡萄球菌对万古霉素100%敏感,MRSE和耐甲氧西林溶血葡萄球菌(MRSH)对莫西沙星的耐药率均<10%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株分别为64.6%和30%,这两种菌对碳青霉烯类药物最敏感。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为30.6%和28.4%,对阿米卡星、哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星较敏感,对其他药物敏感率均<70%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠的耐药率均<15%。结论:肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物最为敏感,但非发酵G-杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率呈上升趋势;葡萄球菌属中均未发现耐万古霉素菌株。应加强对临床病原菌的耐药监测及预警,以指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。     

Diarrhea Among Expatriate Residents in Thailand: Correlation Between Reduced Campylobacter Prevalence and Longer Duration of Stay

Background: The etiology of diarrhea among expatriates in Thailand was investigated.
Methods: One hundred and five stool specimens were collected from Americans and Europeans who had developed diarrhea while residing in Thailand. These stools were analyzed for bacterial enteric pathogens.
Results: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated from 18 (17%) persons and Campylobacter from 10 (10%). Shigella and Salmonella were each isolated from 8 (8%) persons. Vibrio sp., enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were found in rare cases.
Conclusions: Bacterial pathogens, particularly Campylobacter, were isolated significantly less often in patients who had lived in Thailand for more than 1 year, compared with those who had lived there less than 1 year (relative risk: 0.62, 95% confidence interval: 0.40–0.97, p=.03).     

Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2000)

From October 2000 to September 2001, we collected the specimen from 410 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 16 institutions in Japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various anti-bacterial agents and antibiotics and patients' characteristics. Of 499 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 493 strains were investigated. The breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 78, Streptococcus pneumoniae 73, Haemophilus infiuenzae 99, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) 64, P. aeruginosa (mucoid) 14, Klebsiella pneumoniae 25, Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis 21, etc. Of 78 S. aureus strains, those with 4 micrograms/ml or more of MIC of oxacillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus: MRSA) occupied 53.8%. Vancomycin and arbekacin had the most potent activities against MRSA as observed in 1999. The frequency of S. pneumoniae exhibiting low sensitivity to penicillin (penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae: PISP + penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae: PRSP) was 38.4% being consistent with that in 1999 (34.7%). PRSP accounted for 11.0% of the total, being more than that in 1999 (3.0%). Carbapenems had strong activities against S. pneumoniae. Especially, panipenem inhibited the growth of all 73 strains at 0.125 microgram/ml. Generally, all drugs had strong activities against H. influenzae with MIC80s of 8 micrograms/ml or less. The drug that had the strongest activity against H. infiuenzae was levofloxacin, which inhibited the growth of 94 of the 99 strains at 0.063 microgram/ml. Tobramycin had a strong activity against P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid) with MIC80 of 1 microgram/ml. The mucoid strain was little isolated (14 strains) but the susceptibilities to all drugs were better than the non-mucoid strain. K. pneumoniae showed good susceptibilities to all drugs except ampicillin and the MIC80S were 2 micrograms/ml or less. Particularly, cefpirome, cefozopran, and levofloxacin had strong bactericidal activities against K. pneumoniae with MIC80s of 0.125 microgram/ml, and cefotiam, second-generation cephems, also had a favorable activity being MIC80 of 0.25 microgram/ml. Also, all drugs generally had strong activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis. MIC80s of all drugs were 2 micrograms/ml or less. The drug having the strongest activity was imipenem and levofloxacin inhibiting all 21 strains at 0.063 microgram/ml. Most of the patients with respiratory infection were aged 70 years or older, accounting for approximately a half of the total (44.4%). As for the incidence by the diseases, bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis were the highest, being noted in 38.0% and 31.7% of all the patients, respectively. The bacteria frequently isolated from the patients with bacterial pneumonia were S. aureus (18.3%) and S. pneumoniae (16.1%). In contrast, H. infiuenzae (20.4%) and P. aeruginosa (both mucoid and non-mucoid: 16.7%) were frequently isolated from the patients with chronic bronchitis. Before the drug administration, the bacteria frequently isolated from all the patients were S. pneumoniae (24.3%) and H. infiuenzae (26.7%). The frequency of isolated S. pneumoniae tended to decrease with the increase in the number of administration days while that of isolated H. infiuenzae did not. The frequency of isolated P. aeruginosa tended to increase with the duration of administration. The isolated bacteria were comparable between the patients already treated with penicillins and cephems. In the patients treated with aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones, P. aeruginosa was most frequently isolated (33.3 to 40.0%).     

细菌性尿路感染213株细菌分析及其药物敏感趋势监测

目的:了解临床细菌性尿道感染患者细菌感染的流行趋势和对其药物敏感趋势进行监测,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法通过对东方医院2002年3月至2003年3月临床细菌性尿道感染患者的标本中分离出213株病原菌,进行调查分析和对其药物敏感趋势进行临测。结果:临床患者的标本中共分离出213株细菌。主要致病菌依次为大肠埃希菌104株(48.83％)、屎肠球菌20株(9.39％)、粪肠球菌17株(7.98％)、肺炎克雷伯氏菌12株(5.63％),表皮葡萄球菌11株(5.16％)。其他分离较少的细菌有铜绿假单胞菌9株、金黄色葡萄球菌5株、产酸克雷伯氏菌5株。ESBL确证试验结果:2001年3月至2002年3月共对81株大肠埃希菌22株,产酶率27％;10株肺炎克雷伯菌5株,产酶率50％。结论:临床细菌耐药严重,应根据细菌检验结果合理用药。     

我院2001～2008年临床分离革兰阴性杆菌构成及其耐药性分析

目的:为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供可靠依据。方法:对我院2001～2008年临床分离革兰阴性(G-)杆菌及耐药情况进行回顾性调查。结果:2001～2008年临床共分离的病原菌14428株,G-杆菌9391株,占65.1%,主要以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及不动杆菌多见,其中鲍曼不动杆菌分离率逐年上升。G-杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,对氨苄西林普遍耐药率高;对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率较低。结论:G-杆菌构成及耐药谱在不断发生变化,临床医师应掌握细菌变迁及细菌耐药性变化动向,提高抗菌药物合理使用水平。