血液预警系统促进血液安全

目前很多国家和地区建立了血液预警系统,监控从血液采集到血液输注的整个过程,分析收集的数据,提出预防措施,逐步降低献血和输血不良反应的发生率,有效控制输血传染病.本文通过介绍现有的血液预警系统及其作用,旨在为输血安全提供借鉴.     

血液预警系统促进血液安全

目前很多国家和地区建立了血液预警系统,监控从血液采集到血液输注的整个过程,分析收集的数据,提出预防措施,逐步降低献血和输血不良反应的发生率,有效控制输血传染病.本文通过介绍现有的血液预警系统及其作用,旨在为输血安全提供借鉴.     

血液预警系统的功能与现状

近年来,随着对血液安全的关注,各国纷纷建立了自己的血液预警系统(Haemovigilance System),其根本目的在于监控临床输血,对输血不良反应进行数据收集、贮存、分析与处理,使血液及血液制品的使用更加科学与安全.笔者就血液预警系统的定义、组织与功能、意义以及各国血液预警系统的现状作了分析,同时对国内血液预警系统的发展做了设想.     

临床用血不良事件智能路径化实时控制与输血安全预警

目的通过临床用血全程闭环智能路径实时控制与用血不良事件质量持续改进,实现输血安全预警,预防临床用血不良事件发生。方法在临床用血全程闭环智能路径中针对用血安全要素采取智能信息化检索、比对与路径化实时控制,并与医疗安全不良事件报告管理平台互联互通,依据PDCA原理质量持续改进,以有效实施输血安全预警。结果 1)通过对输血前检测、评估、输血方式与治疗方案、输血治疗知情同意书签署、输血申请审核审批、输血疗效评价等路径化实时控制与多学科诊疗,有效预防了可避免的输血、输血延误或不足及血液制剂选择不正确;2)通过对血液标本路径生成、核查核对、有效时限、检测状态等运行和操作轨迹的智能路径化实时控制与操作信息提示,有效避免了血液标本错误与输血实验检测不规范;3)通过对血液库存预警和血液制剂核查核对、有效时限、检测结果比对等运行和操作轨迹的智能路径化实时控制、操作与授权信息提示,预防了应急用血不及时或库存不足,有效避免了血液制剂错误或超时限输注;4)通过血液制剂与受血患者运行轨迹融合,实现了输血过程监测、输血不良反应调查报告、输血疗效评价与输血护理和病程记录的智能路径化实时控制与信息共享;5)临床用血不良事件路径与质量持续改进分析信息共享,自上线应用以来,医院临床用血不良事件发生率显著下降(χ2=10.211,P0.05),输血安全预警质量持续改进成效显著。结论临床用血全程闭环智能路径的实时控制与质量持续改进能有效预防临床用血不良事件的发生,为输血安全预警与决策提供循证依据,亦为覆盖整个输血链的血液预警系统建立奠定了坚实基础。     

法国血液预警系统的发展与要点

<正>随着我国输血事业的不断发展,血液预警系统促进血液安全的作用逐渐被人们重视。法国是世界上较早建立血液预警系统的国家,我们从法国血液预警系统的发展谈起,浅谈其血液预警系统的几个要点。1法律强制上报,从中央到地方多层网络严密监管,以最大限度保证输血相关不良事件的即刻报告以及不遗漏任何输血不良事件     

采供血机构血液检验的质量管理

血液检验的质量直接关系着输血安全.只有对血液检验工作实施全面、规范、有效的质量管理,才能获得准确可靠的检验结果,从而保证输血安全.血液检验的质量可从以下几个方面加以管理和控制.     

血液检验的质量管理

血液检验的质量直接关系着输血安全.只有对血液检验工作实施全面、规范、有效的质量管理,才能获得准确的结果,从而保证血液的安全.血液检验的质量可以从以下几个方面加以管理和控制.     

浅谈血站实验室管理

安全输血是现今摆在我们输血工作者面前的重要课题.实验室管理是保障血液质量重要环节之一,血液质量是临床输血安全有效的物质基础.该项工作既是一个老话题,同时又是一个新课题.随着医学的飞速发展,实验室管理内容,要求和标准同样必须与时俱进.在此仅就血站实验室管理浅谈自己的体会.     

加强储血质量管理，确保输血安全

目的 输血科(血库)是大型综合性医院的重要组成部分,它担负着为临床各科提供医疗用血和指导输血的重要任务.血液是直接用于人体的特殊物质,血液质量的好坏直接关系到病人的生命安危,而且是整个医疗过程中不可或缺的重要环节.因此,保障病人用血的及时、合理、安全、有效是输血科(血库)质量管理的头等大事.输血科(血库)的血液质量管理是一门独立的学科,它不同于临床医疗管理,有其特殊的管理体系,严格执行储血规章制度,不能因一时的疏忽而造成医疗事故,给患者带来不必要的痛苦和生命危险.为确保输血安全和治疗的有效性,输血科(血库)必须严格把好质量关,每一位相关的工作人员要系统地掌握血液的基础知识和理论专业知识,确保临床输血安全.     

核酸扩增技术在输血安全中的应用

世界卫生组织(WHO)为输血安全提出了三大战略,即挑选安全的献血者、临床合理用血、严格筛查血液.其中,挑选安全献血者--无偿献血,这是保证输血安全的前提和基础;临床合理用血就是只给确实有输血指征的患者输血,避免一切不必要的输血;而严格筛查血液是排除病毒阳性血液、避免携带病毒的血液应用于临床而使受血者感染、提高输血安全的有效手段.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.