广东汉族人群HLA-B基因多态性研究

目的调查广东汉族人群HLA-B位点基因多态性，比较不同人群HLA—B等位基因频率分布特征。方法应用测序技术测定562名广东汉族人HLA-B位点第2、3、4外显子序列，比对数据库得到分型结果，计算HLA-B等位基因频率并与不同人群进行比较。结果共检测到59种HLA-B等位基因，其中6种等位基因频率≥5％，分别是HLA-B＊4601（14．5％），HLA-B＊400101（14．4％），HLA—B＊1502（11．5％），HLA—B＊1301（8．6％），HLA-B＊5801（8．1％）和HLA-B＊380201（6．4％）。这6种等位基因的等位基因频率合计为63．5％。同时，检测到30种等位基因频率〈0．5％的HLA-B等位基因，这30种等位基因的等位基因频率合计为4．9％。广东汉族人群HLA-B等位基因频率总体分布与中国香港华人、新加坡华人比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但与日本人比较差异有统计学意义。结论分析了HLA-B基因在广东汉族人群中的分布特征，提供了较完整的HLA-B等位基因频率分布资料，为遗传学及疾病相关性等研究提供了重要的参考数据。     

辽宁汉族人群HLA-DRB1基因多态性分布

目的调查HLA-DRB1基因位点遗传多态性在辽宁汉族人群中的分布。方法应用聚合酶链反应．序列特异性引物方法和反向聚合酶链反应．序列特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交的方法对13265名辽宁汉族人进行中低分辨率HLA-DRB1基因分型。结果共检出HLA-DRB1位点的13种等位基因，其中以HLA-DRB1＊15频率最高（17．49％），其次为HLA-DRB1＊09、＊12和HLA-DRB1＊07，基因频率分别为13．40％、11．87％和11．8l％。HLA-DRB1＊03（18）和HLA-DRB1＊14（8）等位基因未检出。对观察值和期望值进行X^2检验，符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（X^2=73．34，af=78，P〉0．5）。该人群与南北方汉族人群、日本人、白人和黑人分别进行X^2值检验差异有统计学意义，X^2值分别为112．053、8．514、692．141、70．558和121．755。结论辽宁汉族人群HLA-DRB1基因分布有自身特点。     

潮汕人群HLA遗传多态性及与其他汉族人群亲缘关系比较

目的检测中国潮汕汉族人群HLA-A、HLA-B位点基因多态性，验证潮汕人群起源于中原汉族并与闽南人有共同祖先的假设。方法应用序列特异引物-聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer，PCR-SSP）对505名潮汕汉族人进行HLA-A、-B基因分型，计算等位基因和单倍型频率，并与其他9个汉族人群相应位点的分布进行比较，进而计算遗传距离并绘制10个汉族群体相邻连接遗传树。结果共检出12个HLA-A等位基因和30个HLA-B等位基因，其中频率较高的为A＊11（0．3564），A＊02（0．3178），B＊60（0．2168），B＊46（0．1446），B＊58（0．1069）。这些高频率的等位基因在其它9个汉族人群中频率也较高。结论潮汕汉族与闽南汉族亲缘关系最近，与北方汉族亲缘关系则较远。     

强直性脊柱炎患者MICA基因第2、3和4外显子的多态性及其与HLA-B抗原的连锁不平衡

目的探讨皖籍汉族人群MICA基因（major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰchain-related gene A，MICA）第2、3、4外显子的多态性，及其与HLA-B抗原的连锁不平衡在强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis，AS）发病中的作用。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针杂交（polymerase chain reactionsequence-specific oligonucleotide probing，PCR-SS0）技术对56例AS患者和112名正常对照人群进行MICA基因第2、3、4外显子的多态性和HLA-B抗原的检测。结果AS患者和正常对照人群的MICA等位基因分布均以MICA＊008占优势，频率分别为32．14％和30．36％。两组人群MICA＊007等位基因的分布差异有统计学意义（X^2=10．18，P〈0．05，RR=2．50）。单倍型分析显示，AS患者和正常对照人群的MICA等位基因均显示出与多个HLA-B位点的连锁不平衡现象，两组间差异有统计学意义的单倍型为MICA＊007-B27（X^2=18．46，P〈0．05，RR=7．47）。分层分析结果显示，HLA-B27阳性与AS的相关性有统计学意义（P〈0．05），但MICA＊007基因与AS的相关性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论AS患者中MICA＊007等位基因频率的显著升高可能源于MICA基因与HLA-B位点间的广泛连锁不平衡。     

兰州地区汉族人群HLA-A、B和DRB1等位基因多态性分析

目的分析兰州地区汉族人群HLA-A、B和DRB1位点等位基因多态性特点。方法采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应技术对兰州地区200名健康无血缘关系的汉族个体HLA-A、B和DRB1基因座进行分型，并与西北、北方和南方汉族、西北回族、维吾尔族和藏族人群进行比较。结果兰州汉族人群中HLA-A基因座共检出14个等位基因，以A＊02，A＊11，A＊24，A＊33，A＊30，A＊01和A＊31基因最常见；HLA—B基因座共检出32个等位基因，以B＊40，B＊15，B＊46，B＊13，B＊51，B＊60，B＊58和B＊44基因最为常见；HLA-DRB1基因座共检出13个等位基因，最多见的基因依次为DRB1＊09．DRB＊15，DRB1＊12，DRB1＊04，DRB1＊11，DRB1＊07，DRB1＊08和DRB1＊14，接近北方汉族而与南方汉族有差异，与西北回族无明显差异，但与西北维吾尔族和藏族差异有统计学意义。结论兰州地区汉族人群HLA-A、B和DRB1位点等位基因多态性与南、北汉族人群存在不同程度的差异，与西北维吾尔族和藏族差异显著。     

西宁地区汉族人群HLA-A、B和DRB1等位基因多态性分析

目的：分析西宁地区汉族人群mA-A、B和DRB1位点等位基因多态性特点。方法：采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应技术对西宁地区73名健康无血缘关系的汉族个体mA-A、B和DRBl基因座进行分型，并与国内其他地区汉族人群进行比较。结果：西宁汉族人群中mA-A基因座共检出11个等位基因，以A02、A11、A30、A33基因最常见；mA-B基因座共检出20个等位基因，以B13、B15、B37、1740、1346、B58基因最为常见；mA-DRB基因座共检出17个等位基因，最多见的基因为DRB1＊03、DRB1＊04、DRB1＊09、DRB1＊12、DRB1＊13、DRB3、DRB4。结论：青海汉族HLA有不同于其他地区汉族的独特性。     

山西汉族人群HLA-A、-B、-DRB1基因多态性研究

目的 调查山西汉族人群HLA-A、-B、DRB1基因多态性，获得完整准确的遗传学数据。方法 应用聚合酶链反应，序列特异性引物方法对7440名健康、无血缘关系的山西汉族个体进行HLA—A、-B、-DRB1基因型检测，并与不同人群等位基因进行比较。结果 检出A等位基因18个，B等位基因40个，DRB1等位基因13个，其中A＊02、A＊24、A＊11、A＊01、A＊03、B＊13、B＊51、B＊15、B＊40、B＊35、DRB1＊15、DR＊09、DR＊1：2、DR＊04、DR＊07等位基因频率分布较高。结论 山西汉族人群HLA—A，-B，-DRB1基因具有中国北方汉族人群共有的遗传特征，但也有其自身的分布特点。     

湖南地区汉族人多巴胺D4受体基因48 bp可变数目串联重复多态性分布

目的 了解湖南地区汉族人群多巴胺D4受体（dopamine D4 receptor，DRD4）基因48 bp可变数目串联重复（variable number tandem repeat,VNTR）多态性基因型及等位基因的频率分布。方法 随机抽取湖南地区304名汉族健康正常人，采用聚合酶链反应、变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结合银染技术检测基因型和等位基因的频率。结果 （1）湖南汉族人群DRD4基因48 bp VNTR多态性共检测出7种等位基因、12种基因型。最常见的等位基因是5等位基因（DRD4＊5），频率为70．6％。（2）湖南汉族人群DRD4基因48 bp VNTR多态性各等位基因频率与中国上海、北京、四川地区人群存在明显的差异。（3）湖南汉族人群DRD4基因48 bp VNTR多态性各等位基因频率与日本、美国、墨西哥、意大利人群也存在明显差异。结论 DRD4基因48 bp VNTR多态性分布存在不同程度的地区差异和种族差异。     

中国人群HLA-B等位基因与HIV-1感染者疾病进程相关性研究

目的：通过对中国人群HIV-1感染典型进展者（Typical progressors，TP）和长期不进展者（Long-term nonpmgressors，LTNP）HLA-B等位基因的分布频率的研究，探讨中国人群HLA-B等位基因与HIV-1感染者疾病进程的关系。方法：采用整群随机抽样方法从河南、吉林、辽宁、新疆、云南五省收集356例未经抗病毒治疗的HIV-1感染者血样，其中289例典型进展者和67例长期不进展者。应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术（PCR-SSP）对其HLA-B等位基因特异性进行检测，并分析了他们的等位基因纯合子情况及Bw4／Bw6血清型，比较二组差异。结果：发现4个HLA-B等位基因位点在中国HIV-1感染人群中的表达频率较高，分别是HLA-B^＊13（TP：11．8％；LTNP：15．7％）、HLA-B^＊15（TP：17．3％；LTNP：8．2％）、HLA-B^＊40（TP：12．5％；LTNP：17．9％）、HIA-B^＊51（TP：9％；LTNP：10．4％）。其中长期不进展组HLA-B^＊67的等位基因频率为4．5％，典型进展组HLA-B^＊67的等位基因频率为1．2％，前者明显高于后者，具有显著性差异（P=0．022，OR=0．26，95％CI=0．08-0．89）。典型进展组的B^＊15的等位基因频率（17．3％）显著高于长期不进展组（8．2％）（P=0．009，OR=2．34，95％CI=1．18～4．76）。结论：HLA-B^＊67等位基因可能与延缓中国HIV-1感染者疾病进程相关，HLA-B^＊15等位基因可能与加速中国HIV-1感染者疾病进程相关。     

我国部分省份（地区）汉族人群HLA-I类基因多态性地区差异分析

目的探讨我国部分省份（地区）汉族人群HLA-I类经典基因座位HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw位点的群体遗传学特点及其基因频率分布的地区差异。方法选取1014例无关汉族拟行造血干细胞移植治疗患者及其健康家系供者的血液样本,提取基因组DNA后,采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链式反应（PCR-SSP）分型技术进行HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-Cw位点基因分型,分析不同地区汉族人群及不同种族间的基因频率分布特征。基于文献报道的我国不同地区汉族人群及不同种族的HLA-I类基因频率资料,计算种群间遗传距离（D）,比较不同地区汉族人群及不同种族间遗传距离差异。结果Hard-Weinberg吻合度检验表明,本研究抽样群体适于进行遗传学统计分析。HLA-A位点共检测出14种基因型,最常见的是A^＊02（0.330）、A^＊11（0.240）、A^＊24（0.155）、A^＊33（0.075）;HLA-B位点共检测出27种基因型,最常见的是B^＊13（0.134）、B^＊15（0.143）、B^＊40（0.133）、B^＊46（0.102）;HLA-Cw位点共检测出13种基因型,最常见的是Cw^＊01（0.157）、Cw^＊03（0.247）、Cw^＊07（0.181）、Cw^＊08（0.106）。群体汉族与其他人种间HLA-A、HLA-B基因频率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;除兰州汉族人群仅同南方汉族、湖南、山东、江苏、台湾汉族人群间HLA-A、HLA-B基因频率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）外,其余各地区汉族人群间HLA-A、HLA-B基因频率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。各地区汉族人群间平均遗传距离D=0.164,辽宁和北方汉族人群间遗传距离（D=0.064）最小,江苏与湖南汉族人群间遗传距离（D=0.299）最大;不同地区汉族人群间遗传距离普遍小于种族间遗传距离。结论我国不同地区汉族人群HLA-I类基因频率分布存在显著差异,但其差异要明显小于世界不同人种间的分布差异。我国汉族人群所特有的HLA-I类基因频率分布格局资料对区域性疾?     

江浙沪汉族人群HLA-DRB1基因座遗传特征及不同人群频率分布比较

目的 调查江浙沪汉族人群HLA—DRBl基因座的遗传多态性，分析不同人群HLA-DRBl基因频率分布特征。方法 利用聚合酶链反应—序列特异寡核苷酸探针反向杂交和聚合酶链反应—序列特异引物技术对江浙沪地区626名健康无关汉族人进行HLA—DRBl基因分型，可检出DRBl*0101-1001，DRB3，DRB4，DRB5等等位基因，计算HLA—DRBl等位基因频率并与不同人群HLA—DRBl基因的多态性进行比较。结果 在江浙沪汉族人群中检出HLA—DRBl*0101、0301、0701、09012、1001、1201、1202、1301／02、1303／04、1401／04／05、1402／03／1305、1501／02、16021以及04xx、08xx等等位基因，其中DRBl*09012(17．97％)、04xx(12．53％)、1202(11．42％)及1501／02(11．02％)基因频率分布较高。江浙沪汉族人群无偏倚期望杂合性为0．9634，多态性信息含量为0．9024。结论 江浙沪汉族人群HLA-DRBl基因具有中国汉族人群共有的遗传特征，但也有其自身的分布特点，频率分布介于南、北汉族之间。在所比较的不同人群中中国汉族人群HLA—DRBl多态性较为丰富。     

Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update May 2009

Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A ( MICA ) is located 46 kb centromeric to HLA-B locus and encodes a stress-inducible protein. MICA allelic variation is thought to be associated with disease susceptibility and immune response to transplants. In this study, polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) method for MICA alleles has been established. Genomic DNAs from 100 healthy Chinese Han individuals were typed for MICA alleles by this method. The microsatellite polymorphism in the exon 5 of MICA gene, MICA * Del allele, and human leukocyte antigen-B alleles was also detected by the polymerase chain reaction–GeneScan, polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer, and PCR-SBT methods, respectively. Fourteen MICA alleles were found in the population, with MICA * 00801/04 having the highest frequency of 27.0%. MICA * A4 , * A5 , * A5.1 , * A6 , and * A9 microsatellites were identified. Two samples with HLA-B * 4801 were MICA * Del positive, with the frequency of 1.0%. The data showed that the new PCR-SBT method for MICA alleles was reliable and Chinese Han population was distinct in distribution of MICA alleles.     

HLA新等位基因B*5618的序列分析

目的识别确认中国汉族人群中的HLA新等位基因。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes,PCR-SSOP)方法、聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-sequence specific primer,PCR-SSP)方法以及基因测序分型(sequence-based typing,SBT)技术,发现1个与HLA-B*5610等位基因相近的未知等位基因。以基因特异性引物单独扩增B*56基因并对第2、3、4外显子进行双向测序,序列经BLAST验证并分析该基因与B*5610基因的核苷酸序列差异。结果该基因为新的等位基因,其序列已被GenBank接受(编号为EF016753)。新等位基因与最接近的B*5610相比,在第3外显子上有4个核苷酸的不同,即第379位C→G(密码子127CTG→GTG,氨基酸127Leu→Val);第412位A→G(密码子138AAC→GAC,氨基酸138Asn→Asp);第419位T→C、第420位A→C(密码子140TTA→TCC,氨基酸140Leu→Ser)。结论该等位基因为新的HLA-B等位基因,2006年9月已被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-B*5618。     

湖南汉族人群MICA基因多态性分析

为了解湖南地区汉族人群MICA基因第2、3和4外显子多态性分布特点,采用PCR-SSP方法对162名无亲缘关系湖南汉族人群MICA等位基因进行分析。结果显示:在湖南汉族人群中共检测出12个等位基因和28种基因型,各等位基因分布频率有差异,其中以MICA*00801基因频率最高(37.9%),其次为MICA*00201/020(20.1%)和MICA*010(17.3%),频率最低的是MICA*019和MICA*031。将MICA基因在湖南汉族人群中的分布与该基因在其他人群中的分布进行比较,显示MICA基因的分布在不同人群之间存在差异,可作为中国人群的遗传标志。     

Diversity of HLA-B61 alleles and haplotypes in East Asians and Spanish Gypsies

Abstract: The distribution of HLA-B61 alleles and their association with HLA-C and DRB1 alleles were investigated in six East Asian populations (South Korean, Chinese Korean, Man (Manchu), Northern Han, Mongolian and Buryat) and Spanish Gypsies and compared to our previous report on the Japanese population. The alleles were identified using a group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genomic DNA followed by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP)- Both HLA-B*4002 and B*4006 were commonly detected in the South Korean, Chinese Korean, Man, Northern Han and Japanese populations, while HLA-B*4002 was predominant in the Mongolian and Buryat populations. Strong associations of B*4002 with Cw*0304 and of B*4006 with Cw*0801 were commonly observed in these East Asian populations. In contrast, in Spanish Gypsies, only HLA-B*4006 was found and the allele exhibited a strong association with Cw*1502. HLA-B*4003 was also identified in the South Korean, Chinese Korean, Northern Han, Mongolian and Japanese populations at relatively low frequencies, and exhibited an association with Cw*0304. Moreover, the association of these B61 alleles with the DRB1 alleles revealed considerable diversity among the different populations. HLA-B*4004 and B*4009 were not observed in these populations. Consequently, the frequencies of the B61 alleles varied among the different East Asian populations, but the individual B61 alleles were carried by specific haplotypes often regardless of the ethnic differences.     

HLA-B27 in the Greek Cypriot population: distribution of subtypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and other HLA-B27-related diseases. The possible protective role of B*2707

The major purpose of the present study was to investigate the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 alleles in healthy controls and in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and other HLA-B27–related diseases in the Greek Cypriot population. We selected 102 HLA-B27–positive individuals (60 controls and 42 patients). Typing of the HLA-B27 alleles was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers. Only two alleles were detected in the patient group: B*2702 (n = 31, 73.8%) and B*2705 (n = 11, 26.2%). The HLA-B*2707 allele was detected (n = 10, 16.7%) only in the healthy controls in addition to the B*2702 (n = 31, 51.7%) and B*2705 (n = 19, 31.7%) alleles. Our results show a restricted number of HLA-B27 subtypes associated with AS and other B27-related diseases and an elevated frequency of the B*2702 allele in the AS patients. The allele B*2707 seems to have a protective role in the population studied because it was found only in the healthy controls.     

Allele frequency of HLA-B39 in the Japanese population and identification of a novel B39 allele, B*3923

A new HLA-B39 allele, B*3923, was found in the Japanese population. Compared with B*39022, the new allele had a single point mutation at position 503 in exon 3 with an amino acid substitution, Gln144Arg. To determine B39 allele frequency in Japanese, 275 B39-positive samples from 3277 Japanese individuals were examined by polymerase chain reaction using microtitre plate hydribization (PCR-MPH) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The frequency of B*3923 was estimated to be 0.4% in B39 alleles of the Japanese population. B*3923 was found in samples from four Japanese individuals, all of whom have DRB1*1406.     

HLA-B*07 allele frequencies and haplotypic associations in Koreans

We have investigated the frequencies of HLA-B*07 alleles and their haplotypic associations with HLA-A, -C and -DRB1 loci in 489 healthy unrelated Koreans, including 214 parents from 107 families. All of the 45 samples (9.2%) typed as B7 by serology were analyzed for B*07 alleles using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method. Two different B*07 alleles were detected: B*0702 (allele frequency 0.041) and B*0705 (0.005). Two characteristic haplotypes showing strong linkage disequilibrium in Koreans were A*2402-Cw*07-B*0702-DRB1*0101 (haplotype frequency 0.028) and A*2901-B*0705-DRB1*0803 (0.005). The characteristic haplotype A*2901-B*0705-DRB1*0803, found in 100% (5/5) of B*0705-positive individuals, has not been previously described in other ethnic groups. HLA-B7 alleles comprise distinctive extended haplotypes in the Korean population. The probability of HLA-B7 allele mismatches among ABDR-matched unrelated donor-recipient pairs is expected to be low in Koreans.     

Polymorphism of HLA class I genes in Meizhou Han population of Guangdong, China

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is an invaluable marker for anthropological studies because of its extreme polymorphism. Most of the studies carried out in Chinese populations are about HLA class II genes, but few about class I genes. In the present study, we investigated HLA class I polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction-sequencing-based typing (PCR-SBT) method in 104 unrelated Han individuals in Meizhou of Guangdong, southern China. Twenty-three HLA-A, 43 HLA-B and 27 HLA-C alleles were identified and allele frequencies and two-locus (C/B) and three-locus (A/C/B) haplotypes were statistically analysed. The most frequent HLA-A allele is A*110101 with a frequency of 30.3%, followed by A*24020101 (22.2%) and A*2420 (11.6%). Among the 43 detected HLA-B alleles, B*5801 (17.0%), B*400101 (15.5%) and B*4601 (10.0%) were frequently observed. Among the 27 detected C alleles, the most predominant one is Cw*07020101 (25.8%), followed by Cw*0717 (14.7%). The most frequent HLA-C/B two-locus haplotype is Cw*07020101/B*400101 (10.1%). The most common HLA-A/C/B three-locus haplotype in Meizhou Han is A*110101/Cw*07020101/B*400101 (3.4%). Phylogenetic tree based on HLA class I allele frequencies genetically suggested that Meizhou Han has an affinity to southern Asian populations. The result may also reflect an admixture of Han and ethnic minorities of southern China.