正常成人上呼吸道咽壁顺应性定量评估

目的：探讨利用纤维内镜辅以计算机图像测量技术定量评估成人上呼吸道咽壁顺应性的可能性。方法：正常男性成年30人，以纤维内镜观察平静呼吸和上呼吸道不同负压水平时上呼吸道各平面形态变化并照相。图像分析软件测量其横截面积、前后径、左右径，计算总的咽壁顺应性、咽侧壁顺应性和咽前后壁顺应性。结果：软腭后区咽壁顺应性明显大于舌后区咽壁顺应性。随呼吸道内负压水平的增加，测算获得的咽壁顺应性值也明显增加。咽侧壁顺应性明显大于咽前后壁顺应性。结论：该技术可以实现上呼吸道各平面咽壁顺应性的定量评估，正常人的上呼吸道咽壁顺应性在不同的呼吸道内负压状态下存在明显差别，临床评估OSAS病人咽壁顺应性时应规范化。     

上呼吸道咽壁顺应性的CT定量评估

目的:了解阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者和正常人的上呼吸道不同平面的咽壁 顺应性的差别。方法:经PSG确诊的OSAHS患者25例(OSAHS组)和正常成年人20例(对照组),平静呼吸时 采用螺旋CT对上呼吸道进行连续扫描,测量软腭后区、悬雍垂后区、舌后区和会厌后区的气道横截面积和气道 内径;然后保持体位不变,做Muller动作的同时,再次对上呼吸道相同区域进行连续扫描,测量相应平面的上呼 吸道横截面积和气道内径,计算上呼吸道各平面的总咽壁顺应性、咽侧壁顺应性和咽前后壁顺应性。结果: OSAHS组和对照组的总咽壁顺应性和咽侧壁顺应性在软腭后区、悬雍垂后区和舌后区差异均有统计学意义(均 P<0.01),在会厌后区则差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组间上呼吸道各平面的咽前后壁顺应性在软腭后区、 悬雍垂后区差异有统计学意义(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05),舌后区、会厌后区则差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05);两组中,上呼吸道4个测量平面的咽侧壁顺应性均明显大于前后壁的顺应性(均P<0.01)。结论:利用CT 扫描测量可以实现上呼吸道各平面咽壁顺应性的定量评估,为临床提供客观定量的指标;OSAHS患者和正常人 的上呼吸道咽壁顺应性差别明显,咽壁顺应性增大是OSAHS发病的重要因素之一。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者与健康成人口咽腔解剖径线对比研究

目的：研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者与健康成人口咽腔解剖径线对比，同时制定健康成人口咽腔各解剖径线正常参考值范围。方法：分别测量200例健康成人（对照组）及93例OSAHS患者（OSAHS组）口咽腔6项解剖径线，对测量结果进行统计学分析。结果：确立对照组口咽腔各解剖径线正常参考值范围，将OSAHS患者各解剖径线与正常参考值进行统计学分析，均P〈O．01，差异有统计学意义。结论：几乎所有OSAHS患者均存在口咽腔解剖狭窄。口咽腔正常参考值能帮助判断OSAHS患者口咽腔存在阻塞，为UPPP手术提供参考数据。     

体位对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者上呼吸道形态的影响

目的 :了解体位改变对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS)患者上呼吸道形态的影响。方法 :经PSG确诊的OSAHS患者 31例 ,均为男性。以纤维内镜观察平静呼吸状态下 30°屈颈平卧位、平卧位和侧卧位时上呼吸道各平面形态的变化并照相 ,利用图像分析软件测量不同体位时上呼吸道各平面的横截面积、前后径、左右径 ,比较其差别。结果 :在OSAHS患者中 ,软腭后区上呼吸道横截面积、前后径 ,舌后区横截面积、左右径和前后径的测量值在 3种体位间的差异有统计学意义 ,软腭后区左右径在 3种体位间的差异无统计学意义。结论 :特定体位对患者上呼吸道形态的影响是OSAHS症状加重的基础。     

螺旋CT在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者咽壁顺应性中的应用

目的：了解阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者口咽部不同平面咽壁顺应性。方法：对确诊OSAHS患者24例和健康对照组10例,应用螺旋CT（MSCT）在平静呼吸和Muller法检查的2种状态下对上呼吸道进行连续扫描,测量软腭游离缘平面、舌后区平面和会厌游离缘平面的咽腔横截面积和咽后壁软组织厚度,根据2种状态下咽腔截面积计算咽壁顺应性。结果：OSAHS组咽壁顺应性较对照组大,OSAHS组在软腭平面和舌后区平面咽壁顺应性与对照组比较差异有统计学意义;OSAHS组咽后壁软组织厚度在软腭游离缘平面、舌后区平面和会厌游离缘平面分别为（7．5±2．2）mm、（4．8±1.3）mm、（2．3±0．2）mm,与对照组比较,软腭游离缘平面明显增厚（P〈0．01）;咽后壁软组织厚度与咽壁顺应性Pearson相关性分析,2组在咽壁从上至下3个平面上的相关系数依次减小,但只有OSAHS组在软腭游离缘平面的相关系数有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：利用MSCT扫描测量可以实现口咽部各平面咽壁顺应性的定量评估,为临床提供客观定量的指标;OSAHS患者口咽部咽壁顺应性在软腭平面最大,咽后壁软组织厚度与咽壁顺应性有一定的相关性,并且在软腭平面表现最为密切。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征咽壁顺应性

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的发生发展受多种因素的影响,其中上呼吸道解剖性狭窄和咽壁顺应性增强是其主要原因。本文就近年来有关咽壁顺应性的研究进展进行综述。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征咽壁顺应性

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）的发生发展受多种因素的影响,其中上呼吸道解剖性狭窄和咽壁顺应性增强是其主要原因。本文就近年来有关咽壁顺应性的研究进展进行综述。     

全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术后口咽腔解剖径线变化观察

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)行全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术后远期的口咽腔解剖径线的变化。方法:对31例行全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术后的OSAHS患者进行随访,并且根据其手术前后口咽腔测量结果进行比较分析,包括:悬雍垂长、悬雍垂基底宽、腭舌弓间距和腭咽弓间距、软腭长度、悬雍垂至咽后壁的间距,此外还有颈围和体质指数。结果:OSAHS患者术后与术前相比较,悬雍垂的长与悬雍垂的基底宽、两侧腭弓(腭咽弓或腭舌弓)间距、软腭的长度、悬雍垂至咽后壁的距离均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),而颈围及体质指数均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:全长保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术是解决上气道狭窄,尤其是口咽部狭窄的有效手术方法,可以扩大患者口咽部左右径达到健康人水平。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术中咽侧壁的成形

目的:探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)中咽侧壁的成形方法。方法:治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)23例,采用以下方法处理咽侧壁:①保留腭舌弓。②松解腭咽弓与软腭交界处,将软腭游离缘的两端向前移位。③腭咽弓缘固定于扁桃体窝外侧壁,使腭咽弓黏膜面构成口咽腔光滑的外侧壁。观察手术的近、远期效果。结果:患者术后局部反应较轻,腭咽形态保持较好,随访1～5年,疗效满意。结论:咽侧壁的处理与成形是UPPP中的一个重要环节,重视对其处理可提高UPPP的疗效。     

儿童OSAHS患者中耳功能分析

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者的中耳功能。方法对413例OSAHS患儿(OSAHS组)(3～岁144例、6～岁206例、9～16岁63例)术前进行声导抗检查,异常者行听力测试,术后3个月复查声导抗及听力,并与正常对照组279例(3～岁94例,5～岁104例,9～16岁81例)进行比较。结果 OSAHS组中288例328耳有不同程度的中耳功能损害,阳性率为69.73%(288/413),69例72耳(16.71%,69/413)有不同程度听力下降,中耳功能异常和听力下降的发生率均明显高于对照组的7.53%(21/279)和1.43%(4/279),其差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);两组中中耳功能异常和听力下降的发生率均随年龄增长而逐渐降低。结论儿童OSAHS患者有不同程度中耳功能和听力损害的可能,但随着年龄增长,其发生率逐渐降低。     

The efficacy of multilevel surgery of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) are incapable of using continuous positive airway pressure. These patients therefore turn to surgical options as a salvage treatment. Early studies and reviews focused on the efficacy of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, a single-level procedure for the treatment of OSAHS. Since OSAHS is usually caused by multilevel obstructions, the true focus on efficacy should be on multilevel surgical intervention. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature on multilevel surgery for OSAHS patients. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis focusing on subjective and objective outcomes of patients with OSAHS treated with multilevel surgery of the upper airway. METHODS: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane database, and MEDLINE bibliographic databases up to March 31, 2007, for studies dealing with multilevel surgical modification of the upper airway for the treatment of OSAHS. Additional studies were identified from their reference lists. Articles were included only if the surgical intervention involved at least two of the frequently involved anatomic sites: nose, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. RESULTS: After applying specific inclusion criteria, 49 multilevel surgery articles (58 groups) were identified. There were 1,978 patients included in the study. The mean minimal follow-up time was 7.3 months (range, 1 to 100 months). A meta-analysis was performed to redefine the success rate to be consistent with the commonly agreed upon criteria, namely "a reduction in the apnea/ hypopnea index (AHI) of 50% or more and an AHI of less than 20." "Success" implies an improved condition and is not meant to imply cure. The recalculated success rate was 66.4%. The overall complication rate was 14.6%. The evidence-base medicine (EBM) level of these 49 studies revealed that only one study was EBM level 1, two papers were EBM level 3, and the other 46 papers were ranked as level 4 evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Multilevel surgery for OSAHS is obviously associated with improved outcomes, although this benefit is supported largely by level 4 evidence. Future research should focus on prospective and controlled studies.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者骨龄和血清骨钙素的测定分析

目的 通过对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患儿骨龄、血清骨钙素水平、身高、体质量等参数的测定分析,探讨OSAHS对儿童患者生长发育,尤其是对骨骼生长发育的影响。方法 根据就诊儿童病史、症状、体征及多导睡眠仪监测结果,选择OSAHS患儿29例为实验组,同时选择无睡眠打鼾和呼吸障碍的健康儿童13例作为对照组。两组儿童均拍摄左手正位X线片测算骨龄,抽取空腹血测定血清骨钙素水平,同时对身高、体重等指标进行测算。结果 OSAHS实验组骨龄(6.31±1.12)岁,对照组骨龄(6.45±1.57)岁,差异无统计学意义 (t=0.15,P>0.05);但两组的骨龄与实际年龄的差值之间的差异有统计学意义(t=8.07,P<0.05)。实验组血清骨钙素(7.41±0.31)μg/L,对照组(10.22±0.50)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=10.17,P<0.05)。结论 OSAHS患儿骨龄相对偏低,血清骨钙素含量低于正常儿童,表明OSAHS可以影响儿童骨骼的生长发育,从而影响身高体质量的生长发育。     

The effects of upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea on nasal continuous positive airway pressure settings

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objectives were to determine whether upper airway surgery lowers nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) settings for patients who require CPAP postoperatively for unresolved obstructive sleep apnea and to assess CPAP tolerability after upper airway surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Patients who underwent upper airway surgery with preoperative and postoperative polysomnography at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (Birmingham, AL) between 1995 and 2000 were the focus of the study. Upper airway surgery was defined as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty alone or in addition to septoplasty and turbinoplasty. Recommended CPAP settings were recorded from preoperative and postoperative polysomnography studies to determine whether CPAP settings were decreased following surgery. A response to surgery was defined as a decrease of the recommended CPAP setting by at least 1 cm of water. A telephone interview was conducted to determine whether upper airway surgery improved CPAP comfort. RESULTS: In 51.4% of the patients, CPAP settings were decreased following surgery. Continuous positive airway pressure settings were increased in 28.6% of patients and unchanged in 20%. Of the six patients who consistently used CPAP before and after surgery, four reported increased comfort postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Upper airway surgery does not predictably reduce CPAP settings in the patient who requires postoperative CPAP for unresolved obstructive sleep apnea. Upper airway surgery may improve CPAP tolerability.     

中青年OSA H S患者缺氧程度与认知功能损害的相关性研究

目的探讨青年OSAHS患者缺氧程度与认知功能的相关性。方法选取OSAHS患者63例,年龄18～44岁。根据OSAHS患者的低氧血症程度,将患者分为轻度组20例（最低SaO2≥85％）,中度组24例（最低SaO265％～84％）,重度组19例（最低SaO2〈65％）;对照组25例（正常人：AHI〈5）。均进行事件相关电位P300、多导睡眠图（polysomnogram,PSG）和简易智能精神状态检查量表（mini-mental state examination,MMSE）检测。结果①OSAHS患者轻度、中度、重度三组P300潜伏期分别为326．1&#177;12．7、346．9&#177;19．1、334．9&#177;18．3ms,与对照组311．9&#177;18．3ms比较差异均有统计学意义（皆P〈0．05）,0SAHS轻、中度组与重度组之间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）,但轻度组和中度组患者之间差异无统计学意义（P=0．095）;②重度组中因最低血氧持续时间的不同P300潜伏期不同：最低血氧持续时间4～60秒组潜伏期为338．12&#177;13．7ms,最低血氧持续时间61～140秒组潜伏期为354．74&#177;16．7HiS,差异有统计学意义（P=0．031）;③以上各组P300波幅之间比较差异无统计学意义;④所有患者MESS得分均在正常范围内,但部分得分稍低,重度组与对照组得分比较差异有统计学意义（RA-Ra=9．91,P=0．003）。结论OSAHS患者普遍存在认知功能障碍,可以最低血氧程度及其持续时间初步评估认知功能损害的程度。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术--保留扁桃体窝的方法及意义

目的进一步完善悬雍垂腭咽成形术的手术思路和方法，减少并发症，提高疗效。方法对26例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)采用保留扁桃体窝及悬雍垂全长的手术方式。结果该新术式术后口咽腔形态自然，鼾声明显减轻或消失，呼吸暂停完全消失，手术疗效显著提高，复发率明显低于不保留扁桃体窝者。结论保留扁桃体窝避免了并发症，手术效果令人满意，病人术后生活质量提高，对OSAHA的治疗有重要意义。     

OSA H S患者与单纯打鼾者鼾声声学特性初步研究

目的利用鼾声监测及分析技术对OSAHS患者和单纯打鼾者的鼾声的声学特性进行初步研究。方法阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHs）患者22人,单纯打鼾（simple snoring）者15人,分别同步进行鼾声监测和睡眠呼吸监测。取每例单纯打鼾者10次鼾声和每例OSAHS患者10次阻塞性呼吸暂停后的第一次鼾声进行时域和频域特性分析。结果单纯打鼾者鼾声片断时域曲线表现为多个振幅、间隔大致相仿的复合波,频域曲线表现出明显的基一频谐波结构;OSAHS患者鼾声的时域曲线表现为多个振幅、间隔不规则的复合波,频域曲线中无明显的基频一谐波结构。OSAHS患者鼾声的峰频率、中心频率较单纯打鼾者高,800Hz功率比率较单纯打鼾者低,OSAHS组,中重度OSAHS患者的鼾声峰频率、中心频率较轻度者高,800Hz功率比率较轻度者低,中心频率和800Hz功率比率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论0SAHS患者和单纯打鼾者鼾声具有不同的时域特性和频域特性,表明两种鼾声在声学上有质的差别,提示将鼾声监测分析技术应用于OSAHS的研究具有一定可行性,并可能为确定阻塞部位及鼾声来源提供新的临床研究思路。     

Repeatability of sites of sleep-induced upper airway obstruction. A 2-night study based on recordings of airway pressure and flow

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate repeatability of overnight continuous airway pressure and flow recordings for assessment of obstructive sites and their distribution in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). STUDY DESIGN: Open, prospective study of 30 men with sleep-induced obstructive events (apnea and hypopnea). METHODS: Repeated ambulatory sleep recordings of airway pressure and flow to assess the localization of sites of obstructive events were compared. Obstructive sites were divided into upper (transpalatal) or lower (subpalatal). The exact distribution of obstructive sites was expressed as percentage upper obstructive events. A cut-off at apnea index (AI) = 5 was used for comparison between frequent and infrequent obstructers. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent (14/17) of patients with frequent, and 58% of those with infrequent apneic events maintained their predominant site of obstructive events classified as upper (transpalatal) or lower (subpalatal) [72% (21/29) in the entire group]. We found a significant correlation between recordings for the percentage upper apneic (R = 0.54, P = 0.024, n = 17) and hypopneic (R = 0.59, P = 0.012, n = 17) events in patients with frequent, but not in those with infrequent apneic events. Patients who had the vast majority of obstructive events located at a single site were more stable than those with more evenly distributed obstructive events. CONCLUSION: Repeatability of sites of obstructive events is influenced by the severity of illness and the degree of upper or lower obstructive predominance. The distribution of sites of obstructive events (classified as mainly "upper"/"lower" or as percent upper obstructive events of all) can be identified with relative confidence in patients who have frequent apneic events (AI > or = 5) or a high degree of upper or lower obstructive predominance and especially in those who have a combination of these two criteria.