甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查的临床应用和价值

目的　总结 143 2例甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查 (FNAC)的经验 ,评价其临床应用价值。方法　对甲状腺细针穿刺标本进行细胞病理学诊断。结果　成功作出细胞学诊断者 12 41例 ,成功率 86 66%。其中 ,甲状腺功能亢进症 2 2 0例 ,桥本甲状腺炎 5 0 4例 ,桥本甲状腺毒症 2 5例 ,亚急性甲状腺炎 40例 ,甲状腺肿 12 2例 ,甲状腺肿囊性变 41例 ,滤泡细胞腺瘤 64例 ,腺瘤囊性变 65例 ,余为个别少见的疾病 ( 160例 )。可疑恶性病变 13例 ,无法诊断 178例。结论　甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查对甲状腺结节的良恶性鉴别有重要意义 ;对桥本甲状腺炎有确诊意义 ;能鉴别甲状腺功能亢进和桥本甲状腺功能亢进、亚急性甲状腺炎和桥本甲状腺炎 ;FNAC的诊断快速安全、费用低、准确率较好、近于无损伤性 ,如能正确掌握可以提高甲状腺常见疾病的确诊率     

体检发现的甲状腺结节的临床病理研究

目的 探讨体检发现的甲状腺结节甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学(FNAC)检查结果与甲状腺超声检查、组织病理结果之间的关系,分析结节的病因,评估甲状腺癌发生的危险性及FNAC的临床诊断价值.方法 分析体检发现的271例甲状腺结节患者甲状腺FNAC诊断结果,并与甲状腺超声检查、组织病理结果进行比较.结果 (1)FNAC显示,恶性及可疑恶性病变分别为1.48%和5.90%,良性病变占78.60%,以甲状腺肿(29.15%)、桥本甲状腺炎(26.57%)、甲状腺腺瘤(15.13%)多见.(2)FNAC诊断结果与甲状腺超声检查结果比较,96例单发结节FNAC诊断为恶性、可疑恶性的百分比分别为3.12%、7.29%;137例多发结节恶性、可疑恶性的百分比分别为0.73%、6.57%.108例直径≤1.5 cm结节恶性、可疑恶性的百分比分别为0.93%、7.41%;125例直径＞1.5 cm结节恶性、可疑恶性的百分比分别为2.40%、6.42%.99例实性结节恶性、可疑恶性的百分比分别为2.02%、12.12%;85例囊实性或囊性结节恶性、可疑恶性的百分比分别为2.35%、2.35%.仅实性结节可疑恶性的百分比高于囊性或囊实性结节(P=0.013).(3)24例FNAC结果与组织病理学结果比较,FNAC的诊断准确率75.00%,假阳性率25.00%,假阴性率0%.结论 体检发现的甲状腺结节的主要病因是甲状腺肿、桥本甲状腺炎和甲状腺腺瘤;FNAC检查是鉴别良、恶性甲状腺结节的一种高准确率的可靠方法;甲状腺超声检查检出的单发、实性、大结节任何单一因素不足以增加甲状腺癌的预测性.     

桥本甲状腺炎甲状腺细针穿刺两种细胞学亚型临床特点比较

回顾性分析397例经甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学(FNAC)确诊桥本甲状腺炎患者的临床特点.发现嗜酸细胞型(n=181)及淋巴细胞型(n=186)桥本甲状腺炎临床表现、抗甲状腺自身抗体(甲状腺球蛋白抗体、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体)水平无差异.嗜酸细胞型较淋巴细胞型更倾向进展为甲状腺功能减退,可能为疾病进程中晚期阶段.     

亚临床甲状腺功能异常临床细胞病理学分析

目的 探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(亚临床甲减)和亚临床甲状腺功能亢进症(亚临床甲亢)的病因及临床特点.方法 对1994年9月至2005年12月北京大学第一医院符合诊断标准的90例亚临床甲减和48例亚临床甲亢患者的细针穿刺细胞病理学检查(FNAC)结果进行分析,同时测定甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb).结果 (1)根据细胞病理学诊断,亚临床甲减最多见于桥本甲状腺炎(81.71%),其次为甲状腺肿(12.19%),甲状腺腺瘤(3.66%)较少见;亚临床甲亢多见于桥本甲状腺炎(41.86%)、甲状腺肿(34.88%)、甲状腺腺瘤(13.95%).(2)亚临床甲减TGAb和TPOAb阳性率明显高于亚临床甲亢(P<0.01);桥本甲状腺炎TGAb和TPOAb阳性率在亚临床甲减中分别为83.08%和84.62%,在亚临床甲亢中分别为77.78%和55.56%.(3)桥本甲状腺炎的病理类型、相同病因的细胞病理形态在亚临床甲减和亚临床甲亢中未见明显差异.结论 桥本甲状腺炎是亚临床甲减的最常见病因,在亚临床甲亢的病因中也占有重要地位;亚临床甲减自身抗体阳性率明显高于亚临床甲亢;从细胞病理学上不能区分亚临床甲状腺疾病的功能状态.     

甲状腺结节60例细针抽吸细胞学与病理检查的对照分析

目的 :探讨细针抽吸细胞学检查对甲状腺结节性质的诊断价值。方法 :对 6 0例甲状腺结节患者均行细针抽吸细胞学检查 ,而后行手术治疗及病理检查 ,并将两种方法进行对照分析。结果 :6 0例甲状腺结节中 ,细针抽吸结果 :良性 86 .7% ,恶性 13.3% ;手术病理结果 :良性 81.7% ,恶性 18.3%。二者相对照 ,诊断符合者 5 5例 ,诊断符合率为 91.7% ,不符合者 5例 ,其中 3例甲状腺恶性肿瘤误为良性病变。结论 :细针抽吸细胞学检查对甲状腺结节的诊断有一定的参考价值     

甲状腺细胞病理学Bethesda报告系统用于甲状腺结节诊断临床研究

目的评估甲状腺结节诊断中甲状腺细胞病理学Bethesda报告系统(TBSRTC)的临床应用及其特点。方法回顾性分析南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院2009年5月至2013年12月行超声引导甲状腺细针穿刺(UG-FNA)的连续1667例涂片资料,并采用TBSRTC的6类分类诊断术语诊断。连续记录199例临床资料及其215个穿刺结节的大小。结果 1667例标本中,无法诊断有478例(28.7%),良性病变931例(55.8%),意义不明确的细胞非典型性病变114例(6.8%),可疑滤泡性肿瘤32例(1.9%),可疑恶性肿瘤69例(4.1%),恶性肿瘤31例(2.6%)。对记录大小的215个结节穿刺结果进行分析发现,最大直径小于0.5 cm的结节无法诊断率最高(64.3%),随着体积增大,良性结节的比例也显著增加,恶性结节的最大直径多见于0.5~2.0 cm。结论 TBSRTC有助于进一步规范临床甲状腺病理报告和甲状腺结节的处理。     

老年甲状腺结节382例细针穿刺活检临床病理分析

目的 分析老年甲状腺结节细针穿刺活检（FNAB）临床病理特点。方法 回顾性分析2005年5月至2011年10月于中日友好医院行FNAB的382例老年患者的临床病理资料。细胞病理诊断按美国甲状腺细胞病理学贝塞斯达报告系统6（BSTC6）分类标准进行归类统计。临床资料包括患者年龄、性别、甲状腺功能检查以及甲状腺超声检查结果等。结果 382例行FNAB的患者中无法诊断占14.7%（56/382）,良性病变占71.7%（274/382）,意义不明确的非典型病变/滤泡性病变占3.4%（13/382）,滤泡性肿瘤占4.7%（18/382）,可疑恶性肿瘤占2.1%（8/382）,恶性肿瘤占3.4%（13/382）。382例FNAB患者中有355例检查甲状腺功能,甲状腺功能正常占70.1%（249/355）,甲状腺功能异常占29.9%（106/355）。结论 老年甲状腺结节患者以良性病变为主,术前行FNAB可避免良性结节的手术治疗。老年甲状腺结节患者甲状腺功能异常比例高,对老年甲状腺结节患者检测甲状腺功能非常重要。     

常规超声与B超引导下穿刺细胞学检查在诊断小病灶甲状腺结节中的对比

目的探讨超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查应用于小病灶甲状腺结节诊断的价值。方法小病灶甲状腺结节患者80例,对研究对象进行超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查和超声检查。以手术病理学检查或者随访结果作为金标准,判定超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查和超声检查对于小病灶甲状腺结节诊断的灵敏度和特异度。结果超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查结果显示,患者中良性56例,恶性15例,可疑恶性5例,取材不满意4例。金标准检查结果证实,良性结节62例,恶性结节18例。排除4例取材不满意的患者,超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查诊断灵敏度为98.75%,特异度为96.67%,超声检查的灵敏度为72.22%,特异度为96.36%,超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查的灵敏度和特异度均显著高于超声检查(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查对小病灶甲状腺结节具有较高的诊断灵敏度和特异度,值得推广应用。     

免疫学标记在甲状腺细针抽吸细胞学诊断中的应用

目的探讨免疫学标记在甲状腺细针抽吸细胞学诊断中应用的价值。方法用免疫细胞化学方法观察938例甲状腺细针抽吸标本涂片中各种甲状腺疾病的细胞形态及HLA-DR、S-100和CD44蛋白表达。结果诊断或提示可能性诊断为良性病变(慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎、结节性甲状腺肿、临床甲状腺功能亢进、甲状腺腺瘤、亚急性甲状腺炎)约占80%。不能诊断或不能提示可能性诊断的各种疾病(含陈旧性出血)约占16%。恶性肿瘤的诊断比例不足4%。提示可能性诊断为慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎、临床甲状腺功能亢进涂片的甲状腺滤泡上皮胞浆中HLA-DR表达阳性率分别为47.9%和15.8%。而S-100蛋白在良、恶性病变中均有程度不同的表达。CD44棕黄色免疫阳性反应物见于提示可能性诊断为恶性病变中92%的异形细胞胞膜,未见于其他细胞中。结论HLA-DR抗原表达在弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿、桥本甲状腺炎有助于与其他有淋巴细胞浸润疾病的鉴别诊断,CD44阳性表达在高分化滤泡癌,在与腺瘤的鉴别诊断中有一定的参考价值。     

超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查在糖尿病患者甲状腺结节检查中的应用价值

目的探讨糖尿病患者甲状腺结节的诊断中超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学的使用价值。方法选取2017年1—12月间该院收治的糖尿病伴甲状腺结节患者共68例,分别对其行超声及超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查,以术后病理诊断为金标准,对比观察不同检查方法的良、恶性检出率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果经术后病理证实,68例糖尿病伴甲状腺结节患者中37例为良性,31例为恶性,超声扫描检查出良性24例,恶性20例,其余24例未能明确性质,检出率为64.7%,细针穿刺细胞学检出良性33例,恶性26例,其余9例未能明确性质,检出率为86.8%,两者对比超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学明显优于普通超声扫描,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);超声检查灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均明显低于细针穿刺细胞学检查,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对糖尿病伴甲状腺结节患者行超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查灵敏度、特异度较高,可为临床治疗提供依据。     

Sensitivity and specificity of the fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: clinical point of view

INTRODUCTION: The rates of sensitivity and specificity of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy differ considerably among various reported series. These values are influenced by three factors: (a) whether only clearly positive and negative results are considered, or whether the commonly encountered 10-20% of indeterminate/suspicious ones are included; (b) whether adenomas are considered as neoplasms in one group with carcinomas; and (c) whether only histologically proven cases are used in calculations or whether patients with benign clinical follow-up are included. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of FNABs performed at this institution in the last 7 years from the clinical point of view, considering only benign vs. suspicious/malignant FNAB results (indicating surgery), and benign (including adenomas) vs. malignant definitive histology. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study comparing pre-operative FNAB results with definitive histological examination after operation. PATIENTS: A total of 2492 FNABs were performed in 2100 patients (1875 women and 225 men); their ages ranged from 9 to 85 years, with a median of 46 years. Clinical diagnosis was multinodular goitre in 1330, single nodule in 591, Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 147 and subacute thyroiditis in 32 cases. In 148 instances, the nodule was cystic. A history of previous treatment for carcinoma of the thyroid was present in 12 patients. Five hundred and thirty-six patients subsequently underwent thyroid surgery. STATISTICS: The values of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. RESULTS: The sensitivity was 86%, specificity 74%, PPV 34%, NPV 97% and diagnostic accuracy 75%. CONCLUSIONS: The specificity and positive predictive value are low when fine needle aspiration biopsy results are divided into two categories only (these being indication for surgery or not), and when only suspicious/malignant fine needle aspiration biopsies with subsequent malignant histology are considered to be true positive. Nevertheless, the ability to discriminate 11.7% of patients with a 34% probability of malignancy (suspicious/malignant cytology) from 81.2% of patients (benign cytology) with a probability of only 3% is very helpful.     

Repeated fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid in benign nodular thyroid disease: critical evaluation of long-term follow-up.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the most effective diagnostic means in the management of nodular thyroid disease. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the diagnostic reproducibility of FNA and the usefulness of repeated FNA in benign nodular thyroid disease. We evaluated 799 satisfactory aspirations performed in 306 patients (298 females) aged 14-84 years, followed for 2-12 years. FNAs were performed on an annual basis. Of all patients, 299 (97.71%) maintained benignity: 230 (75.16%) repeated the same cytologic pattern, and 69 (22.54%) showed diagnostic variations within benign pathologies. In 3 patients (0.98%) the diagnosis changed to suspicious and in 4 (1.30%) to papillary carcinoma in the whole group. Of these 4 cases, 1 was diagnosed in the second (0.57%) and 3 in the third repeat FNA (2.25%). In 6 cases in which increased nodular size was observed, no change to malignancy was detected, while 3 of the carcinomas found showed no changes in size. In conclusion: (1) The variation in cytologic diagnoses within benign pathologies can be attributed to the coexistence of nonuniform pathologies. Aspirations performed in different sites of the nodule would contribute to obtain a more representative specimen. (2) In the absence of suspicious clinical changes and with at least three FNAs confirming the cytologic diagnosis of benignity, the follow-up of nodules by FNA could be discontinued and (3) In our experience, the diagnostic change from benign to malignant after three repeat FNAs appears to indicate that it would be advisable to perform three procedures.     

Risk factors for malignancy of thyroid nodules initially identified as follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration: results of a prospective study of one hundred twenty patients.

Indeterminate or suspicious findings on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of nodular thyroid disease (i.e., findings that neither give immediate indication for surgery nor lead to clear-cut conservative management) have been the key diagnostic problem in thyroid cytology for which the inability to differentiate cytologically benign from malignant follicular growth has been one reason. The aim of this cohort study of 120 consecutive (103 females, 17 males) patients with palpable nodular thyroid disease diagnosed as follicular neoplasia (FN) by FNA (defined by the triad of high numbers of follicular cells, microfollicular arrangement, and scanty or absent colloid) was to identify patients at high risk for malignancy based on the prospective evaluation of clinical features and to characterize the histologic entities of FN. Based on a 100% surgery rate we found an 18% malignancy rate (12 papillary carcinomas, 9 follicular carcinomas). Previously suggested factors with elevated risk for malignancy such as extremes of age, male gender, and large nodule size were not associated with increased risk as were cold nodules by 99mTc-scintigraphy (relative risk: 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-3.3). However, hard lesions to palpation (relative risk 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2-5.6), solitary (relative risk: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.7-4.0), and hypoechoic FNs (relative risk: 3.4, 95% CI: 2.0-5.7) by ultrasound showed elevated risks of malignancy. In summary, suspicious palpation or ultrasound results may help to define a subgroup of patients with elevated risk of malignancy when FNA indicates the diagnosis of follicular neoplasm of the thyroid.     

Thyroid nodule shape and prediction of malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid nodules are common; the vast majority benign. Preoperative determination of malignancy remains imprecise, despite fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Numerous risk factors have been proposed for predicting malignancy, though few have been found useful. Oxygen delivery is a crucial component for tumor cell growth. It has been hypothesized that malignant tumors may configure their shape to maximize access to local nutrient delivery. Mathematically, surface area to volume is maximized by a spherical shape. We sought to determine if spherical shape is a predictor of malignancy. METHODS: Seven hundred forty-seven consecutive patients underwent ultrasound evaluation and FNA of 993 solid thyroid nodules (< 25% cystic) between 1995 and 2000 and were retrospectively analyzed. Nodules were classified as benign or malignant based on FNA and/or surgical pathology. Spherical shape was estimated by calculating a ratio of the longest to shortest dimensions, and rate of malignancy correlated. RESULTS: Spherical shape was independently correlated with risk of malignancy (p < 0.001). Thyroid cancer was detected in 11% of all nodules, but ranged from 18% in spherical nodules to 5% in those least spherical. Nodules found to have suspicious or intermediate cytology showed similar variation in malignant risk. A long to short axis ratio greater than 2.5 was 100% predictive of a benign process, although present in only 4% of our cohort. A prospective validation was performed and confirmed consistent results (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Spherical shape is associated with an increased rate of malignancy in solid thyroid nodules. Determination of shape may assist in clinical risk assessment of thyroid cancer.     

The role of ultrasound in thyroid nodules with a cytology reading of "suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma".

BACKGROUND: Irrespective of ultrasound (US) features, surgery is usually recommended for patients who have a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) read as suspicious for papillary carcinoma (PTC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of US in the management of thyroid nodules with a FNAB reading suspicious for PTC. METHODS: Between August 2002 and May 2006, 303 patients who had thyroid nodules with a FNAB reading suspicious for PTC underwent surgery. The sonographic findings in the patients were classified as suspicious for malignancy or probably benign based on the US reading. The US readings and final pathological diagnoses of thyroid nodules were analyzed in these patients. RESULTS: The malignancy rate was 84.2% in patients with a FNAB specimen suspicious for PTC. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the US were 96.4%, 74.5%, 92.7%, 94.9%, and 80.9%, respectively, in nodules read as suspicious for PTC on FNAB. Whereas 243 (96.4%) lesions were found to be malignant at surgery, in the 252 lesions that had ultrasound findings suspicious for malignancy, only 13 (25.5%) lesions were malignant out of the 51 that had US readings of probably benign (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The probability of malignancy is much lower in thyroid nodules with benign US findings even if the FNAB is read as suspicious for PTC. Therefore, US may be useful in planning the extent of surgery in patients with a FNAB reading of suspicious for PTC. As thyroid malignancy occurs in approximately 26% of patients with cytology readings suspicious for PTC and benign-appearing US, the US reading alone is not sufficient to determine the need for surgery. The US and FNAB are complementary to each other and should be useful when providing informed consent before thyroid surgery.     

Evaluation of Children and Adolescents with Thyroid Nodules: A Single Center Experience

Objective:We aimed to evaluate the clinical, radiological and pathological findings of children and adolescents with thyroid nodules.Methods:Data of 121 children and adolescent with thyroid nodules and had fine needle aspiration (FNA) were examined retrospectively. Concomitant thyroid disease, ultrasonography (US) features of the nodule, FNA and histopathological results were recorded. FNA results were assessed according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC).Results:Median (range) age of the cases was 14 (3-18) years and 81% were female. FNA results of patients were: insufficient in 1 (0.8%); benign in 68 (56.2%); indeterminate in 44 (36.4%); and malignant in 8 (6.6%) patients. Among 39 patients who underwent surgery, 10 (25.6%) had differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and the overall malignancy rate was 10.0% (10/100). Follow-up FNA results showed progress based on TBSRTC in 18.7% of benign results and 4/75 patients had DTC on surgical excision. Two of 22 patients with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) who continued follow-up was diagnosed with DTC. Male gender, presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis and US findings of uninodularity, hypoechogenicity, increased blood flow, irregular margins, solid structure, microcalcification and presence of abnormal cervical lymph nodes were associated with malignancy.Conclusion:In this study 10% of thyroid nodules were malignant in children and adolescents. Patients with AUS have a 9% potential for malignancy. Patients with initially benign FNA result may have changes on repeat FNA when assessed with TBSTRC indicating a 5.3% false negative rate.     

Diagnosis of thyroid malignant lymphoma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detecting the monoclonality of immunoglobulin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid

Distinguishing between thyroid malignant lymphoma and lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) is quite difficult and problematic. Molecular techniques to detect clonal lymphoid proliferation based on Ig heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement may be used to facilitate more accurate diagnosis of malignant lymphoma. We recently established a method for diagnosing thyroid tumors by analyzing ribonucleic acids (RNAs) extracted from the needles used for fine needle aspiration biopsy (aspiration biopsy-RT-PCR). By applying the aspiration biopsy-RT-PCR method to detection of the monoclonality of IgH messenger RNA (mRNA), an accurate molecular-based diagnosis of malignant lymphoma can be established as an adjunct to cytological diagnosis. We first studied RNAs from fresh tissues samples of 8 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 18 malignant lymphomas to detect the monoclonality of IgH mRNA by seminested RT-PCR. Monoclonality was detected in 8 of 18 (44.4%) malignant lymphomas, but in none of the 8 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We then studied aspirates from 10 cases of thyroid malignant lymphoma, 4 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 1 case each of adenomatous goiter and papillary carcinoma. Monoclonality was detected in the aspirates from 4 of 10 malignant lymphomas (40%), but not from other tissues. Thus, RT-PCR detection of monoclonality of IgH mRNA in addition to cytological examination may be useful in diagnosing thyroid malignant lymphoma.     

甲状腺细针吸取细胞学检查1154例分析

作者进行了1154例甲状腺疾病细针吸取细胞学检查(FNAB),细胞学诊断“恶性"16例,“可疑恶性"34例,“良性”1028例,“不能诊断”76例。其中106例行手术治疗,与术后病理组织学检查结果对照,FNAB诊断符合率为89.62％,假阳性为6.61％,假阴性为1.89％。本组FNAB诊断符合率假阳性较高而假阴性较低。作者分析了其原因,认为FNAB除鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性质外,还可对亚急性甲状腺炎、桥本病等作出直接诊断,对Graves病的手术及~(132)I治疗以及对甲状腺单纯性囊肿进行非手术治疗提供了更合理的指征。