骨肉瘤治疗现状与展望

目的：探讨骨肉瘤的治疗方法与保肢术的影响因素。方法：通过新辅助化疗、手术技术、骨重建方法的研究,提高恶性骨肿瘤保肢术的成功率。结果：新辅助化疗的应用,可消灭骨肉瘤中的微小转移灶,缩小肿瘤周围的反应,为保肢手术创造条件。结论：新辅助化疗的有效实施是施行保肢术的关键,可以提高患者的生活质量。     

胰腺癌治疗的现状与展望

胰腺癌约占全身恶性肿瘤的2％,近年来国内外报道其发病率明显增长,欧美地区增长三倍以上。据中国医科院肿瘤医院的一项调查研究表明,我国的发病情况已与欧美地区接近。近年来手术方式的改进及放疗、化疗等综合措施的引进,并发症和死亡率有所降低,但五年生存率不到2％。随着新药的不断研发以及基因治疗研究的日益深入,给胰腺癌的治疗带来了新的希望。本文对胰腺癌治疗的现状与进展进行综述。     

脑出血的治疗现状与展望

脑血管疾病是严重威胁人类健康的常见病、多发病,是人类三大致死疾病之一。脑出血是脑血管病中死亡率最高的疾病。在CT应用于临床后,内科保守治疗的死亡率高达70%-80%。因此,百年来人们不断在探索冶疗脑出血的办法。脑出血的病理与临床1.病因与发病机制脑出血最常见的病因是高血压动脉硬化,其次是脑血管畸形、淀粉样血管痫、moyamoya病、动脉瘤、血液病等。正常脑动脉能耐受1500mmHg压力而不破裂,故发生脑出血的动脉基本上均伴有管壁的破坏,特别是有微小动脉瘤或小血管痉挛、局部缺血引起软化后出血。2.脑出血后的组织学变化(大致可分为3…     

糖尿病治疗的现状与展望

近几年来,糖尿病的治疗研究取得了一些进展,现简述如下。一、饮食疗法:它是治疗糖尿病最基本的方法。1971年美国大学糖尿病研究计划小组(简称UGDP)研究认为,“单独饮食治疗比合用药物治疗能更有效地延长患者的生命”。对这一观点虽有激烈争议,然而饮食疗法仍不失为治疗的基础。1975年美国糖尿病国家委员会指出:“体重超过20％的患者中,患糖尿病的机会增加一倍”。通过研究认为,肥胖者由于脂肪细胞变大,细胞膜上胰岛素受体减少,使葡萄糖不易透过细胞膜,而引起胰岛素的抗药性。若限制肥胖者的热量摄入,使其体脂贮存减少,脂肪细胞缩小,胰岛素受体增加,胰岛素效能即可恢复正常。有报告体重降低7～     

Crohn病治疗现状与展望

Crohn病(下称CD)是一种炎症性肠病。1932年由Crohn氏首先描述,1973年由世界卫生组织(WHO)正式命名。目前多认为CD的发病机制是抗体依赖性细胞介导性细胞毒(ADCC)侵害肠粘膜所致,表现为肠道非连续性的区域性病变,特征是非干酪样上皮细胞肉芽肿。CD时肠外表现如神经、皮肤、眼、口腔、心肺、血管、肝肾、骨关节、骨髓等多脏器均可受累,出现多系统临床表现,近年来已为人们所重视。CD在我国并非罕见,截至1984年止,文献报告已达634例,实际病例可能更多些。本文就CD治疗现状与展望作一介绍。     

癌症疼痛治疗现状与展望

癌症疼痛是肿瘤临床最为常见的症状之一。据统计全球每大至少有500万癌症患者在遭受着疼痛的折磨。我国每年新发癌症患者160万人，癌症死亡近130万人。这些患者中，约50％有中度至重度的疼痛，其中30％为难以忍受的剧烈疼痛。巨大的痛苦严重影响着患者的生活质量，在追求高品质生活的现今社会，如何有效地控制癌痛已成为全球关注的问     

房颤药物治疗现状与展望

心房颤动是临床常见的心律失常之一,其发病率越来越高。自1909年人类认识心房颤动以来,心房颤动的治疗经历了仅着眼于转复心房颤动本身的Ⅰ类抗心律失常药物、直流电转复以及外科迷宫手术等单一治疗,发展到针对心房颤动的病理基础、离子通道、并发症预防等综合治疗。治疗方式、方法、途径与以往比较也发生了巨大变化。虽然近年来房颤的射频消融有了飞速发展,但药物治疗仍然是一线治疗,有时甚至是唯一可行的方法。     

胸腺瘤的治疗现状与展望

胸腺瘤的治疗现状与展望０５００２１河北省医学科学院医学情报研究所狄岩曹玄林审胸腺上皮细胞瘤简称胸腺癌，在临床中不多见，但是前纵隔中最常见的肿瘤，胸腺瘤与胸腔其它恶性肿瘤区别在于其病程表现堕性特征，而细胞形态学上无恶性特征表现。现重点介绍放疗及采用顺铂...     

多发性硬化症治疗的现状与展望

多发性硬化症（MS）是一种常见的脱髓鞘疾病，在欧洲及北美的一些国家好发，过去认为此病在我国较罕见，但近年陆续有病例报道，并有增加的趋势。多发性硬化的病理改变主要是中枢神经系统的白质出现多处髓鞘脱失以及胶质瘤痕形成，因此临床症状和体征比较复杂，且有明显的自发性缓解以及复发两大特征。目前尚无特效的治疗方法。其治疗包括许多方面，如疾病的预测和预防，症状的控制，以及旨在减少发作的药物治疗和最终的康复治疗。感染是多发性硬化复发的常见诱因，其中尤以呼吸道和泌尿道最为多见，因而预防和控制感染在多发性硬化的预防…     

代谢组学研究现状与展望

中科院“百人计划”研究基金国家973计划资助项目(2004CB518902)； 国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)资助项目(2003AA2Z347D).     

代谢组学的研究现状与展望

代谢组学是20世纪90年代中期发展起来的对某一生物或细胞所有低相对分子质量代谢产物进行定性和定量分析的一门新学科,由于其广泛的应用前景,目前已成为系统生物学的重要组成部分。现简要介绍了代谢组学的含义、代谢组学研究的历史沿革、当前代谢组学研究中的分析技术、数据解析方法,综述了代谢组学在药物毒理学研究、疾病诊断、植物和中药等领域的应用情况,并对当前代谢组学研究中存在的问题及发展趋势进行探讨。     

医药市场现状与前景分析——暨上海地区态势分析

2006年,国家出台了多项与医药行业息息相关的政策法规,如打击医药商业贿赂、整顿和规范药品市场秩序、加大医疗体制改革力度和连续对药品实行降价等,这些因素也直接或间接地影响了医药市场。2006年1-9月医药工业累计产品销售收入和实现利润增幅继续下滑,2006年上半年医院用药的     

Current treatment of sepsis and endotoxaemia

This article reviews the new criteria for selecting the proper antimicrobial agent and dosage regimen for standard treatment of severe sepsis, with the intention of preventing septic shock. After introducing new concepts on the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock, the authors analyse the parameters of beta-lactam antibacterial activity, the antibiotic-induced release of bacterial endotoxin and the interrelationships between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in the search for an optimum dosage regimen of antimicrobial mono- or polytherapy for severely ill septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The mortality rate resulting from severe bacterial sepsis, particularly that associated with shock, still approaches 50% in spite of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and optimum supportive care. Bacterial endotoxins that are part of the cell wall are one of the cofactors in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock and are often induced by antimicrobial chemotherapy, even if administered rationally. Not all antimicrobial agents are equally capable of inducing septic shock; this is dependent on their mechanism of action rather than on the causative pathogen species. The quantity of endotoxin released depends on the drug dose and whether filaments or spheroplast formation predominate. Some antibiotics, such as carbapenems, ceftriaxone, cefepime, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides and quinolones, do not have the propensity to provoke septic shock because their rapid bacterial activity induces mainly spheroplast or fragile spheroplast-like bacterial forms.     

Current treatment of sepsis and endotoxaemia

This article reviews the new criteria for selecting the proper antimicrobial agent and dosage regimen for standard treatment of severe sepsis, with the intention of preventing septic shock. After introducing new concepts on the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock, the authors analyse the parameters of β-lactam antibacterial activity, the antibiotic-induced release of bacterial endotoxin and the interrelationships between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in the search for an optimum dosage regimen of antimicrobial mono- or polytherapy for severely ill septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The mortality rate resulting from severe bacterial sepsis, particularly that associated with shock, still approaches 50% in spite of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and optimum supportive care. Bacterial endotoxins that are part of the cell wall are one of the cofactors in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock and are often induced by antimicrobial chemotherapy, even if administered rationally. Not all antimicrobial agents are equally capable of inducing septic shock; this is dependent on their mechanism of action rather than on the causative pathogen species. The quantity of endotoxin released depends on the drug dose and whether filaments or spheroplast formation predominate. Some antibiotics, such as carbapenems, ceftriaxone, cefepime, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides and quinolones, do not have the propensity to provoke septic shock because their rapid bactericidal activity induces mainly spheroplast or fragile spheroplast-like bacterial forms.     

椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折的现状及展望

<正>椎体压缩性骨折是老年人的常见疾病,它往往由骨质疏松、各种实体瘤的溶骨性转移病灶、多发性骨髓瘤、椎体血管瘤、结核及外伤造成,具有较高的发病率和病死率。因椎体骨折患者大部分是老年患者,他们常患有全身性疾病,因此骨折愈合慢、并发症多,对待这类患者,过去多采用保守治疗,但椎体骨折后复位困难,且疗程长,需长期卧床,并发症,伤残率、病死率高。因此,对可耐受手术的患者多主张手术治疗,缩短骨折愈合及卧床时间,减少并发症,提高患者生命质量。     

试论健脾补肾活血法抗衰老的理论基础及应用前景

本文从中医的角度阐述了衰老的机理,认为脾肾亏虚和瘀血的产生是人体衰老的主要原因,并结合现代医学的研究成果加以论证,从而进一步明确“健脾补肾活血法”抗衰老的价值及应用前景.     

经导管二尖瓣置换术的应用现状与展望

经导管二尖瓣置换术（transcatheter mitral valve replacement, TMVR）是指将人工瓣膜在体外压缩、装载至输送系统,然后沿着血管路径或经心尖途径送达二尖瓣瓣环处以替代病变瓣膜的一种介入手术,目前仅限于在有外科手术禁忌的二尖瓣反流患者中作探索性研究。TMVR包括瓣中瓣、环中瓣、自体环中瓣和自体瓣中瓣手术。在前3种手术中,人工瓣环或钙化的自体瓣环能起到径向支撑作用,使用现经导管主动脉瓣置换术所用人工瓣膜即可完成TMVR,且技术也较成熟。用于自体瓣环无明显钙化的二尖瓣反流患者（占二尖瓣病变患者的绝大多数）的自体瓣中瓣手术是真正意义上的TMVR。不过,目前大多数TMVR所用人工瓣膜的功能还不令人满意,只有Tendyne瓣膜的临床效果较为令人乐观。预期在不久的将来,TMVR可能成为对外科手术有禁忌或高危的二尖瓣反流患者的有效治疗手段。但距TMVR广泛用于临床,特别是用于外科手术风险相对较低的二尖瓣反流患者,还面临诸多挑战。     

药包材气体透过量测定方法标准现状及展望

本文梳理和探讨了《中国药典》以及国内外标准对包装材料气体透过量测定方法的情况.详述了两类常见的测定方法——压差法和电量分析法(库伦法)的国内外标准收录情况,以及测试原理和优缺点;同时通过药品包装容器氧气透过量进行测定研究.从而对药品包装材料气体透过量测定方法的合理选择提供参考,对药品包装容器相关测定方法标准的设立提出展...     

Current status of antipsychotic treatment

With the use of chlorpromazine and other traditional antipsychotics for psychosis, it was soon discovered that the antipsychotic efficacy of this class of medications was closely associated with their ability to block dopamine D(2) receptors in the brain. This prompted the hypothesis that the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses might be caused by a dysregulation of dopamine. This hypothesis, that the dopamine system explains schizophrenia symptoms, however, is far from complete and the treatment with conventional antipsychotic medications is far from ideal. There has been a great deal of speculation regarding the role of serotonin receptor antagonism in regards to antipsychotic effects. The second generation antipsychotics (SGAs), clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone all have relatively high serotonin to dopamine binding ratios. Serotonin receptor binding may be important to these drugs' actions, possibly by stimulating dopamine activity in mesocortical pathways. Yet, while the mechanism of action of SGAs as a group remain unsolved, it is important to note that the SGAs offer many clinical benefits to treatment as compared to traditional antipsychotics and are quickly emerging as first-line therapy for schizophrenia. In addition to lower rates of EPS and tardive dyskinesia, other benefits to treatment with this class of antipsychotics include better treatment of negative symptoms, better compliance, possible benefits for cognitive impairments, lower rates of relapse and rehospitalization, and more cost-effective therapy. Within the class of SGAs, however, differences exist both in efficacy and side effects and these will be described. Optimization of treatment and understanding the exact mechanism of action of current antipsychotic medications will help pave the way for new drug targets in the future.