支气管肺泡灌洗治疗气管切开并顽固性肺部感染

目的：探讨支气管肺泡灌洗治疗气管切开并顽固性肺部感染的价值。方法：用纤支镜经气管套管进镜,对肺部感染部位进行３７℃左右无菌生理盐水灌洗治疗,术后局部应用抗生素。结果：对１０例患者治疗,疗效显著者７例,有效２例,１例无效,总有效率９０％。结论：支气管肺泡灌洗对治疗气管切开合并顽固性肺部感染是一种安全、可靠、有效的治疗方法。     

纤支镜下灌洗治疗气管切开合并重症肺部感染68例分析

目的：探讨纤支镜下灌洗在气管切开后肺部严重感染中的治疗效果。方法：对68例气管切开合并严重肺部感染在全身用药的基础上行支气管肺泡灌洗,每周2-3次,观察其临床改善情况及病程。结果：有效62例,无效6例,血气恢复正常52例,22例意识不清经1-2次支气管灌洗意识转清,无一例严重并发症,有效率91.2%。结论：支气管肺泡灌洗有助于控制肺部感染,纠正呼吸衰竭,疗效显著安全,值得推广。     

机械通气下支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染的研究

目的探讨机械通气下支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）治疗肺部感染的可行性和有效性。方法通过呼吸机专用纤维支气管镜三通管在机械通气下经气管插管、气管切开导管插入纤维支气管镜,对感染部位进行支气管肺泡灌洗治疗。结果46例气管插管、气管切开肺部感染、肺不张患者经灌洗治疗明确病原学32例;显效31例,有效15例,总有效率100％。结论机械通气下施行BAL治疗肺部感染安全、有效。     

支气管肺泡灌洗后注药辅助治疗难治性肺部感染45例

目的：探讨经纤维支气管镜介入辅助治疗难治性肺部感染的方法和经验。方法：选择经全身抗生素疗法及呼吸物理疗法效果欠佳的难治性肺部局限性感染患者45例，用纤支镜下支气管肺泡灌洗加注药方法辅助治疗，选用无菌生理盐水（37℃）作为灌洗液和稀释液，氨基糖苷类及第3代头孢菌素气管内给药，观测临床症状和体征及胸部X线改变。结果：45例经全身抗生素疗法、呼吸物理疗法结合支气管肺泡灌洗后注药治疗1－5次，短期内全部治愈，无1例出现严重并发症及感染扩散。结论：支气管肺泡灌洗后注药方法是临床上治疗难治性肺部局限性感染的1种安全、简便、有效和经济的方法。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗小儿顽固性肺部感染的护理

目的：总结纤维支气管镜下肺泡灌洗治疗小儿顽固性肺部感染的护理经验。方法：回顾性分析30例纤维支气管镜下肺泡灌洗治疗小儿顽固性肺部感染的临床资料。结果：显效24例，有效6例，总有效率100％。结论：纤维支气管镜下肺泡灌洗治疗小儿顽固性肺部感染安全、有效、可靠。     

重症肺部感染经支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗临床观察

选取我院2009年1月～2012年5月收治的重症肺部感染患者120例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,其中对照组60例,采用抗生素应用、营养支持及持续呼吸机通气等常规治疗措施;支气管肺泡灌洗组60例,在对照组治疗基础上,加用支气管肺泡灌洗术;比较两组患者临床感染改善总有效率,临床症状、体征改善时间,住院时间及治疗前后血气分析指标等。结果对照组与支气管肺泡灌洗组患者临床感染总有效率分别为73.3%和95.0%;支气管肺泡灌洗组患者临床感染改善总有效率明显高于对照组,组间比较差异显著(P<0.05);支气管肺泡灌洗组患者退热时间、咳嗽咳痰时间、白细胞恢复时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组,组间比较差异显著(P<0.05)。经支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗重症肺部感染能够有效改善临床症状,缩短病程,加快康复进程,提高肺部通气功能。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗急性重症肺部感染26例临床分析

观察支气管肺泡灌洗治疗急性重症肺部感染的临床疗效。方法：对26例急性重症肺部感染患者在全身用药的基础上行支气管肺泡灌洗，每周2次，观察其临床症状改善情况及病程。结果：25例患者1周内体温降至正常，2周治愈率为46．2％，显效50％，无效3．8％，3周治愈率为96．2％。结论：支气管肺泡灌洗治疗急性重症肺部感染疗效可靠，可缩短病程，提高治愈率。     

经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗方法治疗严重肺部感染

目的:观察对严重肺部感染患者经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗的临床疗效。方法:将52例严重肺部感染患者随机分为灌洗组及对照组,灌洗组26例,对照组26例,均在全身应用抗菌药物及祛痰药的基础上,灌洗组在实时心电、血压、血氧饱和度监测下进行床旁经纤支镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗,对照组常规吸痰。分析比较两组血气分析的变化、体温、白细胞数量及肺部X线表现变化以评价肺部感染控制情况。结果:纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗后较治疗前PaO2明显提高,治疗后相同时间点PaO2灌洗组较对照组明显增高,灌洗组有效率明显高于对照组。灌洗组显效13例,好转10例,有效率为88%;对照组显效8例,好转9例,有效率为65%,两组有效率比较,P<0.05。无气胸及严重气道内出血等并发症。结论:经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗是治疗严重肺部感染的有效方法。     

支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗难治性肺部感染围术期护理

目的：总结纤维支气管镜行支气管肺泡灌洗术（BAL）治疗难治性肺部感染术前、术中、术后护理配合要点。方法：选取21例经多种抗生素全身给药效果不佳的肺部感染病例，所有病例在综合治疗基础上做支气管肺泡灌洗术，1次／5d。护士在支气管肺泡灌洗术前周密准备，术中密切配合，术后严密观察。结果：21例灌洗后临床症状体征明显改善，其中10例阻塞肺不张灌洗3次即复张。结论：BAL围术期精心准备，密切观察、护理对手术成功至关重要。     

肺泡灌洗治疗高血压脑出血并发肺感染的临床疗效观察

[目的]探讨支气管肺泡灌洗治疗高血压脑出血并发肺感染的临床效果.[方法]选择本院GCS 4~8分重症高血压脑出血病并肺部感染已行气管切开患者60例,随机分成试验组与对照组,每组各30例,试验组加行支气管肺泡灌洗,对照组未予支气管肺泡灌洗,其他治疗措施两组均基本相同.观察比较两组的临床治疗效果.[结果]试验组有26例肺部感染控制,控制时间（8.2 ±2.1）d,对照组20例肺部感染控制,控制时间（14.3 ±2.9）d,试验组肺部感染控制率明显高于对照组,控制感染平均时间明显短于对照组,且两组相比差异有显著性（均P〈0.05）.[结论]支气管肺泡灌洗能有效控制高血压脑出血肺部感染,缩短住院时间,提高患者生存率和生活质量.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.