两重性一紫癜胃肠型患儿的观察及护理

目的：总结观察和护理过敏性紫癜胃肠型患儿的内容及经验。方法：对２８例过敏性紫癜胃肠型（ＬＰ）患儿进行了观察和护理。结果：２８例患儿中男２０例，女８例，６￣１４岁，消化道反复大出血６例，病程１４￣４８ｄ，入院时均有皮肤紫癜、腹痛及不同程度的消化道出血，经治疗护理后疗效满意。结论：对ＬＰ患儿要加强以下方面的观察及护理，（１）皮肤紫癜；（２）腹痛；（３）出血量。并应重视饮食指导和健康教育。     

45例儿童过敏性紫癜的临床护理

总结了45例儿童过敏性紫癜患儿的护理体会。主要包括皮肤护理、心理护理、饮食护理、腹痛护理、消化道出血护理、紫癜性肾炎护理、关节肿痛护理等。认为严密的病情观察和有效的护理措施对减少过敏性紫癜患儿的并发症、促进患儿康复起着重要作用。     

丙种球蛋白联合654—2治疗小儿过敏性紫癜疗效观察

对我院采用丙种球蛋白联合654-2治疗小儿过敏性紫癜疗效观察总结如下。1对象和方法1.1对象2001~2005年我院儿科收治过敏性紫癜患儿79例,均有皮肤紫癜、关节肿痛、消化道症状(腹痛或消化道出血),尿检异常,符合《诸福棠实用儿科学》(第6版)有关过敏性紫癜的诊断标准[1]。随机分为     

腹型过敏性紫癜临床特征及内镜特点

目的:探讨腹型过敏性紫癜临床特征、胃镜下胃肠黏膜病变特点及过敏性紫癜与幽门螺杆菌的关系,为疾病早期诊断及早期干预治疗提供依据.方法:回顾性分析30例腹型过敏性紫癜患儿的临床特点、胃镜检查结果及幽门螺杆菌检验结果.结果:患儿均有腹部绞痛,腹痛部位不固定,症状重而腹部体征较轻,腹痛发生1～15 d后下肢皮肤出现紫癜.胃镜检查见胃肠黏膜充血、水肿、出血点、糜烂、溃疡,以十二指肠黏膜改变最严重,食管黏膜正常.黏膜尿素酶试验幽门螺杆菌阳性2例.结论:腹型过敏性紫癜临床表现无特异性,腹痛剧烈但部位多变、腹部体征较轻是其临床特征.胃镜下可见胃肠黏膜有广泛、散在、大小不一出血点和深浅不等的溃疡.治疗首选糖皮质激素,同时可加用抑酸药物及黏膜保护剂,以促进溃疡愈合.过敏性紫癜与幽门螺杆菌感染的关系有待进一步研究.     

祛风凉血汤外洗辅助治疗小儿过敏性紫癜疗效观察

目的:观察中药祛风凉血汤外洗辅助治疗小儿过敏性紫癜的临床疗效。方法:将80例过敏性紫癜患儿分为2组各40例,分别给予常规治疗、常规加祛风凉血汤外洗治疗。7d1个疗程,可巩固治疗1～2个疗程。观察对患儿皮肤紫癜、腹痛、关节肿痛等主要症状的治疗作用。结果:中药治疗组皮肤紫癜消退较快,关节肿痛消失较快,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P0.05);2组患儿腹痛的疗效则无明显差异。结论:祛风凉血汤外洗对过敏性紫癜皮肤损害及关节肿痛症状有较好辅助治疗效果。     

1例过敏性紫癜并发肠梗阻患儿的护理

过敏性紫癜是儿童时期常见的血管炎,致敏因素使具有敏感素质的机体产生变态反应,造成皮肤、消化道、关节、肾脏等一系列损伤[1].过敏性紫癜并发肠梗阻较少见,我院儿科2010年11月收治1例广泛紫癜并发肠梗阻的患儿,我们积极做好皮肤、黏膜紫癜的护理,重视腹痛、消化道出血的护理,严密观察病情变化,及时发现肠梗阻,及时处理,患儿痊愈出院,现报道如下.     

20例腹型过敏性紫癜患儿的护理

总结20例儿童腹型过敏性紫癜的护理，认为护理要点主要为腹痛、消化道出血症状的观察和处理，同时病情的观察、饮食护理、皮肤护理、药物治疗过程的观察及出院指导对本病的护理和康复也具有重要的意义。     

肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性过敏性紫癜8例临床分析

过敏性紫癜是儿科常见病 ,但肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性过敏性紫癜国内未见报告 ,现将本院收治的8例报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料2001年12月～2002年10月本院儿科收治过敏性紫癜28例 ,均符合过敏性紫癜的诊断标准[1]。其中18例检测了肺炎支原体IgM抗体 ,结果8例阳性 ,8例患儿中男4例 ,女4例 ;年龄6～11岁 ,平均8.3岁。1.2临床特征(1)皮肤紫癜 :8例患儿臀部及下肢均有大小不等、高出皮面的皮肤紫癜 ,其中3例紫癜反复1次。(2)关节、软组织肿痛 :6例膝关节和/或踝关节肿胀疼痛、活动受限。2例有小腿软组织肿痛。(3)发热、咳嗽 :6例在皮肤紫…     

儿童腹型过敏性紫癜的临床特点及诊断

目的：探讨儿童腹型过敏性紫癜的临床表现及胃镜检查结果的特点,以提高对腹型过敏性紫癜的认识。方法：回顾分析37例腹型过敏性紫癜患儿的临床资料和胃镜检查结果。结果：37.8%患儿有明确的上呼吸道感染史,腹痛严重而体征轻微,腹痛部位不固定。胃镜检查见胃肠黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂、点片状出血、多发浅溃疡。十二指肠降部黏膜病变最严重,食管黏膜正常,未见胃溃疡。结论：腹型过敏性紫癜可早于皮肤紫癜,早期胃镜检查有助于明确诊断。     

小儿过敏性紫癜上消化道内镜检查和临床分析

过敏性紫癜是一种常见的微血管变态反应性疾病。皮肤紫癜、消化道出血、关节肿胀、肾炎为其主要临床表现。有时腹部症状为唯一表现或先于皮肤症状出现 ,表现为剧烈腹痛、恶心、便血 ,与急腹症难以鉴别。我院自 1999- 0 1～ 2 0 0 1- 12对 90例临床诊断为过敏性紫癜患儿进行上消化道内镜检查 ,对其上消化道粘膜病变和临床进行分析。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　本组男 5 3例 ,女 37例 ,年龄 2～ 11岁 ,其中 2～ 4岁 12例 ,4～ 8岁 6 1例 ,8～ 11岁 17例。男∶女为 1.5∶ 1。1.2　方法　用奥林巴斯纤维胃镜 (GIF- N30或 GIF- PQ2 0 )和富士能…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.