阴性与阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者执行功能的比较

目的:探讨以阴性或阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者执行功能的特点。方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop色词测验(SCW)、空间广度测验、数字序列测验和伦敦塔测验分别对46例以阴性症状为主(阴性症状组)和46例以阳性症状为主(阳性症状组)的精神分裂症患者、以及46名健康者(对照组)进行执行功能测评。结果:阴性症状组和阳性症状组各项执行功能指标治疗前后差异无统计学意义,但两组的各项指标均明显差于对照组(P均0.01)。阴性症状组治疗前后WCST中的完成分类数、持续性错误数、随机错误数、数字序列测验的正序和倒序得分、SCW中的反应时(RTA、RTB、RTC)、干扰效应、以及空间广度测验和伦敦塔测验成绩均差于阳性症状组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:精神分裂症患者执行功能缺损明显,尤以阴性症状为主的患者缺损更为明显。     

The simon effect in schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms

Automatic shifting of visual attention was investigated using the Simon task in schizophrenic patients with prevailing negative symptomatology. Reaction times were recorded in condition of spatial correspondence and non-correspondence between side of spatially defined responses and side of stimulus presentation. Schizophrenic patients showed asymmetries between the two hemifields attributable to a slowing down of reaction times for non-corresponding trials in the left hemifield. These results are interpreted as a deficit in the process that inhibits the automatic corresponding response, and in general as a difficulty to inhibit dependence on external stimuli, in the left hemifield/right hemisphere.     

有遗传史的精神分裂症患者某些特征研究

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症患者的微小躯体异常(MPAs)与阴性症状及语词记忆缺陷的关系。方法:对36例有家族史和50例无家族史的首发精神分裂症患者进行躯体异常量表(W S)、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定,并在恢复期进行选择性提醒测验。结果:有家族史组MPAs评分异常的比例显著高于无家族史组(P<0.05);有家族史组PANSS总分、阴性因子分显著高于无家族史组,其中阴性症状子项目中情感迟钝、抽象思维困难、交流缺乏自发性和流畅性3项评分显著高于无家族史组;有家族史组语词记忆10次通过率低;回忆总数、保持数、长时再现数及恒定长时再现数均低于无家族史组。结论:有家族史的精神分裂症患者MPAs异常比例高,阴性症状较多,语词记忆能力也明显较差,反映遗传可产生多方面影响。     

Depressive symptoms and white matter changes in patients with dementia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate if depressive symptoms in demented patients are associated with white matter changes (WMCs) in the brain. BACKGROUND: WMCs are frequently found in patients with dementia, as well as among elderly nondemented patients with depressive symptoms. However, it is less established whether or not WMCs are related to depressive symptoms in demented patients. METHODS: 67 (26 men, 41 women) patients with primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia), vascular dementia (VaD), or mixed Alzheimer/VaD dementia were included in the study. The patients were young-old (mean 68.1, SD 7.3). All patients underwent a standardized examination procedure and MRI of the brain. The degree of WMCs was visually rated, blindly. Depressive symptoms were rated according to the Gottfries-Br?ne-Steen scale (anxiety, fear-panic, depressed mood). RESULTS: No significant relationship was found between WMCs and depressive symptoms in the demented patients. CONCLUSION: The possible involvement of WMCs in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms in dementia is unclear. A link between disruptions of frontal-subcortical pathways, due to WMCs, and depressive symptomatology in dementia has been hypothesised from earlier findings, which would imply common elements of pathogenesis for depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment in dementia. However, the results of the present study do not add further support to this hypothesis.     

A case-control study of family history and cerebral cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia

The relationship between family history of psychosis and cortical sulcal widening on CT scans was investigated. Forty-two schizophrenic subjects with a positive family history were individually matched to 42 schizophrenics with no documented family history and 42 healthy controls. Abnormally wide sulci, as defined on the basis of the normal control data, were significantly more common in the family history negative group (9/42) than in the family history positive group (1/42) or the controls (2/36). No significant correlation was found between cerebral cortical ratings and ventricular size.     

精神分裂症阳、阴性症状与其阳性家族史、脑器质性因素关系的探讨

本文收集了符合DSM-Ⅲ-R诊断标准的466例精神分裂症患者的资料,发现有27.5％病人有精神病的阳性家族史,17.8％病人有假定的器质性因素。把精神分裂症的阴性和阳性症状与其阳性家族史和假定的器质性因素比较,发现精神病的阳性家族史和假定的器质性因素与精神分裂症的阴性症状明显相关,而与阳性症状关系不大。这与国外研究的结果一致,支持阴性综合症和阳性综合症的病因不同这一假说。     

Does family history of schizophrenia influence age at onset of schizophrenia?

The relation between age at onset of schizophrenia diagnosed using DSM-III criteria and the presence or absence of this illness among first-degree relatives was investigated in 2417 patients. The mean age at onset among those with a family history of schizophrenia was slightly and nonsignificantly earlier than that of schizophrenic patients without a positive family history. The former developed their illness before the age of 25 years more frequently than did the latter.     

The incidence of negative symptoms in early schizophrenia, mania and other psychoses

Despite increasing interest in negative symptoms in schizophrenia there has been little work on their incidence in early schizophrenia or in other psychoses. This study examined 79 nondepressive psychotics within 2 years of onset of illness, diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria and assessed for negative symptoms using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Marked negative symptoms were observed in nearly half of patients diagnosed as suffering definite schizophrenia and were rarely found in other psychoses. Negative symptoms were not significantly correlated with positive symptoms, depression or exposure to neuroleptics, but were correlated with developing extrapyramidal side effects.     

氟桂利嗪对精神分裂症阴性症状的辅助治疗

目的:探讨抗精神病药联用氟桂利嗪辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及不良反应。方法:采用双盲对照方法,对96例以阴性症状为主的住院慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,在原用抗精神病药基础上,分别合用氟桂利嗪和安慰剂。疗程12周。在治疗前和治疗4、8、12周末应用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:治疗后氟桂利嗪组在阴性症状因子、情感迟钝、情感交流障碍以及被动/淡漠、社交退缩因子与安慰剂组比较显著较好(P<0.05),而不良反应差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:合用氟桂利嗪对改善慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状有增效作用,安全性较高。     

White matter neuron alterations in schizophrenia and related disorders

Increased density and altered spatial distribution of subcortical white matter neurons (WMNs) represents one of the more well replicated cellular alterations found in schizophrenia and related disease. In many of the affected cases, the underlying genetic risk architecture for these WMN abnormalities remains unknown. Increased density of neurons immunoreactive for Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2) and Neuronal Nuclear Antigen (NeuN) have been reported by independent studies, though there are negative reports as well; additionally, group differences in some of the studies appear to be driven by a small subset of cases. Alterations in markers for inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons have also been described. For example, downregulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in inhibitory WMN positioned at the gray/white matter border, as well as altered spatial distribution, have been reported. While increased density of WMN has been suggested to reflect disturbance of neurodevelopmental processes, including neuronal migration, neurogenesis, and cell death, alternative hypotheses—such as an adaptive response to microglial activation in mature CNS, as has been described in multiple sclerosis -should also be considered. We argue that larger scale studies involving hundreds of postmortem specimens will be necessary in order to clearly establish the subset of subjects affected. Additionally, these larger cohorts could make it feasible to connect the cellular pathology to environmental and genetic factors implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. These could include the 22q11 deletion (Velocardiofacial/DiGeorge) syndrome, which in some cases is associated with neuronal ectopias in white matter.     

联用西酞普兰治疗精神分裂症阴性症状疗效分析

目的:探讨抗精神病药联用西酞普兰治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效。方法:以阴性症状为主的住院精神分裂症39例,在原用抗精神病药基础上,联用西酞普兰治疗。疗程12周。使用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS),在治疗前和治疗4、8、12周末各评定1次。结果:联用西酞普兰12周后,PANSS总分、阴性症状因子分及情感迟钝、情感退缩、情感交流障碍、被动/淡漠及社交退缩分均比治疗前显著降低。结论:以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症,在使用抗精神病药物的同时联用西酞普兰,对改善阴性症状有明显效用。     

阳性和阴性症状精神分裂症患者的血清睾丸酮水平测定结果与比较

目的 探讨阳性、阴性症状精神分裂症患者和正常对照组三者间血清总睾丸酮（T－Tes)和游离睾丸酮（F－Tes)水平的变化。方法 采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）和酶联免疫分析法（ELISA）,对阳性症状患者（78例）、阴性症状患者（94例）和正常人对照组（100例）的血清T－Tes和F－Tes水平进行测量和比较。结果 阴性症状患者血清T－Tes和F－Tes水平明显低于阳性症状患者组和正常对照组,差异有显著性（P＜0．05,P＜0．05）;阳性症状者组血清T－Tes和F－Tes水平与正常对照组相比较,虽有差异但无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论 精神分裂症患者的血清Tes水平存在一定的改变,尤以阴性症状患者血清Tes水平处于低值状态,提示该型患者下丘脑－垂体－性腺轴系统功能低下。     

White matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia detected using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging

Objectives:  Strong qualitative and quantitative evidence exists of white matter abnormalities in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies suggest altered connectivity in both disorders. We aim to address the diagnostic specificity of white matter abnormalities in these disorders.
Methods:  DTI was used to assess white matter integrity in clinically stable patients with familial BD (n = 42) and familial schizophrenia (n = 28), and in controls (n = 38). Differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) were measured using voxel-based morphometry and automated region of interest analysis.
Results:  Reduced FA was found in the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), and in the region of the uncinate fasciculus in patients with BD and those with schizophrenia compared with controls. A direct comparison between patient groups found no significant differences in these regions. None of the findings were associated with psychotropic medication.
Conclusions:  Reduced integrity of the ALIC, uncinate fasciculus, and ATR regions is common to both schizophrenia and BD. These results imply an overlap in white matter pathology, possibly relating to risk factors common to both disorders.     

Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and linguistic performance

Selected subjects from a group of first onset schizophrenics (aged under 30 years) were taken from a previous study and placed in one of two groups depending upon whether they had exclusively positive symptoms (n = 9) or a mixture of positive and negative symptoms (n = 9). Their linguistic profiles were compared with those of a group of controls (n = 10) matched for educational attainment and parental social class. Both groups of schizophrenics had significantly lower integrity scores, suggesting that they made more syntactic and semantic errors. Those patients who presented with negative symptoms tended to have speech of lower syntactic complexity than the other two groups, although the difference just failed to reach statistical significance. It is suggested that syntactic and semantic errors are state dependent features associated with positive symptoms, whereas low syntactic complexity may be a more enduring feature associated with the presence of negative symptoms.     

Persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: an overview

Persistent negative symptoms represent an alternative approach for assessing negative symptoms in the context of clinical trials. Persistent negative symptoms are designed to capture those symptoms that lead to functional impairment but are currently understudied and for which there are no currently available effective treatments. Persistent negative symptoms differ from the 2 most commonly used approaches: primary, enduring negative symptoms or deficit symptoms and negative symptoms broadly defined to include negative symptoms, regardless of their etiology or duration. In contrast to deficit symptoms, persistent negative symptoms may include secondary negative symptoms. However, in contrast to negative symptoms broadly defined, the secondary negative symptoms included in the assessment of persistent negative symptoms only include those that have failed to respond to usual treatments for secondary negative symptoms. In consequence, the presence of persistent negative symptoms identifies a patient population with clinically relevant symptomatology, which is larger than the one with the deficit syndrome but less heterogeneous than that captured through the use of a nonrestrictive definition of negative symptoms. This may facilitate the selection of subjects for inclusion into research and efforts to develop new pharmacological treatments and enhance our understanding of a relevant clinical problem. Ultimately, the investigation of the different entities characterized by negative symptoms, such as persistent negative symptoms, and the enhanced understanding of their biological and clinical characteristics may help to unravel the psychopathological and biological heterogeneity of schizophrenia.     

White matter tract alterations in Parkinson's disease patients with punding

ObjectiveTo assess brain white matter tract alterations in patients with Parkinson's disease and punding (PD-punding) compared with controls and PD cases without any impulsive-compulsive behaviour.MethodsForty-nine PD patients (21 PD-punding and 28 PD with no impulsive-compulsive behaviours) and 28 controls were consecutively recruited. Clinical, cognitive and psychopathological evaluations were performed. Diffusion tensor MRI metrics of the main white matter tracts were assessed using a tractography approach.ResultsCompared with controls, both PD groups showed white matter microstructural alterations of the left pedunculopontine tract and splenium of the corpus callosum. PD-punding patients showed a further damage to the right pedunculopontine tract and uncinate fasciculus, genu of the corpus callosum, and left parahippocampal tract relative to controls. When adjusting for depression and/or apathy severity, a greater damage of the genu of the corpus callosum and the left pedunculopontine tract was found in PD-punding compared with patients with no impulsive-compulsive behaviours.ConclusionsPD-punding is associated with a disconnection between midbrain, limbic and white matter tracts projecting to the frontal cortices. These alterations are at least partially independent of their psychopathological changes. Diffusion tensor MRI is a powerful tool for understanding the neural substrates underlying punding in PD.     

利培酮联合帕罗西汀治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状

目的:探讨利培酮联合帕罗西汀治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状的临床疗效以及安全性.方法:将126例以阴性症状为主的慢性精神分裂症住院患者随机分为研究组(利培酮联合帕罗西汀治疗)和对照组(单用利培酮治疗),疗程12周,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定疗效和安全性. 结果:治疗后两组PANSS评分均较治疗前有显著降低(P＜0.05).治疗后4、8、12周末,研究组阴性因子分及情感迟钝、情感退缩、情感交流障碍及社会退缩因子分均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).两组不良反应均为轻至中度. 结论:利培酮联合帕罗西汀较单用利培酮治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状具有起效更快、疗效更好、依从性好的特点.