硅凝胶假体植入乳房重建

背景：中国女性乳腺体积相对偏小,乳腺癌传统保乳手术后乳腺外形欠佳,而采用背阔肌肌皮瓣和横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造手术难度高、创伤大、术后并发症多,因此行保留乳头乳晕复合体Ⅰ期硅凝胶假体植入乳房重建手术是非常好的选择。 目的：探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期硅胶假体植入乳房重建的效果。 方法：纳入女性乳腺癌患者33例,年龄30-48岁,左侧20例,右侧13例,均于保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后行Ⅰ期硅凝胶假体植入乳房重建治疗,术后通过随访行主客观评价美容效果。 结果与结论：33例患者中,术后乳头乳晕复合体坏死2例,自行结痂愈合;1例术中出血量> 800 mL,经补液、输血治疗后,恢复良好。随访10-51个月,31例乳房外观良好,双侧乳房对称,优良率达94%,均未发现局部复发及远处转移。证实保留乳头乳晕复合体乳腺癌改良根治术后行硅胶假体Ⅰ期乳房重建,美容效果满意,无严重并发症,手术安全,简单可行。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的意义

目的：探讨保留肋间臂神经在早期乳腺癌改良根治术中的可行性及临床应用价值。方法：72例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌改良根治术病人被分为两组，其中肋间臂神经保留组38例，肋间臂神经切除组34例。术后对病人上臂内侧感觉功能进行对比分析。结果：保留肋间臂神经与不保留肋间臂神经两组患者上臂感觉障碍率术后2周时分别为63．16％和94．12％，术后3月时分别为13．16和58．82％，两者相比均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；而手术时间、清除淋巴结数目及预后两组之间均无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：在早期乳腺癌（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）改良根治术中施行保留肋间臂神经是可行的，它保存了患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉功能，改善病人的生活质量，应推广应用。     

保留乳房的改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床应用

目的　探讨保留乳房改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床应用价值。方法　回顾性分析本院 1997年 2月至 2 0 0 3年12月手术治疗的 12 8例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌病例。行保留乳房的改良根治术 76例 ,传统改良根治术 5 2例。术后均辅以放疗、化疗或内分泌治疗。结果　保留乳房改良根治组患者术后并发症发生率低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而生存率和复发率和传统改良根治组无明显差异 (P>0 0 5 )。结论　保留乳房改良根治术是治疗早期乳腺癌的合理外科方法 ,能提高乳腺癌病人的生活质量     

Auchincloss乳腺癌改良根治术65例治疗体会

目的：分析行Auchincloss乳腺癌改良根治术患者的临床特点,进一步提高乳腺癌的临床诊治水平。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2013年3月收治的行Auchincloss乳腺癌改良根治术治疗的65例女性乳腺癌患者的临床资料。临床分期I期19例,Ⅱ期32例,Ⅲ期14例；其中伴有淋巴结转移的病例29例。结果65例患者手术时间平均（164±19.54）min；手术出血量（75±23.79）ml；术中清除淋巴结14.63枚,39例患者术中保留肋间臂神经。术后发生皮瓣下积液12例（18.46%）、患肢淋巴水肿2例（3.08%）。术后随访时间为0.5~4年,无局部肿瘤复发和转移,无患者死亡。结论 Auchincloss乳腺癌改良根治术操作简单,术后并发症相对较少,并保持胸部外形饱满和肢体功能,根治效果良好,不会增加局部复发的危险。     

乳腺肿瘤手术治疗联合内镜腋窝淋巴结清扫的体会

目的评估乳腔镜辅助乳腺癌改良根治术同时进行腋窝淋巴结清扫治疗乳腺癌的疗效。方法对4例乳腺癌病例行保乳乳腺癌改良根治术．腋窝脂肪溶解抽吸后进行乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫。结果全部患者均顺利完成手术，术中冷冻切片报告：标本切缘均无癌细咆残留，术后石蜡切片病理为乳腺浸润性导管癌4例。手术时间120～140rain，平均127．3min：手术出血量15～20m1，平均18．4ml；每侧取淋巴结10-13个，平均11个。术后病侧乳房形态保持良好，伤口小而隐蔽．手术效果满意。术后随访12～24个月，无瘤复发。结论在腔镜下行保乳乳腺癌切除术联合腋窝淋巴结清扫是安全可行的．具有常规手术无法达到的良好的美容效果。该术式对保护上肢功能、保持胸部良好的外观形状及提高患者的生存质量均是一种较好的手段．是治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌一种合理有效术式。     

乳腺癌根治术保留肋间臂神经对患者术后生存质量的影响

目的　对照研究乳腺癌改良根治术腋淋巴结清扫术中对肋间臂神经的保留与否,探讨该术式对患者术后生存质量的影响。 方法 在以往对I期、Il期乳腺癌患者实施乳腺癌根治术Anchincloss术式的基础上进行保留肋间臂神经改良,随机选取了 150例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期女性乳腺癌患者 ,随机均分为保留组和切除组。 结果 保留组的上臂后内侧感觉异常和疼痛等不良主诉的发生率较对照组明显降低,两者比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);随访期内两者的局部复发及远处转移率无统计学差异。 结论 I期、Il期乳腺癌患者行改良根治术保留肋间臂神经,减少了患者术后疼痛综合症的发生,提高了患者术后生活质量,临床应用具有可行性,值得推广应用。     

乳腺癌改良根治术保留肋间臂神经36例临床报告

近些年来,乳腺癌的手术切除范围趋于缩小,改良根治术已成为我国治疗:Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的主要术式,传统的乳腺癌改良根治术一般只强调保留胸长神经、胸背神经以避免术后发生上肢运动功能障碍.     

保留肋间臂神经对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术的感觉障碍影响的研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌手术腋窝淋巴结清扫时保留肋间臂神经(ICBN)对感觉障碍影响的研究.方法 对146例Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期乳腺癌患者行改良根治术的临床资料进行分析.将其随机分为两组:保留组(67例)行腋窝淋巴结清扫术时保留ICBN,对照组(79例)行腋窝清扫时常规切除ICBN.比较两组在手术时间、腋窝淋巴结清扫数量及术后上臂内侧感觉异常等情况.结果 保留组及对照组术后1、3、6个月患侧上臂内侧感觉障碍发生率分别为17.9％、74.9％,11.9％、60.7％,7.4％、59.5％,差异均有统计学意义(x2=46.78,P＜0.001;x2=36.54,P＜0.001;x2=42.80,P＜0.001).手术时间及腋窝淋巴结清扫数量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后8个月到5年期间随访无局部复发.结论 对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa期乳腺癌患者在行腋窝淋巴结清扫时保留ICBN可明显减少术后患侧上臂内侧感觉障碍,从而提高生活质量,不影响局部复发率.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的研究进展

近10年来，Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌外科治疗的手术范围在缩小。随着对乳腺癌生物学特性的深入认识以及病人对生活质量的要求不断提高，目前国内乳腺癌手术治疗方式正从传统根治术向改良根治术转变，并成为主流术式，同时有条件医院还开展乳腺癌保留乳房的综合治疗。而腋淋巴结清扫术(axillary lymph node dissection，ALND)是各式乳腺癌手术的重要组成部分。     

保留乳头乳晕复合体在乳腺癌改良根治术中几个值得关注的问题

目的：探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体（NAC）在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用及其适应证、并发症、肿瘤学风险与疗效等,为其临床应用提供参考。方法：在总结临床应用经验基础上,结合在万方、维普、pubmed数据库检索近年来保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术的相关文献,分析保留NAC在乳腺癌改良根治术肿瘤学风险、适应证、临床应用注意事项、并发症和疗效等几个值得关注的问题。结果：在严格把握适应证的基础上,乳腺癌改良根治术中保留NAC并不带来肿瘤残留危险,临床应用不难掌握,与传统改良根治术相比并发症并没有提高,疗效确切。结论：保留NAC乳腺癌改良根治术保留乳腺的自然皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体,为乳腺癌的外科治疗提供了一种新的方法,对乳腺癌患者乳房重建的美容效果和术后生活质量有重要意义。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.