肘关节恐怖三联征改良分型标准及治疗探讨

目的探讨肘关节恐怖三联征改良分型标准可行性及指导治疗的效果。方法 2007年3月-2013年11月,收治12例肘关节恐怖三联征患者。男5例,女7例;年龄26~74岁,平均37.2岁。致伤原因:高处坠落伤8例,交通事故伤4例。受伤至手术时间4~11 d,平均6.8 d。在Mason分型标准和O’Driscoll分型标准基础上,根据桡骨头、冠状突、尺骨鹰嘴及内、外侧副韧带复合体损伤情况,提出肘关节恐怖三联征改良分型标准;并依据分型结果选择手术入路,行骨折复位固定、软组织修复,重建肘关节稳定性。结果 1例术后切口部分裂开,经换药后愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间19~35个月,平均21.6个月。X线片复查示,骨折均愈合;愈合时间10~17周,平均12.8周。末次随访时,肘关节屈伸活动度达95~135°,平均117.9°;前臂旋前70~85°,平均77.1°;前臂旋后45~75°,平均62.5°。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准(MEPS),获优4例、良5例、可3例。术后1例拒绝行桡骨头置换者发生肘外翻,5例发生肘关节异位骨化。结论按骨性结构(桡骨头、冠状突、尺骨鹰嘴)及软组织结构(内、外侧副韧带复合体)损伤部位分类评估的肘关节恐怖三联征改良分型标准简单实用,利用该分型标准可指导治疗方法的选择。     

单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征

目的探讨单纯外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2004-01—2016-12诊治的21例肘关节"恐怖三联征",均采用外侧入路手术,尺骨冠状突骨折及桡骨头骨折均用无头挤压螺钉内固定,撕裂的外侧副韧带用带线锚钉修复重建。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间平均31.6(12~72)个月。骨折愈合时间10~16周,平均12周。末次随访时所有患者肘关节屈伸、旋转活动及内外翻应力时肘关节均保持稳定,屈伸活动范围均可达到15°~130°,旋转活动度平均140°。末次随访时肘关节功能MEPS评分平均89(75~100)分,其优8例,良11例,可2例。结论单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"可取得满意的疗效,尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折固定及修复外侧副韧带后,肘关节已经获得相对稳定,无需作内侧切口修复内侧副韧带。     

手术治疗肘关节“恐怖三联征”的短期疗效分析

目的探讨手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术方法和临床疗效。方法 2005年6月~2009年2月,本组应用手术治疗闭合性肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者6例。桡骨头骨折按改良Mason分型,Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例;尺骨冠突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型,Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型3例。术中发现肘内、外侧副韧带均有撕裂。按照McKee手术方法,所有患者采用肘内、外侧联合入路进行手术治疗;术后在肘关节屈曲90°和前臂旋转中立位的姿势下,以长臂石膏后托外固定7~10 d,之后开始进行肘关节屈伸和前臂旋转的主动训练。结果术后随访6例,随访时间12~26个月,平均随访时间15个月。6例患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合;骨折亦复位良好,未见畸形愈合,临床愈合时间平均为11周(8~19周);2例患者术后6个月X线片显示肘关节轻度异位骨化;2例患者术后15个月X线片显示肘关节轻度退行性改变;最后随访时肘关节屈伸活动度(109±12)°,前臂旋转活动度(97±15)°,未发现肘关节僵硬、复发性脱位以及桡神经损伤症状;采用Mayo肘关节功能评估指数对随访患者进行评价,其中优2例,良3例,一般1例。结论肘关节"恐怖三联征"由于伴发损伤多,导致肘关节的严重不稳;只有通过手术治疗,恢复和重建肘关节的稳定结构,同时配合早期的康复训练,才能较好地恢复肘关节的功能。     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的要点,分析影响临床疗效的因素。方法回顾性分析2010年6月~2013年1月收治的11例肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者的临床资料,均行手术治疗:肘外侧入路修复桡骨小头骨折和肘外侧副韧带,肘前内侧或肘内侧入路修复冠突、前侧关节囊及内侧副韧带,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。早期进行针对性康复训练。结果本组术中出血平均250(200~600)ml,手术时间平均2(1~2.5)h。本组11例均获随访,平均随访7.5(4~26)个月。肘关节活动度屈曲平均125°±30°,伸展25°±15°,前臂旋转120°±35°。无感染和皮肤坏死,无骨不愈合病例,4例发生骨化性肌炎。按Mayo肘关节功能评分:优4例,良5例,可2例。结论肘关节"恐怖三联征"手术治疗选择肘外侧入路联合肘前内侧或肘内侧入路可以获得良好的手术显露;骨支持结构特别是冠状突的解剖复位是手术成功关键因素,也是软组织得以良好修复的前提;早期合理的康复方案是保证手术疗效的重要环节。     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的治疗:成组病例报告

目的观察手术及术后早期功能锻炼治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年6月重庆市人民医院收治的16例肘关节"恐怖三联征"病例,采用Herber钉、钉板系统或螺钉、克氏针等内固定伴锚钉或单纯韧带修复术治疗,术后活动支具保护下行早期功能锻炼,观察患者骨愈合、肘关节活动及Mayo肘关节功能评分(Mayo elbow performance score,MEPS)情况。结果经过6~12个月随访,16例患者在末次随访时骨折均获得良好愈合。伸肘角度范围为-20°~10°,平均(-2.19±10.16)°,屈肘角度范围为65°~135°,平均(102.19±16.02)°,旋前角度范围为25°~60°,平均(47.19±10.48)°,旋后角度范围为35°~70°,平均(50.63±11.53)°。MEPS评分为51~95分,平均(84.9±10.4)分,其中优6例、良8例、差2例。结论对肘关节骨与软组织稳定结构的固定、修补及术后早期功能锻炼治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征",能够获得满意效果。     

肘关节恐怖三联征10例手术治疗体会

[目的]介绍肘关节"恐怖三联征"的治疗体会。[方法]回顾了10例肘关节脱位合并桡骨小头和冠状突骨折("恐怖三联征")病人的治疗,手术方法包括:尽可能的固定冠状突骨折,固定桡骨小头,修复相关的关节囊和外侧韧带损伤,必要时修复内侧副韧带和辅助外固定。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准进行疗效评估。[结果]肘关节Mayo评分平均得分75%,优3例,良5例,可2例,优良率80%。[结论]对肘关节"恐怖三联征"的损伤机制的充分认识,并重建其稳定性可以获得更好的术后功能。     

铰链式外固定架联合内固定治疗肘关节骨折脱位

目的探讨采用铰链式外固定架联合内固定治疗肘关节骨折脱位的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-06—2016-06采用铰链式外固定架联合内固定治疗的12例肘关节骨折脱位。桡骨头骨折用微型钢板或螺钉固定,尺骨冠状突骨折用钢板或克氏针固定,内、外侧韧带复合体撕脱用骨锚缝合修复。结果 12例均获得随访,随访时间平均9.5(6~12)个月。末次随访时肘关节活动度:伸直平均25.6°(0°~40°),屈曲平均113°(90°~140°),前臂旋前平均55°(30°~80°),前臂旋后平均63°(40°~80°)。疗效采用改良Cassebaum评分标准评定:优5例,良4例,可3例。结论采用铰链式外固定架联合内固定治疗肘关节骨折脱位可以稳定肘关节,患者可早期功能锻炼,最大程度恢复肘关节功能。     

金属铰链式外固定支架在肘关节“恐怖三联征”中的应用

目的介绍肘关节＂恐怖三联征＂（肘关节后脱位合并桡骨头和冠状突骨折）治疗体会及金属铰链式外固定支架在治疗中的应用。方法自2006年7月至2011年7月,共收治肘关节＂恐怖三联征＂患者38例,桡骨头骨折按Mason法分类,Ⅰ型13例,Ⅱ型17例,Ⅲ型8例。尺骨冠状突骨折按Morrey法分类,Ⅰ型12例,Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型7例。38例均采取了手术内固定治疗,其中24例术后采用石膏固定,14例术后采用金属铰链式外固定支架。手术主要固定或置换桡骨头,其中固定35例,置换3例,尽可能地固定修复重建冠状突骨折,修复相关的关节囊及内外侧副韧带。结果术后平均随访30周,手术治疗石膏固定组：肘关节平均屈伸范围为85°~120°,平均（102.24±15.55）°;前臂平均旋转范围为100°~125°,平均（112.40±20.28）°;Mayo肘关节评分为72~94分,平均82分。手术治疗铰链式外架固定组：肘关节平均屈伸范围为115°~135°,平均（125.78±21.69）°;前臂平均旋转范围为135°~175°,平均（165.15±15.25）°;Mayo肘关节评分85~95分,平均93分。结论对于肘关节＂恐怖三联征＂,在重建骨关节和软组织机构的稳定性的基础上,金属铰链式外固定架可以帮助肘关节获得更好的功能恢复。     

内外侧联合入路治疗肘关节恐怖三联征7例效果分析

目的探讨手术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的方法和临床疗效。方法 2009年1月至2012年12月,收治肘关节恐怖三联征患者7例。男5例,女2例;年龄24~57岁,平均(39.57±9.95)岁。高处坠落伤5例,车祸伤2例。尺骨冠状突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型1例。桡骨小头骨折按Mason分型:Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型1例。手术采用肘内外侧联合入路行骨折复位内固定同时修复副韧带,术后石膏托将肘关节屈曲90°,前臂中立位固定,3周取下石膏行伸屈肘及前臂旋转功能锻炼。结果术后7例均获得6~27个月随访,平均(14.00±7.05)个月。所有病例骨折愈合,骨折愈合时间9~20周,平均(13.29±3.82)周;末次随访时肘关节屈伸范围为85°~145°,平均118.57°±20.35°;前臂旋转范围为90°~150°,平均126.43°±21.35°。Mayo肘关节评分65~95分,平均(82.86±10.35)分;优3例,良3例,可1例,差0例,优良率为85.71%。结论肘关节恐怖三联征应采取手术治疗,尽可能重建骨性结构及软组织解剖结构,恢复肘关节稳定性,术后尽早功能锻炼,促进关节功能恢复。     

肘关节恐怖三联征的手术疗效分析

[目的]探讨肘关节恐怖三联征的手术疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2011年1月~2015年8月手术治疗的恐怖三联征患者的临床资料。男9例,女3例;年龄26~45岁,尺骨冠突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型:Ⅰ型7例;Ⅱ型5例;无Ⅲ型患者。桡骨头骨折按Hotchkiss改良的Mason分型:Ⅰ型2例;Ⅱ型6例;Ⅲ型4例,所有患者均采用手术治疗。术后随访10~16个月,评价肘关节活动情况,并进行Mayo功能评分。[结果]本组患者无骨折不愈合发生,无感染。肘关节屈0°~20°,伸110°~140°,平均120.6°,前臂旋前40°~70°,旋后50°~80°,平均旋转范围124°,Mayo功能评分:优7例,良3例,中2例。3个月后1例出现肘关节僵硬,3例出现异位骨化。[结论]肘关节恐怖三联征可造成肘关节严重不稳定,手术应尽快恢复肘关节骨性解剖结构,修复关节周围韧带及关节囊等,术后早期进行功能锻炼,可获得良好的肘关节功能。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.