Treatment of 2019 cases with upper urinary tract calculi using a piezoelectric lithotriptor ESL-500A

PURPOSE: We evaluated the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in a large number of cases with upper urinary tract calculi, and reported the strategy how to improve the efficacy and safety of ESWL. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Eight hundred fifteen patients with renal calculi and 1,204 patients with ureteral calculi were treated using a piezoelectric ultrasound-guided lithotriptor, Toshiba ESL-500A. Auxiliary measures were needed in 51 cases (2.5%) and 1,968 cases (97.5%) were treated by in situ procedures. ESWL was performed with the optimal positioning of the patient and under the continuous monitoring by ultrasound system. The visibility of stones was improved by removal of abdominal gas and administration of diuretic agent to dilate the ureter. Cases with urinary tract infection were medicated by antibiotics and the obstruction of the urinary tract was cleared away as soon as possible. RESULTS: Including the cases with residual fragments less than 4 mm, the success rates at one month after the treatment were 97.7% and 98.7% for the renal and ureteral calculi, respectively. The mean numbers of sessions were 1.49 for renal calculi and 1.16 for ureteral calculi. Multiple sessions were required in 24.2% of renal calculi and 12.0% of ureteral calculi. No serious complication has been observed except for three cases, which were sepsis after ESWL, anuria in a solitary kidney, and pyonephrosis caused by Steinstrasse with urinary infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: ESWL using ESL-500A is an efficient treatment of upper urinary tract calculi which has higher pulverization rate and fewer complications in the adequate procedure.     

ESWL与输尿管镜碎石联合处理上尿路结石

目的：探讨对部分上尿路结石采用ESWI．与输尿管镜碎石联合处理的方法。方法：对70例上尿路结石患者采用ESWI。与输尿管镜下钬激光碎石（URS）联合交替治疗。其中输尿管结石48例,。肾结石22例。结果：结石总排净率为91．4％00（64／70）,其中输尿管结石排净率为95．8％（46／48）,肾结石排净率为81．8％（18／22）。3例治疗失败,其中1例输尿管结石因输尿管狭窄无法入镜;另2例肾结石,1例因交替治疗次数过多中途停止治疗,1例因结石硬度过大ESWI,不佳,均改为PCNL术。结论：ESW[。与URS联合交替进行的疗法处理上尿路结石,避免了创伤性治疗,扩大了ESWI,治疗范围,降低了URS手术难度,缩短了URS操作时间,提高了结石排净率,患者创伤微小、恢复快、并发症少,是治疗上尿路结石,特别是部分复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法之一。     

纤维胆道镜在上尿路结石手术中的应用

目的:探讨纤维胆道镜在上尿路结石手术中的应用价值。方法:为31例复杂上尿路结石(多发肾结石、输尿管多发结石、输尿管结石并肾结石)患者施行手术,5例输尿管切开取石术中结石移位时应用纤维胆道镜协助取石。结果:35例取石成功,1例多发肾结石患者有2颗结石残留于肾盏内,术后2个月体外冲击波碎石术(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)治疗后排出,2例输尿管粘膜和1例肾盂粘膜损伤出血。结论:纤维胆道镜用于上尿路结石手术,尤其是复杂性上尿路结石手术,有助于取尽结石,对患者损伤小,是一种安全有效的方法,值得临床推广应用。     

Calyceal stones: Fate of shock wave therapy with respect to stone localization

In a retrospective analysis the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment were evaluated in patients with renal stones according to calyceal localization of treated stones. The 198 patients who underwent ESWL with the Dornier MPL 9000 were analyzed for success rate, complication rate, residual fragments, regrowth and recurrence rates. Totally 210 calyceal calculi located in different portions of the kidney have been comparatively evaluated. No major complications were noted during or after ESWL. Some minor complications such as flank pain, renal colic, haematuria were observed. Flank pain was observed during ESWL treatment especially in patients with upper calyceal stones. Although stone-free and residual fragment rates were similar in pelvic, upper and middle calyces, patients with lower calyceal and pelvicalyceal stones had high residual fragment rate and lower stone-free rate. Patients with stones in the lower calyces or pelvicalyces had high recurrence and regrowth rates (p<0.05). ESWL has been considered as the optimal treatment modality for most upper urinary tract calculi. It is especially effective in patients with pelvic, upper and middle calyceal stones. Patients with lower calyceal stones often failed to eliminate the fragments, hence had high recurrence and regrowth rates.     

B超引导微通道经皮肾镜钬激光治疗上尿路结石105例

目的探讨B超引导下微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法2008年9月～2011年12月105例上尿路结石在B超引导下18G肾穿刺针穿刺,建立F14～F16皮肾微通道,置入Wolf8.0/9.8输尿管镜,65W钬激光将结石粉碎,放置F5双J管作内引流,F14硅胶肾造瘘管外引流。结果91例（86．6％）单通道一期碎石成功;9例单通道二期碎石成功（8．5％）,其中2例二期术后仍小结石残留行体外震波碎石后结石排净;5例穿刺失败：2例1～3次ESWL辅以中药排石治疗后结石排净,3例中转开放切开取石手术,穿刺失败率4．7％（5／105）。手术时间70—150min,（80．5±10．2）min;术中出血量20～100ml,平均50ml,无大出血。105例随访10～32个月,（10．6±3．5）月,4例结石复发,因结石偏小行中医排石汤排石后治愈。结论B超引导下微通道经皮肾镜下钬激光碎石治疗上尿路结石安全、有效。     

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, endourology and open surgery: the management and follow-up of 200 patients with urinary calculi

The management and follow up of 200 consecutive patients with renal and ureteric calculi are presented. The primary treatment of 185 (92.5%) was by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), of whom three (1.6)%) with large calculi underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) prior to ESWL as a planned combined procedure. Twelve (6%) were treated by PCNL or ureterorenoscopy (URS) as their definitive treatment and three (1.5%) by conventional open renal and ureteric surgery. The average in-patient stay was 3.8 days and most returned to normal activity within one day of discharge. Of the 185 patients 102 (55%) required no analgesia after treatment by ESWL, 29 (15.6%) required parenteral analgesia and the rest were comfortable with oral non-narcotic medication. Thirty (16%) required auxillary treatment by percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN), PCNL and URS following ESWL for obstructive complications from stone particles. Two required further ESWL and one PCNL at three months for large fragments. Overall, open surgery was required for only 1% of renal calculi and 13% of ureteric stones. These results are consistant with the extensive West German experience confirming that most urinary calculi are now best managed by ESWL and endoscopic techniques. Where these facilities are available open surgery should only be necessary for less than 5% of upper urinary tract stones.     

ESWL治疗儿童尿路结石的临床效果和远期随访(附54例报告)

为探讨体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗儿童尿路结石的远期效果，采用ESWL治疗儿童尿路结石54例，成功率为96．3％，术后无严重并发症。并对其中16例患儿进行了24～91个月（平均56．5个月）的远期随访，结果尿常规、尿素氮、肾功能及形态均正常，仅14．3％的患儿有结石复发，另外2例未排净的残石中有1例再生。由此表明，ESWL对患儿的血压远期影响不大，亦不影响患儿的肾脏功能及其生长发育。     

The impact of contemporary bladder management techniques on struvite calculi associated with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, risk factors and complications of upper tract struvite calculi, often associated with spinal cord injury (SCI), as such patients have a high incidence of urinary infection complicating their neurogenic voiding dysfunction, by reviewing a large population of patients with SCI in whom modern techniques of bladder management were used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1982 and 1996, 1669 patients with SCI were admitted to our institution; 1359 of these patients sustained their injuries during the study period. During this time, their bladder management was based on urodynamic and imaging criteria, using techniques such as early intermittent catheterization, sphincterotomy and bladder augmentation where possible to create a catheter-free, low-pressure reservoir. All instances of upper tract struvite calculi in this population were documented. Risk factors for stone development, presentation and complications, management and recurrence rates were assessed. RESULTS: Over the 15 years, 58 patients (3.5% of the SCI population) were treated for a total of 144 episodes of struvite calculi. The incidence of stones in those injured since 1982 was 1. 5%; 67% of these patients had complete spinal cord lesions, 54% had lesions of the cervical cord and 53% developed their first stone >10 years after injury. Only 22% presented within 2 years of injury. The group of patients developing stones had a significantly higher incidence of indwelling catheters (49%), bladder stones (52%) and vesico-ureteric reflux (28%) than those who were stone-free. The development of recurrent urinary tract infections was the most common mode of presentation. The stone-free rate after treatment was 87%. Normal renal function was preserved in 72% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of patients with SCI managed using contemporary bladder techniques the incidence of upper tract calculi was 3.5%; 30% of these stones were complete or partial staghorns. Those patients with complete cord lesions, permanent indwelling catheters and vesico-ureteric reflux were at the highest risk. Stone clearance was 87% and recurrent stones occurred in 69% of patients. Struvite renal calculi continue to be a significant problem in the spinal cord injury population.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children: experience using a mpl-9000 lithotriptor

Our objectives were to assess the value of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in treating pediatric urolithiasis, and to determine the factors that may affect treatment success. Between January 1993 and August 2002, 129 children with upper urinary tract calculi (134 renoureteral units) were treated using a Dornier MPL-9000 lithotriptor. The series consisted of 77 boys and 52 girls with an age range from 20 months to 14 years (average age: 8.7 years). All ESWL procedures took place under general anaesthesia or sedation with ketamin or fentanyl. Under ultrasonic or fluoroscopic guidance, children were treated with a maximum 2,550 shocks at an average of 19.5 kV. Success was defined as the lack of any visible stone fragments on post-treatment radiological evaluation. The patients were assessed 3 months after ESWL treatment and the results were compared using ²-tests to detect factors that might be associated with treatment success. There were 105 renal, 20 ureteral, four bilateral renal and one unilateral renal plus contralateral ureteral calculi. The mean sizes were 15.7 mm for pelvic, 17.8 mm for renal and 10.2 mm for ureteral stones. One or two lithotripsy sessions were sufficient in most cases (71.6%). In 15 (11.6%) patients, double J stents introduced before lithotripsy were left indwelling until all stone fragments were voided. Overall success rates were 89.5% for pelvic, 85.5% for renal and 75% for ureteral stones. Complications such as urinary tract infection, Steinstrasse and small subcapsular hematoma occurred in 19 (14.7%) patients. The only significant factor associated with the stone-free rate was the diameter of the stone (P=0.022). This study confirmed that the stone-free rate is significantly influenced by stone size. Because children with stone disease are at risk for a longer period than adults, their cumulative likelihood of stone recurrences may be higher. Thus, we agree with other authorities that minimally invasive treatment, such as ESWL, is mandatory in children with urolithiasis.     

Treatment of ureteral stone disease: the role of ESWL and endourology

Summary In recent years, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved a safe and easily reproducible method for the treatment of calculi in the upper urinary tract above the iliac crest. Current indications for ESWL as single therapy encompass approximately 60%–70% of all stones. The use of endourological methods as auxiliary procedures can enhance the range of indications to 95% of all renal stones and 85% of all ureteral stones. In the last year, 1340 patients have been successfully treated for urinary calculi at our department. Evaluation of all stone cases shows that ESWL alone, ESWL combined with percutaneous techniques, or percutaneous techniques alone were performed on 93% of all patients. Only 7% of patients had to undergo open surgical treatment, 1% for renal stones and 15% for ureteral stones. Ureteral stones are still among the problem stones for ESWL, in many cases requiring time-consuming combined procedures with either of the percutaneous methods. Furthermore, ureteral obstruction caused by stone particles as a complication after ESWL-treatment of large renal stones has to be relieved using percutaneous techniques. In this report we describe our approach in detail and discuss our results.     

Urolithiasis in Tunisian children: a study of 120 cases based on stone composition

The composition of urinary stones in children depends on socioeconomic conditions and hygiene, geographical area, and dietary habits. We analyzed urinary stones from 120 consecutive Tunisian children (81 males, 39 females) aged 5 months to 15 years. The stone was located in the upper urinary tract in 91 cases (76%). Stone analysis included both a morphological examination and an infrared analysis of the nucleus and the inner and peripheral layers. The main components of bladder calculi were whewellite (69%) and struvite (22%), whereas the main component of upper urinary tract calculi was whewellite (67%). The nucleus of bladder stones was composed of ammonium urate (45%), struvite (28%), cystine (10%), and carbapatite (7%). The nucleus of kidney and ureteral calculi was mainly composed of ammonium urate (38%), whewellite (24%), carbapatite (13%), or struvite (11%). Based on stone composition, urinary tract infection was involved in the nucleation or growth of a third of calculi. Endemic urolithiasis involving simultaneous nutritional, metabolic, and infectious factors, and defined by its nucleus composed of ammonium urate without struvite, represented 40% of cases. Exclusive metabolic factors – including genetic diseases such as primary hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, and hypercalciuria – were responsible for less than 25% of cases. Received: 6 March 1998 / Revised: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 22 March 1999     

Treatment of staghorn calculi. Strategies and results of the combined use of new technics

From January 1984 to June 1986, 270 patients with staghorn calculi were treated by ESWL, PCNL, or a combination of both. The indications were determined according to stone burden, distribution of stone load, architecture of the renal collecting system, radiopacity, and chemical composition of the calculi. Another group (83 patients) treated from January 1982 to October 1983 exclusively with open surgery was also examined. In a retrospective study, the treatment and follow-up data of the two groups were evaluated and compared. At discharge, 78 (29%) of the patients treated by the new techniques were free of stones, while 192 (71%) still had residual fragments in the kidney or in the ureter. Among the group treated by open surgery, 54 (65.1%) were free of stones at discharge, 17 (20.4%) still had residual fragments, and 12 (14.5%) had to undergo nephrectomy. The follow-up data (18 months n = 186) for the ESWL-PCNL-group revealed a stone-free rate of 54.8%. Residual fragments were observed in 40.3% and recurrent stone formation occurred in only 4.9%. Follow-up examination of group treated by open surgery (42 months, n = 61) revealed a stone-free rate of 72.1%, while residual stones persisted in 8.2% and recurrent stone formation occurred in 19.7%. The incidence of urinary tract infection was only 11.3% after ESWL/PCNL, as against 30% after open surgery. It is remarkable that 80% of the patients with residual fragments after ESWL-PCNL did not have any such symptoms as infection or colic.     

Clinical experiences of renal and ureteral stones by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). IV: 3-year clinical experience of cases treated with ESWL

We report our 3-year experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) since we first used it for upper urinary tract stones on September 1st, 1984. A total of 1,225 patients (1,320 cases) underwent 1,647 sessions with ESWL; They consisted of 855 males (70%) and 370 females (30%). Treated stone locations were 593 renal stones, which contained 112 complete staghorn calculi, 504 ureteral stones, 110 renoureteral stones, and 1 bladder stone. ESWL monotherapy was performed on 90% of cases with renal and ureteral stones, and 46% of cases with complete staghorn calculi. In all the cases so far observed for more than 12 weeks after ESWL, 84.9% of the former showed complete discharge of the stones, and 0.7% showed no change. Only 48.9% of the later showed the complete discharge of the stones, 43.3% of which had residual stones, and 7.8% had fragments of the size of small beans. Complications, which were fever and pain, were noticed in 33.6% of the cases with renal and ureteral stones, and 64.3% of the cases with complete staghorn calculi. After ESWL, hematuria was noticed in almost cases, but the average volume of hemorrhage was 28 +/- 33 ml/day. The only contraindication of ESWL was severe obesity, and in the cases in which spontaneous stone discharge can be expected.     

输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的联合治疗

目的：探讨输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的治疗方法与疗效。方法：回顾性分析32例输尿管结石梗阻继发急性严重上尿路感染患者的临床治疗方法：在积极抗感染的同时,急诊行膀胱镜下逆行插管引流,或在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺置管引流,其中27例感染控制后二期行输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL,3例在抗感染同时行ESWL,2例在抗感染同时行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术。结果：19例膀胱镜下逆行插管成功,8例在B超引导下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术成功,3～6天后患者体温和血白细胞数降至正常。二期14例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术成功,13例行ESWL成功。在抗感染同时一期行ESWL或输尿管镜的5例碎石成功。所有患者无输尿管穿孔、输尿管撕裂、严重出血等并发症。术后1～8周输尿管结石全部排净,平均住院28．5天。结石排净后随访1～9个月,患肾功能全部恢复正常。结论：膀胱镜下逆行插管引流或经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流联合输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL简便,耐受性好,并发症少,可迅速控制感染,清除结石,二者联合应用是输尿管结石继发急性严重上尿路感染的理想治疗方法。     

Management of ureteral stones by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. 3 years of experience

From April 1985 to March 1987 181 patients with ureteral stones were treated by means of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Management for proximal calculi changed from in situ ESWL treatment (group n = 27) or placement of a ureteral catheter below calculi (group II, n = 30) to retrograde stone manipulation into renal pelvis (group IV, n = 52) or ESWL treatment under intraoperative irrigation of saline in cases where repositioning failed (group III, n = 50). The best stone-free rate for upper ureteral stones was obtained in group IV with 96% after 6 weeks, presenting also the shortest hospital stay (4.2 days) and lowest quota of postoperative auxiliary procedures (2%). Stones, not being dislodged into renal pelvis (49%), could be treated successfully in 86% by irrigation with saline during ESWL (group III). The stone-free rate decreased in patients with in situ treatment (group I: 67%) or ureteral catheter placement (group II: 83%). Treatment of these stones increased the need of postoperative ancillary procedures to approximately 30%. For distal ureteral stones ESWL and preoperative Zeiss placement achieved a stone-free rate of 95%.     

逆行插管与静脉造影定位ESWL治疗上尿路阴性结石的比较

为探讨不同部位上尿路阴性结石定位方法的选择，对９８例上尿路阴性结石患者采用大剂量静脉尿路造影（ＩＶＵ）和逆行插管（ＲＧＰ）定位法行体外冲击波碎石术（ＥＳＷＬ），并根据其疗效进行比较。结果：２０例肾阴性结石中，８例行ＩＶＵ定位下ＥＳＷＬ碎石，治愈率为１２．５％；１２例行ＲＧＰ定位下ＥＳＷＬ碎石，治愈率为８．３％；认为对此类患者不宜行Ｘ线定位碎石。５８例输尿管上、中段阴性结石中，２８例行ＩＶＵ定位碎石     

Clinical application of Therasonic lithotripsy treatment system for upper urinary tract calculi

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) using a Therasonic lithotripter was performed on 30 patients with urinary tract calculi between July, 1989 and February, 1990. The results obtained in 31 cases (one patient had bilateral renal stones) were presented. There were 22 inpatients and 8 outpatients in this series. The stone location was: renal pelvis in 15 cases, renal calyces in 10 cases, parenchyma or diverticulum of renal calyces in 3 cases, ureteropelvic junction in 1 case, and upper ureter in 2 cases. Sixteen cases (52%) became stone-free and residual stones (less than or equal to 4 mm) remained in 9 cases (overall effective rate 81%) at one month after the treatment. There were no serious complications including bacteremia and renal hematoma. We concluded that Therasonic lithotripter is useful in the management of upper urinary tract calculi.     

纤维胆道镜在复杂上尿路结石手术中的应用

目的探讨纤维胆道镜在复杂上尿路结石手术中的应用价值。方法将纤维胆道镜应用于输尿管多发结石、输尿管结石并肾结石以及输尿管结石移位的手术中，取出结石。结果21例中19例纤维胆道镜取石成功(其中1例有2米粒大结石残留于肾盏内，出院后2周内排出)，2例失败后改行传统手术。结论纤维胆道镜应用于复杂上尿路结石手术中，治疗效果较好、损伤小，是一种安全有效的方法，值得推广应用。对于用纤维胆道镜取石困难、估计损伤较大的病例．采用传统方法延长切口取石为宜。     

影响第二次冲击波碎石术治疗上尿路结石患者成功的因素分析

目的 探讨影响第二次冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL）治疗上尿路结石患者成功的因素。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年12月来本院接受第二次ESWL治疗的上尿路结石患者120例。根据患者上尿路结石有无完全排出分为成功组（n=80）和失败组（n=40）。回顾性分析所有患者的病历资料,相关因素分析包括性别、年龄、病程、BMI、结石侧别、结石位置、结石长度、结石宽度、结石数目、肾绞痛、血尿、肾积水程度、非增强螺旋CT值、冲击次数、冲击能量等指标。应用单因素、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析上尿路结石患者第二次ESWL治疗成功与否的危险因素分析。结果 120例上尿路结石患者临床特征显示,两组在病程、BMI、结石长度、结石宽度、结石数量、肾绞痛、肾积水程度、CT值、冲击次数方面差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,在性别、年龄、结石侧别、结石位置、血尿、冲击能量方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。经单因素、多因素 Logistic 回归分析结果显示,BMI偏高、结石长度＞2 cm、存在肾绞痛、肾积水程度严重、CT值＞750 HU会增加上尿路结石患者第二次ESWL治疗失败的风险（P＜0.05）。结论 临床医师利用ESWL第二次治疗上尿路结石患者过程中,应格外注意患者BMI、结石长度、肾绞痛、肾积水程度、CT值等关键指标。     

双定位低能量ESWL治疗上尿路结石2 008例报告

观察双定位低能量碎石机治疗上尿路结石的疗铲及并发症。方法：应用ＭＺ－Ｖ型Ｂ超、Ｘ线双定位低能量碎石机治疗上尿路结石２００８例。结果：肾结石一次粉碎成功率达９８．３５％，输尿管结石达９７．４５％，无一例发生严重内脏损伤。结论：双定位低能量碎石机具有碎石成功率高，无严重并发症，定位方便等优点，弥补了单一定位系统的不足，使操作更方便，效果更理想。