Plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma: A report of a rare case

Plasmacytoid variant of urothelial bladder carcinoma is rare. We report a case with a detailed discussion of features that help characterize this variant. A 50-year-old man originally presented with gross hematuria. Resections at that time revealed a grade I-II superficial urothelial carcinoma. He did not return for follow-up until recently, three years later, when he presented with recurrent gross hematuria. An extensive tumor was identified on cystoscopy. Resection revealed a high-grade non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma. CT scan revealed a large urinary bladder solid mass with bilateral hydronephrosis. Metastatic workup was negative. The patient underwent a radical cystectomy with creation of ileal conduit. Final pathology revealed plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma with extensive vascular invasion and extension to the perivesical adipose tissue. We present a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma with comprehensive analysis of the morphological and immunophenotypic clues that characterize this variant.     

小儿膀胱横纹肌肉瘤的影像诊断

目的探讨小儿膀胱横纹肌肉瘤(Rhabdomyosarcoma,RMS)的X线造影和CT表现特征,提高对本病的认识.方法回顾性分析14例经手术病理证实的膀胱RMS的临床影像资料,全部病例均行静脉尿路造影和/或膀胱造影检查,其中4例行CT扫描.结果造影显示葡萄簇状充盈缺损11例;膀胱三角区大的分叶状充盈缺损影3例,6例膀胱壁毛糙.4例CT均显示膀胱腔内典型葡萄簇状低于腹壁肌肉密度软组织肿块,膀胱壁增厚,增强呈轻中度强化.结论膀胱RMS影像表现具有一定特征,结合患儿年龄及临床特征多可做出正确诊断.     

盆腔脂肪增多症的影像学观察

目的通过分析2例盆腔脂肪增多症的影像和临床特点,以提供临床对盆腔脂肪增多症诊断的参考。方法分析2例盆腔脂肪增多症患者的临床表现以及静脉尿路造影（IVtl）、X线、CT、膀胱造影等表现。结果盆腔脂肪增多症患者的腹部X线片、CT、IVU均可见“骨盆透明”征;肾盂和输尿管上段有不同程度扩张积水;膀胱抬高呈“梨”形;直肠和乙状结肠向上及外侧推挤移位;病理诊断均伴有腺性膀胱炎。结论盆腔脂肪增多症行X线、CT和IVU检查有其特征性的表现,合理运用影像学检查手段可减少对本病的误诊,认识这些影像学特点有助于提高对本病的诊断。     

18F-FDG PET/CT盆部延迟显像在原发性膀胱癌诊断和局部分期中的临床价值

目的观察18F-FDG PET/CT盆部延迟显像在原发性膀胱癌的诊断和局部分期中的价值。方法 27例疑似膀胱癌患者,术前均行增强CT及18F-FDG PET/CT常规加盆部延迟显像进行诊断和分期,以手术病理结果作为金标准,观察盆部延迟显像在原发性膀胱癌诊断和局部分期上的价值,并与增强CT作比较。结果 27例患者中,增强CT、盆部延迟显像诊断原发肿瘤的灵敏度分别为77.27%、90.90%;特异度分别为60.00%、40.00%;准确度分别为74.07%、81.48%;盆部延迟显像和增强CT诊断准确度比较无统计学差异（P=0.263）。12例患者接受了膀胱癌根治术,其中10例有盆腔淋巴结或邻近组织转移,增强CT、盆部延迟显像局部分期准确度分别为33.33%、91.67%,盆部延迟显像优于增强CT（P=0.018）。结论18F-FDG PET/CT盆部延迟显像在原发性膀胱癌的诊断上与增强CT具有同等价值,局部分期准确度优于增强CT,具有更高的临床价值。     

尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄致肾积水35例诊治探讨

目的探讨尿道下裂术后长期尿道狭窄导致肾积水的诊断和治疗。方法 35例尿道下裂术后长期尿道狭窄患者通过行排泄性尿道造影、发射单光子计算机断层扫描（ECT）、超声、静脉肾孟造影及尿路造影（MRU）等检查后确诊。分别对狭窄距尿道口小于1 cm患者行尿道外口切开及外翻缝合;对长度大于1 cm患者行狭窄段尿道剖开及二期成形尿道;皮瓣成形尿道与原尿道吻合处重度狭窄患者行狭窄段切除后再端端吻合;轻度狭窄患者采取输尿管镜下钬激光内切开术;输尿管明显扩张返流者行抗返流再植术;膀胱容量小于100 mL的患者行膀胱扩大术。结果 20例患者肾脏轻中度积水且膀胱内有小梁增生;9例患者肾脏中重度积水且膀胱内有大量的小梁增生,隐窝形成。5例术后再次出现尿道狭窄（2例重新手术,3例定期行尿道扩张）。其余30例患者术后肾脏积水较术前明显减轻。结论尿道狭窄是尿道下裂术后的常见并发症,如果发生狭窄需及时采取扩尿道及再次手术等方式解除尿道梗阻,防止长时间下尿路梗阻致肾积水和肾功能损害。     

CT和MRI在鼻咽癌诊断和临床分期的比较

目的 通过分析鼻咽癌在纤维鼻咽镜下、CT和MRI的影像学表现,评价其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的82例鼻咽癌的CT和MRI的影像学检查资料作分期比较.结果鼻咽癌各期(T1,T2,T3,T4)CT和MRI方法的阳性检测率分别是42.7％和19.5％,13.4％和17％,24.4％和39％,19.5％和24.4％...     

The Utility of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Detection of Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma in Routine Clinical Practice

To evaluate the ability of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in detecting bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC), FISH and cytology were compared for the evaluation of 308 consecutive urine samples from patients suspected of having BUC. All patients underwent cystoscopy for identification of bladder lesions. The FISH results were compared with the cytology assessment. In all, 122 patients had confirmed BUC. Among them, 68 (55.7%) were FISH-positive, while only 33 (27%) were positive on cytology. According to disease stage (superficial vs. invasive) and grade (low vs. high), the sensitivities of FISH were also significantly higher than those of cytology in all categories. Moreover, in 36 patients who had no visible tumor with flat, erythematous mucosa (suspicious lesion), FISH was more sensitive than cytology for the detection of BUC (83.3% vs. 33.3%, P=0.002). The FISH was negative in 168 (90.3%) of 186 patients with no histological evidence of BUC or negative cystoscopy findings. The sensitivity of FISH for detecting BUC was superior to that of cytology, regardless of tumor stage and grade. FISH is a significant additional and complementary method for detection of BUC in patients who have suspicious lesions on cystoscopy.     

Pre-operative assessment of bladder endometriosis

The aim of our study was to verify the reliability of transvaginal ultrasonography in the pre-operative evaluation of bladder endometriosis. Six patients with suspected bladder endometriosis were studied. At referral to our department all six women underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography, cystoscopy and descending urography. Subsequently all the women underwent transperitoneal cystotomy and excision of endometriotic lesion at laparotomy. In three patients the bladder endometriotic lesions were continuous with adenomyosis in the anterior uterine wall. Histological examination confirmed the endometriotic nature of bladder nodule in all cases. Abdominal ultrasonography visualized the detrusor neoformation in all the patients but was less precise than transvaginal ultrasonography and MRI in defining the size of the lesions, infiltration of the detrusor and continuity with extravesical lesions. Transvaginal ultrasonography was more accurate and versatile than abdominal ultrasonography. The better image resolution allowed an accurate structural analysis of the bladder wall lesion. Furthermore, involvement of the uterovesical septum could be evaluated and adjacent myometrial infiltration recognized. MRI, although very precise, was less versatile than transvaginal ultrasonography and less accurate in establishing the margins of the lesions as perilesional fibrosis is visualized less clearly than areas containing haematic material. Urography was aspecific but still useful to evaluate the integrity of the upper urinary tract and ureters. In conclusion, in our patients transvaginal ultrasonography was found to be the most accurate technique in the diagnosis of bladder endometriosis.      

原发性输尿管癌的诊断与治疗（附25例报告）

目的提高原发性输尿管癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法对1998年至2006年9月收治的25例原发性输尿管癌患者的诊断、治疗经验进行总结。结果25例术后病理检查均证实为输尿管癌。本病主要症状有肉眼血尿、腰痛、病侧肾积水。尿路造影、膀胱镜、输尿管镜检查为主要诊断手段。患侧肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖状切除是首选术式。结论凡原因不明的血尿患者,经B超或静脉肾盂造影检查,发现肾积水或肾不显影时,应考虑到原发性输尿管癌的可能,其预后与肿瘤的分级分期密切相关,早期诊断,正确治疗和预防复发是提高患者生存率的关键。     

Evaluation of the NMP22 test and comparison with voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder cancer

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical performance of the NMP22 test and to compare it with that of voided urine cytology for the detection of bladder cancer. The NMP22 test was evaluated in two groups of patients. The first group was comprised of patients with histologically confirmed active transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, and the second group contained those with a history of bladder TCC but that were considered to have no evidence of disease on the basis of cystoscopic evaluation of bladder and/or biopsy. Sensitivity was determined in voided urine samples from patients with active TCC of the bladder. Specificity was determined in the urine samples of patients with a history of bladder TCC but no current evidence of disease. The NMP22 test was positive in 53 of 70 samples from patients with active bladder TCC. The sensitivity of the NMP22 test (75.7%) is significantly better than that of voided urine cytology (55.7%). The specificity of the NMP22 test and of voided urine cytology were 72.2% and 88.9% respectively, in patients with a history of bladder TCC but no current evidence of disease. There was no significant difference between the specificity of NMP22 and that of urine cytology. The NMP22 test is superior to voided urine cytology in the detection of TCC of the bladder. The results of this study indicate that the NMP22 test is an useful adjunct to cystoscopy in the detection and monitoring of TCC of the bladder.     

UroplakinⅢ与Twist在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨UroplakinⅢ(UPⅢ)、Twist在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测UPⅢ和Twist的表达.结果 UPⅢ在140例膀胱尿路上皮癌组的表达阳性率为15.7％ (22/140)低于70例正常膀胱粘膜组71.4％ (50/70),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Twist在...     

Computerized tomography scan in the preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma

Forty-two patients with renal cell carcinoma were evaluated with computerized tomography (CT) followed by surgical exploration, extirpative surgery, or autopsy to determine the accuracy of the CT scan in assessing the extension of the disease. There was an overall accuracy of 95 percent (40/42 patients). The two staging errors were misinterpretation of renal vein involvement and liver invasion. The CT scan is an accurate preoperative indicator of the diagnosis, state, and extension of renal cell carcinoma. Other radiologic studies (arteriography and inferior venacavography) should be used as complementary studies in selective patients.     

Routine transurethral biopsy of the bladder is not necessary to evaluate the response to bacillus calmette-guerin therapy

We evaluated the need for transurethral biopsy at first follow-up after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for superficial bladder cancer. The records of 84 patients with superficial bladder cancer who received a 6- or 8-week course of BCG were reviewed. Pathological results before BCG, cystoscopic findings, urinary cytology, and biopsy results for evaluation of BCG therapy were reviewed. All 19 patients with positive urinary cytology had evidence of positive bladder biopsy results. Fifty-three of 54 patients (98.1%) with no visible recurrent tumor and negative urinary cytology demonstrated negative pathological results on bladder biopsy. When not found in conjunction with positive urinary cytology, erythematous mucosa on cystoscopy was not an indicator of tumor recurrence or residual cancer. In conclusion, routine transurethral biopsy of the bladder for evaluating the response to BCG intravesical therapy is not necessary in patients who have no visible tumor on cystoscopy and negative urinary cytology.     

Problematic issues in the staging of endometrial,cervical and vulval carcinomas

The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging of tumours of the uterine corpus, cervix and vulva was revised in 2009. The greatest impact of the revised staging was on carcinomas of the uterine corpus. Uterine sarcomas are now staged separately. Changes to the staging system for vulvar carcinomas largely reflect the significance of lymph node status. Only minor amendments have been introduced for cervical carcinomas, which remain the only gynaecological tumours to be staged clinically. These revisions, based on recent evidence, require careful, more detailed assessment of several histological parameters at each anatomical site. The present review deals with the evidence and rationale underpinning the revisions, and includes practical guidance on tumour staging. This covers the assessment and measurement of myoinvasion and evaluation of cervical, parametrial, serosal and vaginal involvement in carcinomas of the uterine corpus; the identification and accurate measurement of stromal invasion in cervical and vulvar carcinomas; the assessment of unusual variants of carcinoma at each of these sites; and the assessment of lymph node involvement.     

Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the urinary bladder in a patient with bladder cancer previously treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy

We report an extremely rare case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) of the urinary bladder. A 68-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy showed multiple papillary tumors in the urinary bladder, and transurethral resection was performed. Pathological diagnosis was high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with lamina propria invasion. The patient received six treatments with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy. Seven months after surgery, follow-up cystoscopy showed three elevated lesions in the urinary bladder, two of which were identified histologically as recurrent urothelial carcinoma. Microscopic examination of the lesion at the anterior wall revealed diffuse infiltration of medium to large histiocytoid cells in the lamina propria, many of which had distorted nuclei and nuclear grooves. Dense eosinophilic infiltration was also observed. Immunohistochemically, the histiocytoid cells were diffusely positive for S-100 and CD1a, but negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and melanosome-associated antigen recognized by HMB-45. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical features, we diagnosed the lesion as LCH of the urinary bladder. There was no evidence of recurrence of either bladder cancer or LCH after an 18-month follow-up. To avoid misdiagnosis, urologists and pathologists should be aware that LCH may develop in the urinary bladder after intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer.     

Prognostic significance of microvascular counts in rectal carcinoma

Numerous studies of many tumor types have demonstrated that microvessel quantitation as a measure of angiogenesis is a powerful prognostic tool. Vascular enumeration has been claimed to be an independent prognosticator for several human tumors, including breast carcinoma, melanoma or bladder carcinoma; however, the studies of colorectal cancer have rendered variable results. To test the prognostic influence of this factor in our patients, we selected 39 patients with rectal carcinoma Dukes' stages A to C treated only with curative surgery, with no further adjuvant therapy. The minimal follow-up time was 5 years (60 months). After immunostaining with CD34, we performed a manual count of the vessels following Gasparini's criteria. In our series, vascular enumeration has been a prognosticator for OS (overall survival) but not for RFS (relapse-free-survival) at all Dukes' stages in the univariate analysis. This prognostic influence was lost in the multivariate analysis, in which only stage as well as vascular and neural invasion behaved as significant independent prognosticators. The presence of hypervascularization did not show any significant association with histologic grade, tumor staging, and vascular or neural invasion.     

PET/CT对鼻咽癌的分期、再分期、临床分期及疗效监测的价值

目的 分析PET/CT在鼻咽癌的分期、再分期、临床分期中的应用及在监测疗效中的价值.方法 选取2014年6月至2016年1月间我院收治的172例NPC患者作为本研究对象,使用GE Discovery DST PET/CT 18F-FDG显像仪对患者行影像学检查;分析影像学检查在NPC的分期、再分期、临床分期中的应用,并探讨其在临床疗效检测时的应用价值.结果首次分期采用PET/CT影像学检查的诊断灵敏度及准确性均显著高于CT/MRI检测(P<0.05);再分期两组检测方法的诊断灵敏度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);临床疗效监测时两种检查方法的诊断灵敏度、准确性、阴性预测值差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 PET/CT在NPC的分期、再分期、临床分期中的应用具有准确性、灵敏度较高的优点,且其在疗效监测时具有较好的临床应用价值.     

血清CA125、经阴道B超检查及CT检查在子宫内膜癌术前评估方面的价值

目的 研究血清CA125、经阴道B超检查及CT检查在子宫内膜癌（EC）术前评估方面的价值。方法 选取2017年2月~2018年2月在我院确诊的46例EC行分期手术患者为研究对象,术前分别进行阴道B超、CT检查以及血清CA125检测,对比术前与术后检测结果,并根据术后病理结果分析术前各种检测方法特异性、敏感性等。结果 术前血清CA125水平、阳性率在I期（40.0±23.20）U/ml、26.92%,低于Ⅱ~Ⅳ期（131.7±85.10）U/ml、75.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;肿瘤深肌层浸润诊断中血清CA125联合CT与血清CA125联合阴道B超、血清CA125联合CT与阴道B超特异性、敏感性、准确性对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;在诊断累及宫颈中血清CA125联合CT与CA125联合阴道B超、CA125联合CT与阴道B超特异性、敏感性、准确性对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;在诊断盆腔淋巴转移方面,CA125联合CT检查与CA125单纯检查对比,特异性、敏感性、准确性升高,敏感性升高,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,特异性、准确性升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 血清CA125、经阴道B超检查在EC术前分期、病理分级、诊断肿瘤深肌层浸润、宫颈受累方面具有较大的价值,但在盆腔淋巴癌转移方面CT检查更具有优势。     

Immunohistochemical analysis of c-erbB-2 oncogene product and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human urinary bladder carcinomas

Expression of the product of the c-erbB-2 gene, a proto-oncogene related to, but distinct from c-erbB-1 encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), was investigated in human urinary bladder carcinomas. In addition, levels of EGF-R and transferrin receptor were also analyzed using an immunohistochemical approach, and the results compared with histological pattern and grading, and tumor staging. Increased expression of c-erb B-2 product was found in 32% of cases (7/22), a positive reaction being observed in 60% of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) Grade 3 lesions (3/5), 20% of Grade 2 TCCs (2/10) and 100% of adenocarcinomas (AC) (2/2), but in none of the cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although no statistical correlation with staging was evident, TCCs or SCCs of high grade and stage often showed EGF-R-positive staining, whereas other well differentiated lesions and normal bladder epithelium were generally negative. Most cases of urinary bladder carcinoma were positive for the transferrin receptor, which was not detected in normal bladder. The results thus suggested that a positive reaction for c-erbB-2 product is correlated with TCC histological grading or AC morphology. A high intensity of EGF-R staining in human bladder carcinomas may be associated with poor differentiation and invasion, whereas transferrin receptor expression might reflect tumor growth.     

Clinicopathological importance of primary dysplasia of bladder.

A retrospective study of 15 patients with primary dysplasia of bladder urothelium was performed in an attempt to clarify some of the clinical and histopathological features. The lesion occurs predominantly in middle aged men who present with irritative bladder symptoms with or without haematuria and show no evidence of bacteriological urinary tract infection. Appearances at cystoscopy are non-specific. Thirteen patients showed no progression to carcinoma in situ after a long period of follow up, but primary dysplasia cannot be regarded as an entirely innocuous condition as the remaining two patients did develop carcinoma in situ. The grade of dysplasia on presentation bears no relation to the final outcome. Regular cytological analysis of urine seems to be the best means of follow up, and more active treatment does not seem to be justified.