伊贝沙坦和培垛普利对大鼠压力负荷性心肌肥厚的影响

目的:探讨钙调神经磷酸酶和钙泵活性在大鼠压力负荷性心肌肥厚时的变化及伊贝沙坦和培垛普利对它们的影响。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组。除假手术组外,其余4组大鼠采用腹主动脉部分结扎法造成压力负荷性心肌肥厚模型,术后1周分别用下列药物开始灌胃:假手术组和对照组生理盐水2mL·kg^-1·d^-1,伊贝沙坦组20mg·kg^-1·d^-1,培垛普利组2mg·kg^-1·d^-1及联合用药组(培垛普利2mg·kg^-1·d^-1,伊贝沙坦20mg·kg^-1·d^-1)。用药6周后检测左室质量指数、心肌细胞横径、心肌钙调神经磷酸酶及钙泵活性,免疫组化测定心肌钙调神经磷酸酶的表达。结果:联合用药组LVMI显著低于对照组及单用伊贝沙坦或培垛普利药组,各用药组TDM及钙调神经磷酸酶活性显著低于对照组,对照组心肌肌浆网钙泵活性显著低于其他各组,联合用药组钙泵活性明显高于单独用药组。免疫组化显示对照组心肌组织钙调神经磷酸酶表达显著高于其他各组。相关分析显示LVMI与TDM、CaN均呈显著正相关,与钙泵活性呈负相关。结论:伊贝沙坦和培垛普利可抑制钙调神经磷酸酶活性,增加心肌肌浆网钙泵活性,联合应用对减轻心肌肥厚有协同作用。     

乳猪肝胶原水解物的制备及其对荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长影响 …

目的 从乳猪肝中提取可溶性肝胶原,经水解后制备肝胶原水解物（ＨＣＨ）,观察其对荷瘤小鼠Ｓ１８０纤维肉瘤和ＨｅｐＡ肝瘤增殖的影响。方法 从乳猪肝中用生化方法提取可溶性胶原,经胃蛋白酶水解制备ＨＣＨ;采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳和激光飞行时间质谱测定其分子量。设立生理盐水阴性对照和阿霉素阳性对照组,观察ＨＣＨ对荷瘤昆明小鼠Ｓ１８０纤维肉瘤和ＨｅｐＡ肝瘤增殖的影响。结果 电泳结果显示,ＨＣＨ的分子量范围为３     

黄芩茎叶黄酮对慢性脑缺血大鼠脑内NMDA受体和VEGF表达的影响

目的: 探讨黄芩茎叶黄酮(SSF)对慢性永久性脑缺血大鼠脑内N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法: 雌性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎2个月制备慢性脑缺血记忆障碍模型,通过RT-PCR测定海马细胞中NMDAR mRNA和皮层细胞中VEGF mRNA的含量。结果: 与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠海马细胞中NMDAR1 mRNA、NMDAR2A mRNA和NMDAR2B mRNA 的含量显著增加(P<0.01),皮层细胞中VEGF mRNA的含量明显增加(P<0.01);而 SSF 17.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1、35 mg·kg^-1·d^-1和70 mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃给药38 d,能明显降低海马细胞中NMDAR1 mRNA、NMDAR2A mRNA和NMDAR2B mRNA 的含量,显著增加皮层细胞中VEGF mRNA的含量。结论: SSF 能够明显降低脑缺血大鼠海马细胞中NMDAR 的表达,明显增加皮层细胞中VEGF 的表达,提示SSF可能通过影响NMDAR和VEGF的生成发挥神经保护作用。     

葡萄籽原花青素对肾血管性高血压大鼠血管重塑的影响

目的: 观察葡萄籽原花青素(GSP)对肾血管性高血压(RH)大鼠血管重塑的影响并初步探讨其机制。方法: 采用两肾一夹法建立RH大鼠模型,并设假手术组(对照组,n=7)。术后2周,选取鼠尾动脉收缩压升至130 mmHg以上的大鼠28只为RH大鼠,随机分为4组(n=7):RH模型组、GSP低剂量(50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)治疗组、GSP高剂量(200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)治疗组和卡托普利(30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)阳性对照治疗组。治疗6周后,分别测定各组大鼠尾动脉收缩压、胸主动脉中膜厚度(MT)、管腔内径(LD)及MT/LD;Masson三色法观察各组胸主动脉胶原蛋白的含量;ELISA法测定主动脉中血管紧张素II(AngII)含量;Western blotting 法检测腹主动脉中TNF-α的蛋白表达。结果: 治疗6周后,与对照组相比,RH 模型组大鼠的尾动脉收缩压、MT、MT/LD、主动脉中的胶原含量、AngⅡ 和TNF-α水平均明显升高,而LD则降低;与RH 模型组相比,GSP能显著降低RH大鼠的尾动脉收缩压、主动脉MT、MT/LD,减少大鼠主动脉中胶原和AngⅡ含量,减少TNF-α的蛋白表达,使LD增大。高剂量GSP治疗组的作用尤为显著,与卡托普利治疗组的作用相当。结论: GSP不仅能显著降低RH大鼠尾动脉收缩压,而且对血管重塑有明显的逆转作用,其机制可能与降低主动脉中AngⅡ的含量和TNF-α的蛋白表达有关。     

葡萄籽原花青素对肾血管性高血压大鼠血压的影响

目的: 观察葡萄籽原花青素(GSP)对肾血管性高血压(RH)大鼠血压的影响并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法: 采用两肾一夹(2K1C)法建立RH大鼠模型,并设假手术组(control,n=8)。术后2周,选取鼠尾动脉收缩压升至130 mmHg以上的大鼠32只为RH大鼠,随机分为4组(n=8):高血压模型组(RH model);GSP低剂量治疗组(low GSP,50 mg·kg^-1· d^-1);GSP高剂量治疗组(high GSP,200 mg·kg^-1· d^-1)和卡托普利阳性对照治疗组(captopril,30 mg·kg^-1· d^-1)。治疗6周后,分别测定大鼠血压、血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、 丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC);Western blotting法检测腹主动脉中内皮素-1(ET-1)的蛋白表达。结果: 治疗6周后,与control组相比,RH model组大鼠的尾动脉收缩压明显升高(P<0.01);与RH model组相比,GSP能显著降低RH大鼠的尾动脉收缩压、MDA含量及主动脉组织中ET-1的蛋白表达(high GSP组),升高大鼠血清中SOD活性、NO含量(high GSP组)和T-AOC。结论: GSP能显著降低RH大鼠的尾动脉收缩压,其机制可能与其增强大鼠抗氧化能力,增加NO的产生和释放,降低血管内皮中ET-1的蛋白表达有关。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶8对肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥大的影响

目的: 研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶8(histone deacetylase 8,HDAC8)在肾性高血压大鼠左心室肥厚中的表达变化及HDAC抑制剂丙戊酸钠(valproic acid sodium, VPA)对心肌肥厚的影响。方法: 建立2肾2夹肾性高血压大鼠模型,术后4周开始给药,VPA高剂量(400 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组及VPA低剂量(200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组连续腹腔注射VPA给药4周,同时设立假手术组和阳性对照坎地沙坦(10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组,实验结束时测量左心室/体重比值,HE染色检测心肌组织形态学变化, RT-PCR检测心房利钠因子(atrial natriuretic factor,ANF)和HDAC8 mRNA表达,Western blotting检测HDAC8的表达情况。结果: HDAC8 mRNA和蛋白表达水平在肾性高血压大鼠心肌组织中明显上调;VPA能够剂量依赖性降低HDAC8的表达, 同时VPA治疗组与坎地沙坦组高血压大鼠的左心室肥厚得到明显逆转,表现为心室体重比降低, 肥大心肌形态明显改善且ANF的表达下调。结论: HDAC8参与了肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚的发病过程,VPA可以下调其表达并部分逆转心肌肥厚。     

长期摄取高钠盐饮食引发的高血压

目的:探讨高钠盐引发的高血压发病机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,分为对照(NC)组、高盐(HS)组、高盐+L-精氨酸(HS+Arg)组、高盐+依那普利(HS+En)组和高盐+特拉唑嗪(HS+Ter)组,每组8只。各组饲料相同。NC组饮去离子水;HS组饮1.5%氯化钠溶液;HS+Arg组、HS+En组和HS+Ter组分别饮用1.5%氯化钠溶液配制的L-精氨酸(4g·kg^-1·d^-1)、依那普利(30mg·kg^-1·d^-1)和盐酸特拉唑嗪(4mg·kg^-1·d^-1)。第8周末,大鼠在戊巴比妥钠麻醉下,直接测量颈总动脉血压,开腹抽取下腔静脉血及剖取肾脏、肾上腺。测定前海葱苷原A样物质(PLC)水平,Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性,NO(x)、内皮素(ET)及血管紧张素II(AngII)水平。结果:HS组大鼠血压显著高于NC组,血浆PLC、ET及肾上腺AngII水平皆显著高于NC组;血浆和肾组织NO(x)和AngII水平、肾脏Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性皆明显低于NC组;HS+Arg组、HS+En组和HS+Ter组大鼠血压和血浆PLC水平皆显著低于HS组,血浆和肾组织NO(x)水平及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性皆明显高于HS组;HS+Arg组、HS+En组和HS+Ter组肾上腺AngII水平及HS+Arg组血浆ET水平明显低于HS组,并与NC组相近。结论:在高钠盐引发的高血压发病机制中,除钠泵抑制因子释放增加致细胞膜Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性减低外,内皮功能损害致NO释放减少也可能起重要作用。     

丹参酮ⅡA对豚鼠肥厚心肌延迟整流钾通道的影响

目的: 通过研究丹参酮ⅡA(TSN)对豚鼠肥厚心肌细胞快激活延迟整流钾电流(I_Kr)和慢激活延迟整流钾电流(I_Ks)的影响,在离子通道水平探讨丹参酮ⅡA抗肥厚心肌心律失常的机制。方法: 采用腹主动脉结扎技术制造心肌肥厚模型,将豚鼠随机分为假手术组(A组)、肥厚模型组(B组)、低剂量丹参组(C组,10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)、高剂量丹参组(D组,20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)和缬沙坦治疗组(E组,10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),每组12只。通过应用标准的全细胞膜片钳技术记录各实验组心肌细胞膜上动作电位时程(APD)、I_Ks和I_Kr密度的变化。结果: (1)与A组相比,B组、C组、D组和E组手术后4周血压均明显升高,差异有显著差异(P＜0.01),B、C、D和E组间血压无显著差异(P＞0.05)。(2)与A组相比,B组心肌细胞的膜电容明显升高,APD显著延长(P＜0.01)。 (3)与B组相比,C、D和E组显著缩短肥大心肌细胞APD的延长,降低膜电容和阻断心肌细胞上I_Kr、I_Ks的密度(P＜0.01);C和D组间无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论: 丹参酮Ⅱ-A能降低肥厚心肌细胞上I_Kr 和I_Ks的密度,可能是其干预肥厚心肌电生理异常的重要机制之一。     

TLR活化参与环孢素A诱发的慢性肾小管间质损伤

目的: 探讨慢性肾小管间质损伤的免疫发生机制。方法: Sprague-Dawley大鼠皮下注射环孢素A(CsA,15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) 4周建立慢性肾小管间质损伤模型,对照组给予皮下注射橄榄油 (1 mL·kg^-1·d^-1)。检测两组大鼠的肾功能;三色染色和免疫组织化学染色确定肾小管间质损伤程度(炎性细胞浸润和带状纤维化);荧光原位杂交技术和免疫组织化学染色分别观察肾内Toll样受体(TLR)、TLR配基-热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)及补体系统成分(C3、C4d和C9)的表达。结果: 与对照组相比,肾毒性组表现为肾功能低下、肾间质大量ED-1阳性细胞浸润、肾小管间质带状纤维化(P<0.01)。同时,肾毒性组TLR2和TLR4的mRNA 和蛋白水平明显上调;TLR 配体 HSP70 免疫活性增加;补体C3、C4d和C9的免疫活性显著增加。这些高表达的免疫成份主要位于肾小管间质受损部位。结论: 激活的肾内天然免疫与CsA引起的慢性肾小管间质损伤有关。     

普伐他汀与华法林联合应用对兔激素性股骨头坏死的影响

目的: 探讨普伐他汀联合华法林对兔激素性股骨头坏死(SIONF)的影响。方法: 成年健康日本雌性大白兔48只,随机分为3组,对照组(CTR组)12只,激素性股骨头坏死模型组(SIONF组)18只,普伐他汀华法林治疗组(PW组)18只。SIONF组和PW组一次性肌肉注射甲基强的松龙(20 mg·kg^-1)建立兔SIONF模型,CTR组仅肌注等量生理盐水。PW组口服普伐他汀2.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,华法林1.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1。于实验前及实验后2、4、6、8、10、12周随机抽取动物每组2只采血测定总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、血浆凝血原时间(PT)及活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)。在后4个时点同时行双侧髋关节X线摄片,随后处死动物,行骨组织形态学及透射电镜检查,检测3组SIONF发生率。结果: 从实验第6周开始到实验终点,与CTR组比较,PW组TC增高(P<0.05),但较SIONF组低(P<0.05),SIONF组TC显著高于CTR组(P<0.01)。3组TG水平有类似TC变化。从实验第2周开始,PW组PT较CTR组及SIONF组明显延长(P<0.01),反之,SIONF组显著缩短(P<0.01)。APTT 3组之间有类似PT的变化。骨组织形态学及影像学显示,与SIONF组比较,PW组股骨头髓内基质脂肪转化率及骨陷窝空虚率显著减少,未见血栓形成,骨细胞核固缩及自溶现象明显减轻。PW组SIONF发生率31%(5/16)显著低于SIONF组63%(10/16)(P<0.05)。结论: 普伐他汀与华法林联合应用能减少兔SIONF发生,这可能与其改善高脂高凝状态有关。     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

Alterations of regular and mature monocytes are distinct,and dependent of intensity and duration of exercise

Circulating monocytes comprise functionally distinct regular (CD14^bright+) and mature (CD141^low+) cells. Cell surface receptors were determined by three colour flow cytometry in 8 healthy control subjects. Compared to regular monocytes, mature monocytes had lower levels of the high affinity Fcy receptor 1 (CD64), complement receptor 3 (CDllb), CD45RO and higher levels for HLA-DR, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), interleukin-2 receptor (CD25), CD45RA and the Fc receptor 3 (CD16). Both regular and mature monocytes were measured before and up to three hours after four different types of exercise (Ex) in endurance trained athletes (n=9-16). Immediately after anaerobic exercise of I min with a maximal lactate concentration (la_max) of I2.3 (SD I.4) mmol · l^–1 and exhaustive exercise of 24 (SD 8) min with a maximal lactate concentration (la_max) of 7.4 (SD 2.6) mmol· l^–1 mature monocytes increased more than regular monocytes. Exhaustive endurance exercise of 87 (SD 21) min [la_max 3.7 (SD I.0)] led to a similar increase of regular and mature monocytes. 15–33 min after a 100km run regular monocytes increased significantly, whereas mature monocytes decreased. Up to three hours after the end of all exercises mature monocytes fell below pre-exercise values. In conclusion, duration and intensity of exercise alter distinct maturation stages of monocytes differently. It is probable that the avidity of adhesion molecules like LFA-1 to their endothelial ligands is increased to enable the firm attachment to the endothelium.     

Triptorelin and cetrorelix induce immune responses and affect uterine development and expressions of genes and proteins of ESR1, LHR,and FSHR of mice

Context: GnRH immunity can reduce the expression of pituitary GnRH levels, and cause the changes in reproductive behaviors. It is unclear whether triptorelin (TRI) and cetrorelix (CET) immunity influences uterine development and expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), and estradiol receptor 1 (ERS1) in the uterus.

Objective: The study investigated the effects of active immunity of GnRH agonist and antagonist on uterine development, microstructures, expression of hormone receptors mRNAs, and proteins in uteri.

Materials and methods: One hundred and five mice were assigned into CET, TRI, and control groups (CG). Mice in CET-1, CET-2, and CET-3 (n?=?15) were subcutaneously injected with 10, 20, and 40?μg CET antigens for seven days, respectively. Mice in TRI-1, TRI-2, and TRI-3 were injected with 10, 20, and 40?μg TRI antigens for seven days, respectively. The qPCR and Western blot were implemented to determine expressions of ESR1, LHR and FSHR mRNAs, and proteins.

Results: Compared with CG, the uterine weights of CET-1, CET-2, and CET-3 increased by 42.86, 62.86, and 10.00% on day 35 (p?p?p?p?p?Conclusions: CET immunity promoted the uterine development, improved EET and UWT, and also promoted the expressions of ESR1 and FSHR protein levels. It lessened the LHR protein levels. TRI immunity blocked EET and UWT, inhibited uterine growth and development. The efficacy of CET immunity was more obvious than TRI.     

韧带和肌腱的生物力学和力学生物学研究

国际韧带和肌腱研讨会(The International Symposium on Ligaments and Tendons,ISI&T)于2000年在美国佛罗里达州奥兰多市首次召开。研讨会的宗旨是引起对韧带和肌腱研究的重视,并为生物工程师、生物学家、临床医师提供一个可以分享、评论、讨论韧带和肌腱最新研究成果的论坛。从2000年起,国际韧带和肌腱研讨会已经开展了15届;每届研讨会上涌现了大量令人振奋的关于当前韧带和肌腱研究热点和未来挑战的讨论。多年来,韧带和肌腱领域内的研究数量大幅增加,研究质量不断提升。为纪念《医用生物力学》杂志创刊30周年,本文总结过去30年里韧带和肌腱研究的主要进展,包括组织力学、力学生物学、损伤与治愈机制、组织修复和再生。     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。     

Morphology and cytochemistry of leucocytes and thrombocytes of six species of fish

Cytochemical reactions of blood leucocytes and thrombocytes from six species of fish, rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch), white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), striped bass (Morone saxatulis), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were determined. Because the staining reactions were generally similar to the reactions found in mammalian leucocytes with similar morphological features, it is reasonable to classify fish leucocytes using the same terminology as is used for mammalian leucocytes. However, in some species leucocytes with features similar to mammalian eosinophils or basophils were not found. In goldfish leucocytes were found that had segmented nuclei and unstained, moderately refractile cytoplasmic granules. These cells were classified as segmented, granular leucocytes. Although these cells do not appear similar to any mammalian or avian leucocyte, the pattern of positive cytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase staining and negative granular staining is similar to that of equine eosinophils.     

Pathology and genetics of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL) are rare tumours with an estimated annual incidence of 3 per million. Advances in molecular understanding have led to the recognition that at least 30–40% arise in the setting of hereditary disease. Germline mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase genes SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD and SDHAF2 are the most prevalent of the more than 19 hereditary genetic abnormalities which have been reported. It is therefore recommended that, depending on local resources and availability, at least some degree of genetic testing should be offered to all PHEO/PGL patients, including those with clinically sporadic disease. It is now accepted that that all PHEO/PGL have some metastatic potential; therefore, concepts of benign and malignant PHEO/PGL have no meaning and have been replaced by a risk stratification approach. Although there is broad acceptance that certain features, including high proliferative activity, invasive growth, increased cellularity, large tumour nests and comedonecrosis, are associated with an increased risk of metastasis, it remains difficult to predict the clinical behaviour of individual tumours and no single risk stratification scheme is endorsed or in widespread use. In this review, we provide an update on advances in the pathology and genetics of PHEO/PGL with an emphasis on the changes introduced in the WHO 2017 classification of endocrine neoplasia relevant to practising surgical pathologists.