黄酮类化合物治疗糖尿病及其并发症的研究

黄酮类化合物是自然界中的特殊结构化合物质,大多数植物中以及中药材中均含有黄酮类化合物,黄酮类化合物对于植物整个生长过程均发挥着重要的作用。大量文献均对黄酮类化合物治疗糖尿病以及相关并发症的效果进行研究证实,黄酮类化合物对于人体中的糖脂代谢作用明显,能够有效改善血糖中各项指标的异常水平,同时能够提高机体的免疫力,对机体的保护作用明显。本文对黄酮类化合物治疗糖尿病及其并发症的研究进展综述如下,为临床治疗糖尿病及相关并发症提供有效参考。     

人工生物胰治疗糖尿病的实验研究

为防止胰岛移植后的排以应,本实验以大鼠胰岛,琼脂糖和胶原为原料制成人工生物胰,并在体内外条件下,研究其胰岛素的分泌功能,免疫保护性以及在异种动物糖尿病治疗中的作用。结果表明,此人工生物胰能维持胰岛的分泌功能,降低胰岛移植的免疫原性,移植后能纠正糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢紊乱,维持正常血糖水平,提示以胰岛、琼脂糖和胶原制成的人工生物胰不失为治疗糖尿病,减缓异种胰岛移植排斥反应的一种有效手段。     

冠心病合并糖尿病的诊断与治疗

糖尿病（DM）与冠心病（CHD）的联系已引起内分泌及心血管医师的广泛关注。1999年美国心脏学会（AHA）提出“DM是心血管疾病”，2001年美国胆固醇教育计划成人组第3次指南（ATPⅢ）提出DM是CHD的“等危症”（CHD Risk Eguiualents）之后，内分泌医师与心内科医师的交流更日趋密切。     

重视糖尿病微血管并发症的防治

微循环是直接参与细胞、组织物质交换的体液循环，其中包括血液、淋巴液和组织液。在血液循环系统内，细动脉、毛细血管和细静脉统称微血管；淋巴液在毛细淋巴管内流动；晚近研究很关注遍布全身的组织通道引导的组织液的流动。不同脏器的微循环不同程度地参与所在脏器特殊功能的完成。目前认为全身微血管内皮细胞是身体内最大的内分泌组织，因为内皮细胞可分泌很多细胞因子，参与脏器功能的维持、血管的舒缩，并调控着细胞程序性凋亡。     

Long-Acting GLP-1 Analogs for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, and inappropriately elevated glucagon levels which eventually result in hyperglycemia. The currently available treatment modalities for type 2 diabetes are often unsatisfactory in getting patients to glycemic goals, even when used in combination, and therefore many patients develop microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications. Additionally, these treatment modalities are often limited by inconvenient dosage regimens and safety and tolerability issues, the latter including hypoglycemia, bodyweight gain, edema, and gastrointestinal intolerance. There is, therefore, a need for new and more efficacious agents, targeting not only treatment, but also prevention of the disease, its progression, and its associated complications. Recently, an entirely new therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes has become available in the US (since October 2005) and in Europe (since May 2007): the incretin-based therapies. The incretin-based therapies fall into two different classes: (i) incretin mimetics, i.e. injectable peptide preparations with actions similar to the natural incretin hormones; and (ii) the incretin enhancers, i.e. orally available agents that inhibit the degradation of the incretin hormones in the body and thereby increase their plasma levels and biologic actions. This article focuses on the incretin mimetics and outlines the scientific basis for the development of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, reviews clinical experience gained so far, and discusses future expectations for long-acting forms of GLP-1 analogs.     

高压电子治疗糖尿病机理的探讨

利用“高压电子疗法’治疗了31例糖尿病患者,发现这种治疗方法,可以降低患者血糖,加快微循环的血液速度,解除红血球聚集,消除白色微小血栓.高压电子的这些作用可能是治疗糖尿病的机理.     

Cell-Mediated Immunity in Diabetes Mellitus

Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in patients with diabetes mellitus by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and in vitro lymphocyte transformations. Only 44% of diabetic patients had skin test reactivity to Candida antigen, compared with 88% of normal controls (P < 0.001). Insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) patients had abnormally low lymphocyte transformation responses to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and streptokinase-streptodornase (P < 0.05). This defect was not corrected by culturing the cells in nondiabetic plasma. IDD patients with persistent hyperglycemia (fasting serum glucose level, >200 mg/dl) had lower levels of transformation than did IDD patients with fasting serum glucose levels less than 150 mg/dl. Lymphocytes from two IDD patients with poor lymphocyte transformation responses had marked improvement in response to phytohemagglutinin when the lymphocytes were cultured after a preincubation period designed to deplete cultures of suppressor activity. Seven IDD patients were studied serially over 12 months. Lymphocyte transformation responses in four of these patients improved coincidentally with a change in the level of fasting hyperglycemia from >200 to <150 mg/dl. The other three IDD patients with consistent fasting serum glucose levels of >200 mg/dl had poor lymphocyte transformation responses. Diabetic patients have demonstrable defects in lymphocyte function which improved in a small number of patients with reduction in the level of fasting hyperglycemia.     

Transcranial Magnetotherapy in the Treatment of Psychoautonomic Disorders in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

The results of clinical-physiological studies of 80 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and psychoautonomic disorders are presented. Group 1 (40 patients) received transcranial magnetotherapy (TCMT), while the control group (40 patients) received placebo sessions of TCMT with the irradiator switched off. TCMT was performed using a bitemporal method with a running field with a modulation frequency of 1–10 Hz; treatment courses consisted of 10 sessions. After treatment, the experimental group showed significant positive changes compared with the control group. Courses of TCMT normalized autonomic status in 75% of the children of the experimental group and improved psychoemotional status in 55%. Correction of psychoemotional status in children led to changes in diabetes-related behavior, with the potential to improve control and compensation of the disease.     

Disturbances of Haemostasis in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is associated with disturbances in haemostasis that could contribute to the development of thrombotic complications.The present study was undertaken to determine the behavior of coagulation variables and fibrinolytic system in diabetes mellitus. Forty five diabetic patients and forty five matched controls were evaluated by doing the following haemostatic parameter, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, coagulation factors assay II, VII, IX, & plasma fibrinogen, ADP-induced platelet aggregation, protein C, a₂- antiplasmin, PAI and FDPs. Generally diabetic patients have high levels of fibrinogen, a₂- antiplasmin, & PAI and lower level of protein C. Other haemostatic parameters did not show statistically significant difference between diabetic patients and control group. Significantally elevated levels of PAI, a₂- antiplasmin together with low protein C level in diabetic patients may result in the disturbance of haemostatic balance favoring thrombotic events. Conclusion: High levels of plasma fibrinogen, a₂A- antiplasmin with low plasma protein C activity could lead to a prothrombotic tendency in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Moreover, in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, the above mentioned parameters together with high levels of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and plasminogen activator inhibitor may increase the risk of thrombotic complications. Obesity can be considered as an additional risk factor for development of thrombosis in diabetic patients.     

血清同型半胱氨酸水平检测在2型糖尿病诊治中的价值

目的探讨动态检测血清同型半胱氨酸（homocysteic acid,HCA）水平在2型糖尿病患者中的诊治价值。方法前瞻性地调查102例2型糖尿病患者血清HCA、空腹血糖（fasting blood glucose,FBG）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）以及C肽水平,计算了胰岛素抵抗指数HOMA-IR以及胰岛β细胞分泌指数HOMA-β,并分析了HCA和FBG、FINS、C肽、HOMA-IR以及HOMA-β的相关性。结果2型糖尿病患者血清HCA水平明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）,血清HCA水平与FINS、HOMA-IR以及HOMA-β呈明显负相关,与FBG以及空腹C肽无明显相关。结论胰岛素缺乏和胰岛素抵抗可能是2型糖尿病患者血清HCA水平升高的重要相关因素,检测血清HCA水平对评估疾病程度、了解病情进展和转归以及指导临床治疗均有一定的临床价值。