医学生学业拖延与应对方式的关系研究

探究医学生学业拖延和应对方式的现状及关系。采用学业拖延量表(PASS)和应对方式问卷对滨州医学院300名医学生进行问卷调查,运用SPSS 20.0统计软件和Excel对数据进行方差分析、相关分析等统计分析。结果显示:1在被调查的医学生中,有65%以上的学生存在中度拖延水平,中度及高度期望降低学业拖延行为的被试超过了85%。2不同性别医学生在学业拖延水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3在应对方式6个维度中,与学业拖延存在负相关的有解决问题(r=-0.614,P<0.01)、求助(r=-0.150,P<0.05);与学业拖延存在正相关的有自责(r=0.433,P<0.01)、幻想(r=0.226,P<0.01)、退避(r=0.109,P<0.05)。医学生学业拖延现象具有普遍性,期望降低水平偏高;医学生学业拖延存在性别差异,女生整体水平高于男生;当个体在面对学习任务时越多采用解决问题、求助等积极的应对方式,其拖延程度越低;而越多采用自责、幻想、退避等消极的应对方式时,其拖延程度越高;解决问题与自责对学业拖延有很好的预测作用。     

应对方式对基层官兵状态焦虑的影响:自我和谐调节方式的中介作用

目的:探讨基层官兵应对方式、自我和谐和状态焦虑之间的关系。方法:采用自行设计一般项目调查表、状态焦虑分量表(SAI)、应对方式问卷和自我和谐量表(SCCS)对162名基层官兵进行调查。结果:解决问题、求助与状态焦虑水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.499,-0.242;P均0.01);自责、幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分与状态焦虑水平呈显著正相关(r=0.378,0.343,0.306,0.329,0.503;P均0.01);解决问题与自责、自我和谐总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.416,-0.355;P均0.01);与求助呈显著正相关(r=0.430,P0.01);自责与求助呈显著负相关(r=-0.297,P0.01),与幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.572,0.479,0.531,0.285;P均0.01);幻想与退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.616,0.587,0.236;P均0.01);退避与合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.492,0.326;P均0.01);合理化与自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.257,P0.01);自我和谐在解决问题、求助、自责、幻想、退避、合理化与状态焦虑之间均具有部分中介效应。结论:基层官兵的状态焦虑可以通过自我和谐策略来采用应对方式。     

大学生学业拖沓与自尊、应对方式的相关性研究

目的:探讨大学生学业拖沓与自尊、应对方式的关系.方法:采用大学生学业拖沓问卷、自尊量表(SES)、应付方式问卷对400名在校本科生进行调查.结果:自尊与学业拖沓总体、延迟行动、计划不足呈显著负相关,学业拖沓总体及延迟行动、计划不足与解决问题和求助呈显著负相关,与自责、幻想、退避、合理化呈显著正相关.自尊、合理化、解决问题、幻想、求助对大学生学业拖沓有一定的预测作用.结论:自尊水平、应对方式与大学生学业拖沓有密切关系,大学生应提高自尊水平以及学会成熟的积极的应对方式,以减少学业拖延现象.     

大学生乐观人格与应对方式的关系

目的:探讨大学生乐观人格与应对方式的关系。方法:采用生活定向测验(LOT-R)与应对方式问卷(CSQ)对某高校314名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:1大学生乐观人格在生源地、是否独生子女、是否贫困生等方面不存在显著性差异(P0.05);在性别(t=4.315,P0.01)和年级(F=4.013,P0.01)上存在显著性差异;2乐观者在乐观因子、解决问题、求助上显著高于悲观者,悲观者在悲观因子、自责、退避和合理化上显著高于乐观者;3乐观人格与成熟积极的应对方式(解决问题、求助)呈显著正相关,与不成熟消极的应对方式(自责、退避、合理化)呈显著负相关;4幻想是大学生普遍的应对方式。结论:大学生的乐观人格特质对应对方式具有显著影响。     

老年人慢性疾病、应对方式与总体幸福感的关系

目的:探讨老年人总体幸福感与慢性疾病、应对方式的关系。方法:采用一般状况调查表、总体幸福感量表(GWB)、应对方式问卷对554名老年人进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 19.0对数据进行描述和分析。结果:1有无慢性疾病在老年人总体幸福感得分上有显著差异(t=-2.295,P0.05);2有无慢性疾病的老年人在应对方式各因子上均不存在显著差异(t=-0.398,0.502,-0.630,-1.554,-0.178,-0.828;P0.05),不同年龄段老年人在应对方式中的解决问题、退避、合理化因子上存在显著差异(F=9.330,4.396,5.333;P0.01),不同文化程度的老年人在应对方式中的解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化因子上存在显著差异(F=7.547,2.930,4.611,5.329,8.562;P0.05);3慢性疾病与总体幸福感呈显著负相关(r=-0.097,P0.05),总体幸福感与应对方式中的解决问题、求助因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.422,0.257;P0.01),与自责因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.216,P0.01);4慢性疾病、解决问题、自责、求助能预测老年人的总体幸福感。结论:解决问题、自责、求助等应对方式的慢性疾病是老年人总体幸福感的影响因素。     

应对方式在老年人内外向人格与总体幸福感之间的中介效应

目的探讨应对方式在老年人内外向与总体幸福感关系中的中介效应。方法采用总体幸福感量表、应对方式问卷和艾森克人格量表对598名老年人进行问卷调查。结果 1老年人总体幸福感得分为(75.848±13.275);2内外向人格与应对方式的解决问题、求助、合理化3个维度之间均存在显著正相关(r=0.257,0.306,0.164;P0.01);内外向人格与应对方式的自责、幻想、退避3个维度之间存在显著负相关(r=-0.174,-0.231,-0.148;P0.01);总体幸福感与应对方式的3个维度,解决问题、求助、合理化之间均存在显著正相关(r=0.433,0.254,0.043;P0.01);总体幸福感与应对方式的3个维度,自责、幻想、退避之间存在显著负相关(r=-0.238,-0.741,-0.700;P0.01);3复回归分析结果显示,应对方式的6个维度均在人格内外向与总体幸福感之间起部分中介作用。结论应对方式通过直接和间接两条路径影响老年人的总体幸福感;内外向人格与总体幸福感的关系中,应对方式具有中介效应。     

地方院校大学生应对方式与心理适应能力

目的了解地方院校大学生的应对方式特点及其与心理适应能力的关系。方法采用应对方式问卷和心理适应能力问卷对728名地方院校大学生进行问卷调查。结果地方院校大学生的应对方式趋于成熟;男女大学生在解决问题(t=2.02,P0.05)、求助(t=-2.41,P0.05)和幻想(t=-4.17,P0.01)因子上差异显著;专科生和本科生在解决问题(t=2.41,P0.05)、自责(t=-2.60,P0.05)、求助(t=4.21,P0.01)、退避(t=-2.34,P0.05)、合理化(t=-2.58,P0.05)因子上差异显著;独生子女和非独生子女在退避(t=2.10,P0.05)因子上差异显著;来自城镇与农村的大学生在退避(t=2.21,P0.05)因子上差异显著;不同心理适应能力的大学生在解决问题[F(4,723)=31.99,P0.01]、求助[F(4,723)=20.43,P0.01]、自责[F(4,723)=25.79,P0.01]、幻想[F(4,723)=19.09,P0.01]、退避[F(4,723)=16.78,P0.01]、合理化[F(4,723)=5.85,P0.01]上差异显著;大学生应对方式因子与心理适应能力呈显著相关;多元回归分析发现,解决问题、自责、求助和幻想因子能够预测心理适应能力。结论应对方式与心理适应能力有密切关系。     

应对策略在大学生依恋与负性情绪中的中介作用

目的:考查应对策略在依恋与负性情绪中的中介作用。方法:采用ECR依恋量表、应对方式量表、抑郁和焦虑量表,对800名大学生进行了问卷调查。结果:①依恋的焦虑维度与焦虑、抑郁情绪和解决问题、自责、幻想、退避等应对策略呈显著相关;依恋的回避维度与焦虑、抑郁情绪和自责、求助、退避、合理化等应对策略呈显著相关。②应对策略中的求助维度在依恋的回避维度和抑郁的负性情绪间存在较弱的部分中介作用;应对策略中的自责、幻想和退避维度在依恋的焦虑维度和两种负性情绪间均存在部分中介作用,其中自责和幻想所起到的部分中介作用较为明显。结论:消极的自我模型会导致个体通过消极的应对策略(如自责、幻想和退避)来面对压力,从而产生更多的负性情绪。     

大学生人际信任与应对方式对社交回避的影响

目的:探讨人际信任和应对方式对大学生社交回避的影响。方法:采用人际信任量表(ITS)、应对方式问卷(CSQ)和社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)对302名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)人际信任与社交回避显著负相关(r=-0.204,P0.001),与应对方式中自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子显著负相关(r=-0.209,-0.156,-0.212,-0.120;P0.05),与问题解决、求助因子显著正相关(r=0.319,0.248;P0.001);问题解决和求助因子与社交回避呈显著负相关(r=-0.322,-0.302;P0.001),自责(r=0.309,P0.001)、幻想(r=0.132,P0.05)、退避(r=0.215,P0.001)和合理化(r=0.132,P0.05)因子与社交回避呈显著正相关;(2)问题解决(t=-4.975,P0.001)、求助(t=-4.761,P0.001)、自责(t=5.003,P0.001)和退避(t=3.159,P0.01)因子在人际信任与社交回避的关系中起部分中介作用。结论:人际信任一方面会对社交回避产生直接的影响,另一方面也通过问题解决、求助、自责和退避应对方式的中介作用间接地影响社交回避。     

高职高专学生应对方式与自我概念的相关性研究

目的探讨高职高专学生应对方式与自我概念的关系。方法以天津市某高职高专院校566名高职高专学生为被试,采用田纳西自我概念量表(TSCS)及肖计划的应付方式问卷对其自我概念和应对方式进行调查统计分析。结果高职高专学生采用的应对方式依次为解决问题(0.75±0.21),求助(0.59±0.22),幻想(0.47±0.23),退避(0.45±0.22),合理化(0.42±0.20),自责(0.32±0.26)。高职高专学生自我概念水平较高(272.74±27.27)。积极的自我概念与解决问题、求助呈正相关(最大相关系数分别为0.366和0.292;P<0.01),与自责、幻想、退避及合理化应对呈负相关(最大相关系数分别为-0.403,-0.275,-0.239和-0.187;P<0.01);消极的自我概念与自责、幻想、退避及合理化应对呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.124,0.257,0.128,0.153;P<0.01)。结论自我概念是影响高职高专学生应对方式的相关因素之一,提升积极的自我概念将有助于高职高专学生成熟应对方式的培养。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.