一种基于双功能节点的节能多跳路由协议

针对无线传感网融合节点位置欠佳和传感器节点的能量消耗不均会严重影响网络生存周期的问题,提出了一种基于双功能节点的节能多跳路由协议。该协议综合考虑节点的能量、位置以及所在层次区域等多种因素,通过引入通信节点来重组网格和中继网格间路由,减轻了网格融合节点的开销,均衡了网络的能量分布。仿真结果表明,该路由协议的网络生命周期比Multi hop EEBCDA等协议至少延长17.5%,且节点的能量消耗更加均衡。     

A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks

Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.     

基于能量均衡的WSN多跳非均匀分簇路由算法

在无线传感器网络路由协议中采用多跳通信的方式能够减少通讯距离、增强网络通讯的稳定性并提高网络能量利用效率,但是,由于靠近汇聚节点的簇头需要转发大量数据,容易导致能量快速衰竭而失效,造成“能量空洞”现象。提出了一种新型的基于能量均衡的多跳非均匀分簇路由算法（MUCRA）,采用逐层成簇的策略,簇头以一定的半径广播分层信号,划分下一层网络区域非均匀层次,普通的传感器节点和簇头根据分层信息选择合适的网络路径。仿真实验结果表明：与经典的LEACH协议及EEUC协议相比,该算法能有效平衡网络负载,缓解“能量空洞”问题     

A Lightweight Security Scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks: Design, Energy Evaluation and Proposed Microprocessor Design

In order for wireless body area networks to meet widespread adoption, a number of security implications must be explored to promote and maintain fundamental medical ethical principles and social expectations. As a result, integration of security functionality to sensor nodes is required. Integrating security functionality to a wireless sensor node increases the size of the stored software program in program memory, the required time that the sensor's microprocessor needs to process the data and the wireless network traffic which is exchanged among sensors. This security overhead has dominant impact on the energy dissipation which is strongly related to the lifetime of the sensor, a critical aspect in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology. Strict definition of the security functionality, complete hardware model (microprocessor and radio), WBAN topology and the structure of the medium access control (MAC) frame are required for an accurate estimation of the energy that security introduces into the WBAN. In this work, we define a lightweight security scheme for WBAN, we estimate the additional energy consumption that the security scheme introduces to WBAN based on commercial available off-the-shelf hardware components (microprocessor and radio), the network topology and the MAC frame. Furthermore, we propose a new microcontroller design in order to reduce the energy consumption of the system. Experimental results and comparisons with other works are given.     

Energy-aware Gateway Selection for Increasing the Lifetime of Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

A Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) is composed of a set of sensor nodes, placed on, near or within a human body. WBASNs opt to continuously monitor the health conditions of individuals under medical risk, e.g., elders and chronically ill people, without keeping them in a hospital or restraining their motion. A WBASN needs to stay connected to local or wide area networks using wireless technologies in order to send sensor readings to a medical center. The WBASN nodes are implanted within the human body and would thus have limited energy supply. Since the mission of the WBASN is very critical, increasing the lifetime of nodes is essential in order to maintain both practicality and effectiveness. This paper presents a new Gateway Selection Algorithm (GSA) that factors in the use of energy harvesting technologies and dynamically picks the most suitable WBASN node that serves as a gateway to other wireless networks. The goal of GSA is to balance the load among the nodes by adaptively changing the gateway node in WBASN depending on the energy reserve of nodes. Computer modeling and simulations of the proposed GSA are carried out using OPNET. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GSA approach.     

RACOON: A Multiuser QoS Design for Mobile Wireless Body Area Networks

In this study, Random Contention-based Resource Allocation (RACOON) medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed to support the quality of service (QoS) for multi-user mobile wireless body area networks (WBANs). Different from existing QoS designs that focus on a single WBAN, a multiuser WBAN QoS should further consider both inter-WBAN interference and inter-WBAN priorities. Similar problems have been studied in both overlapped wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Bluetooth piconets that need QoS supports. However, these solutions are designed for non-medical transmissions that do not consider any priority scheme for medical applications. Most importantly, these studies focus on only static or low mobility networks. Network mobility of WBANs will introduce unnecessary inter-network collisions and energy waste, which are not considered by these solutions. The proposed multiuser-QoS protocol, RACOON, simultaneously satisfies the inter WBAN QoS requirements and overcomes the performance degradation caused by WBAN mobility. Simulation results verify that RACOON provides better latency and energy control, as compared with WBAN QoS protocols without considering the inter-WBAN requirements.     

工业无线传感网可靠路由及部署方案

在传感网中如果2棵以Sink节点为根节点的生成树使得网络中任意源节点在这2棵树上到Sink节点的路径没有相交节点,称这2棵树为该网络的ND(Node Disjoint)树。针对工业无线传感网的应用需求与特点,研究了基于ND树的路由方案。仿真实验和分析表明,该路由方案具有较高的路由可靠性。针对该路由方案的特点与需要,给出了1种节点二连通(Twonodeconnected)网络的部署方案。     

Security and Privacy Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks for Healthcare Applications

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in healthcare applications is growing in a fast pace. Numerous applications such as heart rate monitor, blood pressure monitor and endoscopic capsule are already in use. To address the growing use of sensor technology in this area, a new field known as wireless body area networks (WBAN or simply BAN) has emerged. As most devices and their applications are wireless in nature, security and privacy concerns are among major areas of concern. Due to direct involvement of humans also increases the sensitivity. Whether the data gathered from patients or individuals are obtained with the consent of the person or without it due to the need by the system, misuse or privacy concerns may restrict people from taking advantage of the full benefits from the system. People may not see these devices safe for daily use. There may also possibility of serious social unrest due to the fear that such devices may be used for monitoring and tracking individuals by government agencies or other private organizations. In this paper we discuss these issues and analyze in detail the problems and their possible measures.     

高血压性中、大量脑出血救治方案建立的思路

通过对高血压性脑出血的治疗现状分析，认为对该病的救治，中西医、内外科各有其长处和不足，病死率和致残率都很高，而中西医结合救治初显优势，但其研究和治疗方法均在初始阶段，有必要综合中西医之所长，探讨一个行之有效的治疗方案。提出中西医结合、取长补短应根据患者具体情况，以西医的手术迅速清除血肿，降低颅内压，结合中医辩证施治缓解症状，减少并发症及其危害的基本思路。一般而言，阳闭证以清热、平肝、破瘀、涤痰、通腑、醒神法作为共同治则，才证以益气、活血、涤痰、通络、通腑、醒神法作为共同治则，目的是希望在西医解除颅内提高的基础上迅速争取时机，发挥中医整体论治的优势，减少可能引起的并发症和并发症可能引起的危害的发生。     

无线医疗传感器网络隐私保护技术研究

医疗卫生领域是无线传感器网络的一个热点应用领域,针对无线医疗传感器网络中存在的隐私保护问题,根据不同的数据操作需求,对其隐私保护研究现状进行了综述,说明了关键实现技术,同时提出了未来可能的发展趋势和研究方向。     

基于能量和距离的无线传感器网络路由协议

无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs)是一种新兴的传感器网络。Leach(Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy)协议是WSNs中最流行的簇类协议之一,它通过概率模型选择簇头,并且周期性地改变簇头来实现最大化的网络覆盖率和网络寿命。本文通过网络中节点的能量和所处的地理位置信息,对Leach协议中节点成为簇头的概率公式进行修正,从而改进协议的簇头选择算法,平衡网络的能耗,达到延长无线传感器网络寿命的目的。基于NS2(Network Simulator Version 2)平台的实验结果证明,改进的Leach算法可以延长WSNs的寿命。     

基于BA无标度网络的WSNs拓扑优化模型

由于无线传感器能量受限,最大化网络生命周期成为优化网络拓扑首要考虑的问题。基于BA无标度理论,提出了一种WSNs拓扑优化模型（WTOM）。在网络中引入超级节点,结合粒子群算法合理地划分整个网络;在节点间建立多因素为导向的虚拟力场,利用虚拟力调整超级节点的部署位置,实现网络能量的均衡消耗,通过对关键节点的保护,提高网络的抗毁鲁棒性。经理论分析和实验证明,该网络不仅继承了BA无标度网络的特征还具有小世界特性;同时该动态拓扑延长了网络的生命周期,提高了网络面向数据收集的节能性。     

Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Network-Fujisaki Okamoto(FO) Authentication Scheme against Sybil Attack

In the wireless sensor network(WSN) security is a major issue. There are several network security schemes proposed in research. In the network, malicious nodes obstruct the performance of the network. The network can be vulnerable by Sybil attack. When a node illicitly assertions multiple identities or claims fake IDs, the WSN grieves from an attack named Sybil attack. This attack threatens wireless sensor network in data aggregation, synchronizing system, routing, fair resource allocation and misbehavior detection. Henceforth, the research is carried out to prevent the Sybil attack and increase the performance of the network. This paper presents the novel security mechanism and Fujisaki Okamoto algorithm and also application of the work. The Fujisaki-Okamoto (FO) algorithm is ID based cryptographic scheme and gives strong authentication against Sybil attack. By using Network simulator2 (NS2) the scheme is simulated. In this proposed scheme broadcasting key, time taken for different key sizes, energy consumption, Packet delivery ratio, Throughput were analyzed.     

An Improved Two-Layer Authentication Scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) comprises a number of sensor nodes and the portable mobile device such as smartphone. It is used to monitor the physical condition and provide a reliable healthcare system. Utilizing the wireless communication network, sensor nodes collect the physiological data of one patient to the portable mobile device and the latter analyzes and transmits them to the application providers. Therefore, the personal data confidentiality and user privacy are cores of WBANs. Recently, Shen et al. presented a multi-layer authentication protocol for WBANs, which is lightweight and much easier to implement. However, we observe that their authentication between sensor nodes and the portable mobile device could ensure the forward security property only when the sensor nodes are changed (add or delete). When the sensor nodes are constant, the security property is not satisfied. Meanwhile, the authentication between the portable mobile device and application provider is prone to mutual impersonation attack, so the critical goal of mutual authentication can not be achieved. In this paper, an improved two-layer authentication scheme is proposed to remove the flaws. The analysis shows that our method is more secure and could withstand various attacks.     

无线网络与医疗相关SCI论文主题词聚类分析

对Web of Science ^TM核心合集数据库中无线网络与医疗相关的SCI论文进行文献计量学分析,统计高频主题词在同一文献中的出现频率并生成共现矩阵,使用SPSS对矩阵进行聚类分析,获得该领域近年来5个研究热点,包括无线传感器技术、数据传输系统、医学无线网络与医疗健康服务、网络通讯、网络系统安全等。     

基于无线HART的工业无线Mesh协议的设计与实现

无线传感器网络技术的发展和完善为工业应用提供了实施的可行性,但是工业现场环境复杂,无线技术在其中的应用一直备受挑战。通过剖析现今热门的、适用于工业环境的无线HART协议,依据无线HART的机理与应用需求,设计了工业无线Mesh协议。通过对原有TSMP协议的剖析及其对路由算法、TDMA调度算法的改进,以满足工业现场实时、可靠通信的要求。通过仿真实验以及硬件的部分实现,验证了协议的有效性和可实现性。     

mHealthMon: Toward Energy-Efficient and Distributed Mobile Health Monitoring Using Parallel Offloading

Although mobile health monitoring where mobile sensors continuously gather, process, and update sensor readings (e.g. vital signals) from patient’s sensors is emerging, little effort has been investigated in an energy-efficient management of sensor information gathering and processing. Mobile health monitoring with the focus of energy consumption may instead be holistically analyzed and systematically designed as a global solution to optimization subproblems. This paper presents an attempt to decompose the very complex mobile health monitoring system whose layer in the system corresponds to decomposed subproblems, and interfaces between them are quantified as functions of the optimization variables in order to orchestrate the subproblems. We propose a distributed and energy-saving mobile health platform, called mHealthMon where mobile users publish/access sensor data via a cloud computing-based distributed P2P overlay network. The key objective is to satisfy the mobile health monitoring application’s quality of service requirements by modeling each subsystem: mobile clients with medical sensors, wireless network medium, and distributed cloud services. By simulations based on experimental data, we present the proposed system can achieve up to 10.1 times more energy-efficient and 20.2 times faster compared to a standalone mobile health monitoring application, in various mobile health monitoring scenarios applying a realistic mobility model.     

A Novel Medium Access Control Protocol with Low Delay and Traffic Adaptivity for Wireless Body Area Networks

IEEE 802.15.4 technology provides one solution for low-rate short range communications. Based on the integrated superframe structure of IEEE 802.15.4, a novel low-delay traffic-adaptive medium access control (LDTA-MAC) protocol for wireless body area networks (WBANs) is proposed in the paper. In LDTA-MAC, the guaranteed time slots (GTSs) are allocated dynamically according to the traffic load. At the same time, the active portion of superframe is kept to be a reasonable duration to decrease the energy consumption of the network devices. Moreover, for the successful GTS requests, the related data packets are transmitted in the current superframe instead of waiting more time to reduce the average packet delay. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the network performance and verify our protocol design. Comparing with IEEE 802.15.4, the results reveal LDTA-MAC accommodates more devices access to the network and reduces the packet delay obviously without the cost of more energy consumption.     

主题词法和自然语言法探测文献主题新颖性对比分析

目的：对比分析主题词法和自然语言法计算结果的一致性和差异性,探讨两种方法的优缺点以及与F1000推荐文献的关系。方法：定义医学主题词词对法的文档主题新颖度概念,给出计算公式进行计算并进行对比分析。结果：主题词法计算了该文献集401篇文献中已标引的346篇文献的文档主题新颖度,平均新颖度值为0.8423;自然语言法计算了该文献集全部401篇文献的文档主题新颖度,平均新颖度值为0.8713。74.28%的文献经两种方法计算得到的新颖度差值在0.1以下。结论：主题词法和自然语言法可从文本层面计算文档主题新颖度,两者各有优势。自然语言法在计算范围和最新发表的文献方面要略优于主题词法,主题词法在揭示文章主旨含义和准确度方面,优于自然语言法。根据相关性比较,主题词法和自然语言法在计算文档主题新颖度方面一定程度上具有相对等效的价值。新颖度值越高,主题词法和自然语言法计算出的文档新颖度值分区越一致。主题词法文档主题新颖度与F1000得分弱相关,说明主题词法新颖度准确性更接近专家同行评议。     

基于ANT协议的无线温度采集网络

为解决各级医疗机构楼宇自控系统中不同环境下温度监测布线困难、维护不易的缺点,设计了一种基于ANT协议的无线温度采集网络。方案采用STC12LE4052AD微处理器、NRF24AP2无线网络模块和单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20等搭建硬件平台,并用Visual Studio2010 C＋＋编写温度监测软件实时显示温度和采集记录温度。试验表明,该网络运行稳定,采集环境温度准确,具有低能耗、低成本和易组网等优点。