耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌产金属β-内酰胺酶的检测及其耐药性分析

目的检测铜绿假单胞菌产金属β-内酰胺酶并分析其耐药性。方法采用E-test方法进行抗菌药物敏感试验,产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳分析。结果105株铜绿假单胞菌对9种抗菌药物的敏感率分别为:哌拉西林/他唑巴坦75.19%、头孢他啶64.0%、阿米卡星44.5%、环丙沙星64.32%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦70.12%、亚胺培南79.1%、氨曲南58.32%、哌拉西林47.62%、头孢吡肟51.43%。22株耐头孢他啶和亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的产金属β-内酰胺酶率为31.8%。7株产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株经脉冲场凝胶电泳分析有4个克隆株。结论产金属β-内酰胺酶是铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类抗生素及头孢菌素耐药的机制之一,准确的实验室检测不仅可以帮助临床合理使用抗生素并可减少耐药性的传播。     

70例铜绿假单胞菌产酶与耐药性的检测

目的:探讨铜绿假单胞菌产AmpC酶、金属酶与其耐药的相关性。方法:分离70株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法检测AmpC酶、纸片协同法检测金属酶,并选用7种广谱抗生素进行药敏实验。结果:70株铜绿假单胞菌中,AmpC酶和金属酶阳性率分别为35.7%和7.14%。AmpC酶阳性菌株对头孢他啶(CAZ),头孢他啶/棒酸(CD02),头孢噻肟(CTX),头孢噻肟/棒酸(CD03),氧氟沙星(OFX),阿米卡星(AK)表现高度耐药,对亚胺培南(IPM),头孢吡肟(FEP),氨曲南(ATM)敏感;金属酶阳性菌株仅对阿米卡星(AK)敏感,对其余抗生素表现高度耐药。结论:铜绿假单胞菌产AmpC酶和金属酶阳性率较高,两种酶与铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药性相关。     

铜绿假单胞菌高突变性耐药与产β-内酰胺酶的关系

目的:了解铜绿假单胞菌高突变功株的耐药性与产β-内酰胺酶的关系.方法:对分离出的细菌采用API 20NE系统进行鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B法,用内汤稀释法检测高突变菌株,用改良三维试验检测高突变菌株产β-内酰胺酶的情况,用2-巯基丙酸抑制试验筛选金属酶.结果:在120株铜绿假单胞菌中,有45株突变频率超过参考菌株20倍以上,占37.5%.高突变铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、阿米卡星和环丙沙星的耐药率均接近或超过60.0%.45株高突变菌株中有18株(40.0%)产ESBLs,25株(55.6%)产AmpC酶,6株(13.3%)产金属酶.结论:高突变性铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用的抗生素耐药率较高,产ESBLs,AmpC酶和金属酶是其对多种抗生素高度耐药的主要原因之一.     

70例铜绿假单胞菌产酶与耐药性的检测

目的：探讨铜绿假单胞菌产AmpC酶、金属酶与其耐药的相关性。方法：分离70株铜绿假单胞菌，采用纸片扩散法检测AmpC酶、纸片协同法检测金属酶，并选用7种广谱抗生素进行药敏实验。结果：70株铜绿假单胞菌中，AmpC酶和金属酶阳性率分别为35．7％和7．14％。AmpC酶阳性菌株对头孢他啶（CAZ），头孢他啶／棒酸（CD02），头孢噻肟（CTX），头孢噻肟／棒酸（CD03），氧氟沙星（OFX），阿米卡星（AK）表现高度耐药，对亚胺培南（IPM），头孢吡肟（FEP），氨曲南（ATM）敏感；金属酶阳性菌株仅对阿米卡星（AK）敏感，对其余抗生素表现高度耐药。结论：铜绿假单胞菌产AmpC酶和金属酶阳性率较高，两种酶与铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药性相关。     

革兰氏阴性杆菌的AmpC酶检测与其药物敏感率分析

目的:探讨湘雅医院革兰氏阴性杆菌AmpC酶产生与其耐药性的关系,为临床提供选药参考.方法:应用Microscan微生物自动鉴定系统进行细菌鉴定与药敏试验,并应用纸片扩散法进行AmpC酶检测.结果:204株革兰氏阴性杆菌中AmpC酶阳性菌株40株,阳性率为19.61%;AmpC酶阳性菌株与AmpC酶阴性菌株药敏结果显示,前者大多对头孢曲松、哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、氨曲南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢呋肟、头孢他啶/棒酸、头孢噻肟/棒酸耐药,而后者大多对上述药物敏感,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).而两者大多对头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、左氟沙星及阿米卡星敏感.结论:AmpC酶检测有助于耐药菌株的检出,AmpC酶阳性菌株大多对第三代头孢菌素及酶抑制剂及氨曲南耐药,对亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、左氟沙星及阿米卡星敏感,可为临床经验治疗提供参考.     

1994～2001年中国重症监护病房非发酵糖细菌的耐药变迁

目的 了解我国重症监护病房非发酵糖菌的耐药变迁。方法 1994-2001年,用E试验法检测全国32家医院分离的4450株非发酵糖细菌对亚胺培南等数10种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。用WHO NET-5软件分析数据。结果 7年中,主要的非发酵糖细菌为铜绿假单胞菌（46.9%)。不动杆菌属（31.0%)。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（9.2%)。总敏感率最高的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（78.6%)。亚胺培南（77.0%)。其次是头孢他啶（70.1%)。哌拉西林/三唑巴坦（69.5%)。阿米卡星（69.9%)。再次为头孢吡肟（63.0%)。环丙沙星（59.1%)。除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌之外,其他非发酵糖菌对亚胺培南,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感率分别为84.2%和77.4%。7年中铜绿假单胞菌对11种抗生素的敏感性都在下降,亚胺培南,头孢他啶,阿米卡星,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢吡肟,哌拉西林/三唑巴敏感率为70.0%-83.0%。对亚胺培南对不动杆菌的敏感率高达95.0%。且历年不减。其次是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,对它的敏感率从1996年的88.0%降至2001年的69.0%。而对头孢他啶,头孢吡肟,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦,替卡西林/克拉维酸,庆大霉素,环丙沙星的敏感率只有45.0%-58.0%。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢他啶,替卡西林/克拉维酸的敏感率最高（78.0%-85.0%)。产碱杆菌属对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦及亚胺培南敏感率高于80.0%;黄杆菌属仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感率高于70.0%;73.0%-86.0%的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,头孢他啶,头孢吡肟,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感。结论 近7年非发酵糖菌对常用的广谱抗生素的敏感性在下降。目前迫切需要制定相关政策,延缓耐药的发展。     

ICU肺内感染细菌分布及耐药性临床分析

目的:了解ICU患者肺内感染的细菌分布及抗生素的耐药情况。方法:收集辽宁省朝阳市中心医院ICU 260例痰培养结果及药敏试验,进行回顾性分析。结果:260例痰培养结果肺炎克雷白菌10株、大肠埃希菌9株、金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)10株、铜绿假单胞菌5株、鲍曼不动杆菌6株、肠链球菌3株、肺炎链球菌1株、MRSA菌株6株、产ESBLS菌株5株。药敏试验结果:肺炎克雷白菌对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、亚胺培南敏感,大肠埃希菌对头孢吡肟、亚胺培南敏感。MRSA对万古霉素、阿米卡星敏感。结论:我院ICU肺内感染病原菌以肺炎克雷白菌、大肠埃希菌、MRSA较常见。肺炎克雷白菌对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、亚胺培南有较高的敏感率,大肠埃希菌对头孢吡肟、亚胺培南敏感率较高,而MRSA对万古霉素、阿米卡星敏感率较高。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶研究

目的分析临床分离的27株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及β-内酰胺酶的类型.方法采用K-B法测定美罗培南等15种抗菌药物对27株铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌活性;三维试验、2-巯基丙酸抑制试验、聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析β-内酰胺酶类型.结果阿米卡星敏感性最高为66.7%,其它依次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(55.6%)、头孢吡肟(51.9%),美罗培南敏感率为29.6%.三维试验结果表明,12株产碳青霉烯酶中金属酶2株;单产AmpC酶3株.2-巯基丙酸抑制试验筛选金属酶2株阳性,与三维试验结果相符.根据参考文献设计VIM-2特异性引物,PCR反应结果阳性,经克隆测序证实VIM-2型金属酶.结论我院铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制中很重要一部分原因是产碳青霉烯酶.     

痰标本中铜绿假单胞菌AmpC酶的检测及其耐药性研究

目的　调查痰标本中铜绿假单胞菌AmpC酶的表达情况 ,比较产酶菌和非产酶菌的耐药性。 方法　收集来源痰标本中的铜绿假单胞菌 114株 ,首先采用K -B法检测铜绿假单胞菌的AmpC酶以及 3种不同表型的AmpC酶产生情况 ,然后使用微量肉汤稀释法分析产酶菌株与不产酶菌株耐药性。结果　在 114株铜绿假单胞菌中检出产AmpC酶菌 79株 ( 69.5 % )。产AmpC酶的菌株表现为 3种表型 ,高产高表达型 61株 ( 5 3 .5 % )、低产高表达型 3 3株( 2 7.5 % )、低产低表达型 43株 ( 3 7.7% )。高产高表达AmpC酶菌株明显多于低产高表达型和低产低表达型。 3种不同AmpC酶表型的菌株 ,低产低表达型对哌拉西林 /他唑巴坦 (P/T)、哌拉西林 (PI)、氨曲南 (ATM )、头孢他啶 (CAZ)、头孢吡肟 (FEP)、亚胺培南 (IMP)的敏感率均明显高于低产高表达型和高产高表达型。结论　痰标本中铜绿假单胞菌AmpC酶产生率高 ,可能是对 β -内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要机制。     

呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监测

目的了解呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药情况。方法比较我院近两年细菌室分离的441株铜绿假单胞菌对常用12种临床抗菌药物的耐药情况。结果 2004年1月至2004年12月我院细菌室共分离出211株铜绿假单胞菌,铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星敏感性最高,敏感株占78.71%,其次为亚胺培南,敏感株占68.84%,再次为环丙沙星,敏感株占66.84%,头孢他啶占63.51%,头孢吡肟占59.80%,氨曲南占59.38%,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦占58.46%,哌拉西林占50.97%;2005年1月至2005年11月我院细菌室共分离出230株铜绿假单胞菌,显示铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星敏感性最高,敏感株占81.74%,其次为阿米卡星,敏感株占81.72%,再次为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,敏感株占69.23%,头孢吡肟占69.06%,氨曲南占66.83%,亚胺培南占66.38%,头孢他啶占65.65%,哌拉西林占57.70%。结论铜绿假单胞菌以环丙沙星、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶及哌拉西林敏感,传统敏感药物如亚胺培南、头孢吡肟及头孢他啶敏感率有逐年下降趋势,但仍保持60%以上敏感性,另外阿米卡星及环丙沙星仍保持较高敏感性。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.