大鼠臂旁核内5-羟色胺阳性纤维和终末的来源

本研究采用荧光金(FG)逆行追踪与5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫荧光组化染色相结合的双重技术观察了臂旁核(PBN)内5-HT阳性神经纤维和终末的来源。将FG注入PBN后,FG逆标神经元主要分布在三叉神经核簇、脑干网状结构外侧小细胞部、中缝核簇和中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG);免疫荧光组化染色的结果显示5-HT阳性神经元主要位于中缝核簇和PAG;在中缝核簇和PAG内可见FG逆标并呈5-HT阳性的双重标记神经元。上述结果表明,中缝核簇和PAG内的5-HT能神经元向PBN发出投射,它们在躯体和内脏感觉信息的传递和调控方面发挥重要作用。     

高血压大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质内nNOS样阳性神经元的变化

目的：观察高血压大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)样阳性神经元数量的变化。方法：用双肾双夹法建立高血压大鼠模型，ABC法显示PAG内nNOS样阳性神经元并进行定量分析。结果：nNOS样阳性神经元分布于PAG的背外侧区。PAG内nNOS样阳性神经元的数量、光密度在对照组各时期无明显变化；在高血压大鼠7d时的数量略减少，光密度略下降；而在30d、70d则数量、光密度逐渐减少，与对照组比较差异显著。结论：中脑PAG内nNOS样阳性神经元及阳性产物的减少可能与其对心血管功能活动、感觉信息传导的影响以及高血压的形成和发展有关。     

大鼠延髓和脊髓背角的PKCγ阳性神经元向中脑导水管周围灰质的投射

目的　观察延髓和脊髓背角内蛋白激酶Cγ亚单位 (PKCγ)样阳性神经元向中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)的投射。　方法　荧光金 (FG)逆行追踪与PKCγ的免疫荧光组织化学染色相结合的双标记技术。　结果　PKCγ样阳性神经元主要分布于延髓和脊髓背角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ层及脊髓的外侧脊核 ;将FG注入PAG后 ,在延髓和脊髓背角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ层及脊髓的外侧脊核内可见FG标记神经元 ;部分FG标记神经元呈PKCγ样阳性 ,FG PKCγ双标神经元也主要见于延髓和脊髓背角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ层及脊髓的外侧脊核。　结论　延髓和脊髓背角的PKCγ阳性神经元可能参与将伤害性刺激信息向PAG的传递。     

原发性高血压进程中下丘脑内神经元型一氧化氮合酶和血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体的共表达

目的:观察Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠和自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)下丘脑室旁核(PVN)和视上核(SON)内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT-1R)的共表达,以及加压素(AVP)和nNOS基因水平的表达差异.方法:应用免疫荧光双标染色结合RT-PCR技术.结果:SHR和WKY大鼠PVN和SON内都有大量的nNOS和AT-1R免疫阳性神经元分布并部分共存,但SHR组nNOS和AT-1R共存率明显高于对照组.与之一致,SHR组PVN和SON内nNOS和AVP mRNA含量都高于对照组.结论:在高血压发病进程中,NO发生代偿性增加,可部分负反馈抑制中枢肾素-血管紧张素系统,但这种抑制不能完全逆转过度激活的血管紧张素Ⅱ和AVP.     

下丘脑室旁核经迷走神经复合体对哮喘大鼠的神经调控研究

为探讨下丘脑室旁核对哮喘大鼠的神经调控途径,取健康雄性SD大鼠制备哮喘模型并诱发哮喘发作,运用WGA-HRP逆行追踪法与免疫组织化学染色法(ABC法)相结合的双重标记方法,在光镜下观察向迷走神经复合体(DVC)发出投射的下丘脑室旁核(PVN)神经元内Fos蛋白的表达情况。结果显示:PVN内有三种阳性细胞,即HRP逆行标记神经元、Fos样免疫阳性神经元和HRP/Fos双标神经元。这些神经元主要见于PVN小细胞部的内侧亚核和外侧亚核,散在分布于背侧亚核,在前小细胞亚核内未见阳性反应;Fos样免疫阳性细胞呈双侧分布,且HRP逆标神经元,HRP/Fos双标神经元也为双侧分布,但以注射区同侧占优势。HRP/Fos双标神经元占HRP标记细胞的44.22%。本研究结果提示,哮喘大鼠发作时中枢内包括下丘脑PVN、延髓DVC的多个脑区内神经元兴奋,且两者之间通过直接投射联系参与哮喘的调控。     

大鼠孤束核内儿茶酚胺能神经元接受面口部深层组织伤害性信息并向臂旁核投射的形态学研究

为了探讨孤束核(NTS)内儿茶酚胺能神经元是否与面口部深层组织的伤害性信息有关并向臂旁核投射,本研究运用荧光金(FG))逆行追踪,福尔马林刺激咬肌和免疫荧光技术相结合的三重标记方法,在荧光显微镜下观察了大鼠NTS内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性并表达FOS蛋白的神经元向臂旁核的投射。将2％FG注入一侧臂旁外侧核后,向同侧咬肌内注射2％福尔马林溶液,并行TH和FOS免疫荧光组织化学染色,荧光显微镜下在同侧NTS内的连合、内侧、中间内侧和腹侧亚核中可见重叠分布的FG、FOS、TH单标神经元以及FG／TH、FOS／TH、FOS／FG双标和FG／FOS／TH三标神经元。FG／TH和FOS／TH双标神经元分别占同侧NTS内TH阳性神经元总数的28.6％和34.8％;FOS／FG双标神经元占同侧FG逆标神经元总数的26.4％;FG／FOS／TH三标神经元分别占同侧TH阳性神经元和FG逆标神经元总数的23.7％和8.4％。本结果提示大鼠NTS中的部分儿茶酚胺能神经元接受面口部深层组织的伤害性信息并向臂旁外侧核传递。     

小鼠中缝背核至丘脑室旁核参与伤害性信息的形态学研究

目的:观察中缝背核(DR)内5-羟色胺(5-HT)能神经元向丘脑室旁核(PVT)内速激肽-1(TAC1)免疫阳性神经元的投射,并观察该通路在伤害性刺激下的激活情况。方法:将逆行示踪剂荧光金(FG)注入小鼠PVT,观察FG逆标神经元在DR内的分布,同时利用免疫组织荧光染色技术观察DR内5-HT能神经元与FG逆标神经元之间的共存情况;继而选用TAC1-ires-Cre小鼠结合RV逆标病毒,在DR观察向PVT内TAC1阳性神经元发出投射的突触前神经元的分布;最后利用TAC1-ires-Cre与Rosa26:CAG-LSL-tdTomato(Ai9)杂交小鼠制备坐骨神经分支损伤(SNI)模型,观察PVT内被激活的TAC1阳性神经元与5-HT能神经终末之间的关系。结果:(1)将FG注入PVT后,在DR的吻、中、尾段均可见FG逆标神经元,其分布以中段为主,吻、尾段数量相对较少,并且在DR内观察到5-HT和FG的双标神经元。(2)向TAC1-ires-Cre小鼠的PVT内注射RV逆行跨突触三联病毒后,在DR内也可见RV标记的突触前神经元,主要分布于DR中段。(3)SNI模型下TAC1-Cre::Ai...     

杏仁核参与大鼠哮喘发作及其机制探讨

为探讨杏仁核是否参与大鼠哮喘发作及其机制,采用卵蛋白致敏哮喘大鼠模型,运用WGA-HRP逆行追踪与免疫组织化学染色相结合的双重标记方法,在光镜下观察向下丘脑室旁核(PVN)发出投射的杏仁核神经元内Fos蛋白的表达情况。结果显示:杏仁核内可观察到三种阳性细胞,即HRP逆标神经元、Fos阳性神经元和HRP/Fos双标神经元。Fos阳性细胞呈双侧分布,主要分布在杏仁核的内侧亚核(MeA)和中央亚核(CeA);HRP逆标神经元和HRP/Fos双标神经元分布在注射区同侧的内侧杏仁核,内侧杏仁核内HRP/Fos双标神经元占HRP单标神经元的33.55%。本研究结果提示,哮喘大鼠发作时,杏仁核、下丘脑室旁核的神经元兴奋,且杏仁核到下丘脑室旁核的直接投射可能参与了哮喘发作的调控。     

大鼠三叉神经节内含内吗啡肽2的神经元向延髓背角投射

目的 观察大鼠三叉神经节(TG)内的内吗啡肽2(EM2)阳性神经元向延髓背角(MDH)的投射情况.方法 荧光金(FG)追踪与EM2免疫荧光组织化学染色相结合的双标方法.结果 将FG注入MDH后,TG内可见大量FG标记的大、中、小型神经元;TG内也可见各种直径的EM2阳性神经元;TG内的许多FG标记神经元呈EM2阳性,FG/EM2双标神经元多为中、小型神经元.结论 TG内的EM2阳性神经元向MDH投射.     

大鼠脑干神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的　观察大鼠脑干神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布 ,为探讨nNOS的作用提供形态学资料。方法　用ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示脑干nNOS免疫阳性神经元。结果　大鼠脑干nNOS免疫阳性神经元以中脑和脑桥分布丰富 ,延髓较稀少 ;在中脑 ,nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于中脑水管周围灰质的背侧部、被盖背外侧核、中缝背核、上下丘灰质等部位 ;在脑桥 ,主要分布于被盖背外侧核、脑桥中缝核、被盖脚桥核、蓝斑、臂旁核、斜方体核 ,以及脑桥网状结构 ;与中脑和脑桥相比 ,延髓nNOS免疫阳性神经元较少 ,主要分布于延髓网状结构、三叉神经脊束核和孤束核等核团。结论　分布于脑干内丰富的nNOS免疫阳性神经元可能通过其生成的NO调节其他神经递质的分泌 ,共同参与内脏活动、感觉和运动的传导 ,以及睡眠和觉醒等脑的高级整合功能的调节。     

Glutamatergic vestibular neurons express Fos after vestibular stimulation and project to the NTS and the PBN in rats

In this study, retrograde tracing method combined with phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and Fos immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to identify glutamatergic vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons receiving vestibular inputs and projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Conscious animals were subjected to 120 min Ferris-wheel like rotation stimulation. Neuronal activation was assessed by Fos expression in the nucleus of VN neurons. After Fluoro-gold (FG) injection into the caudal NTS, approximately 48% FG-labeled VN neurons were immunoreactive for PAG, and about 14% PAG/FG double-labeled neurons co-existed with Fos. Following FG injection into the PBN, approximately 56% FG-labeled VN neurons were double-labeled with PAG, and about 12% of the PAG/FG double-labeled neurons also expressed Fos. Careful examination of the typology and distribution pattern of these PAG-immunoreactive neurons indicated that the vast majority of these neurons were glutamatergic rather than GABAergic. These results suggest that PAG-immunoreactive VN neurons might constitute excitatory glutamatergic VN-NTS and VN-PBN transmission pathways and these pathways might be involved in vestibulo-autonomic reflexes during vestibular stimulation.     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和脊髓向丘脑和臂旁核的强啡肽能和一氧化氮能投射

本文用荧光金逆行追踪与免疫荧光组化染色相结合的方法，对大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角浅层向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核的强啡肽能和NO能投射进行了研究．强啡肽原前体样阳性胞体主要位于尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层和Ⅱ层外侧部；NOS样阳性胞体主要位于尾侧亚核和颈够背角Ⅱ层，Ⅰ层较少。将荧光金注入丘脑腹基底复合体后，荧光金逆标神经元主要见于对侧尾侧亚核、颈髓背角的Ⅰ层和外侧网状核，Ⅱ层偶见；将荧光金注入臂旁核后，逆标神经元主要见于同侧尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ层，少量位于外侧网状核。尾侧亚核向丘脑瓜基底复合体投射神经元的16．6％，向臂旁核投射神经元的24．8％呈强啡肽原前体样阳性；颈髓背角浅层向丘脑腹基底复合体投射神经元的19．2％，向臂旁核投射神经元的272％呈强啡肽原前体样阳性。向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核投射的强啡肽原前体／荧光金双标神经元分别占尾侧亚核浅层内强啡肽原前体样阳性神经元总数的7％和18％，分别占颈髓背角浅层内强啡肽原前体样阳性神经元总数的8．1％和21．9％。这些双标神经元多呈大梭形及中等大圆形和梨形。由昆侧亚核向丘脑腹基底复合体投射神经元的5．1％呈NOS阳性，向臂旁核投射神经元的11．8％呈NOS阳性。由颈髓背角浅层向丘脑版?     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和脊髓向丘脑和臂旁核的谷氨酸能投射

本研究用荧光金逆行追踪与免疫荧光组比技术相结合的方法,对大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和脊髓向丘脑和臂旁核的谷氨酸能投射进行了观察。磷酸激活的谷氨酸胺酶（PAG）是谷氨酸能神经元的特异性标识物。PAG样阳性胞体主要位于三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层,少量PAG样阳性胞体也见于它们的Ⅱ层外侧部及外侧网状核。将荧光金注入丘脑腹基底复合体后．荧光金逆标神经元主要见于对侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层及外侧网状核;将荧光金注入臂旁核后,荧光金逆标神经元也主要见于对侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层及外侧网状核。三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核向丘脑腹基底复合体投射神经元的12．4％,向臂旁核投射神经元的13．2％呈PAG样阳性;颈髓背角浅层向丘脑瓜基底复合体投射神经元的12．7％,向臂旁核投射神经元的14．3％呈PAG样阳性。向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核投射的PAG／荧光金双标神经元分别占三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层内PAG样阳性神经元总数的13％和24．6％,向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核投射的PAG／荧光金双标神经元分别占颈髓背角浅层内PAG样阳性神经元总数的11．6％和30．1％。外侧网状核内的部分PAG样阳性神经元也向丘脑腹基底复合体或臂旁核投射。Ⅰ层内的双?     

Collateral Projections from the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus to the Central Amygdaloid Nucleus and the Ventral Tegmental Area in the Rat

Lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) is a critical region in the integration and transmission of peripheral nociceptive information. The parabrachio-amygdaloid (P-Amy) pathway and parabrachio-ventral tegmental area (P-VTA) pathway is thought to be significant in regulation of pain-related negative emotions. In present study, retrograde tract tracers Fluoro-gold (FG) and tetramethylrhodramine-dextran (TMR) were stereotaxically injected into the right central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) and right VTA, respectively. Then, part of these rats were performed with the spare nerve injury (SNI) in the controlateral side of FG and TMR injection. Afterwards, double- or triple-immunofluorescent histochemistry was used to examine FG/TMR double- and FG/TMR/FOS or FG/TMR/CGRP triple-labeled neurons in the LPB. The results showed that all of FG, TMR single- and FG/TMR double-labeled neurons were distributed in the LPB bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance. The proportion of FG/TMR double-labeled neurons to the total number of FG- and TMR-labeled neurons was 10.78% and 13.07%, respectively. Nearly all of the FG/TMR double-labeled neurons (92.67%) showed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunopositive. On the other hand, in the SNI rats, about 89.49% and 77.87% of FG- and TMR-labeled neurons were FG/FOS- and TMR/FOS-positive neurons; about 93.33% of the FG/TMR double-labeled neurons were FOS-LI. Our results suggest that the part of CGRP immunopositive neurons in the LPB send projection fibers to both the CeA and VTA by the way of axon collaterals, which are activated by the nociceptive stimulation in the SNI condition, and may play an important role in the transmission of peripheral nociceptive information. Anat Rec, 302:1178–1186, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.     

大鼠三叉神经脊束间质核内接受面口部躯体伤害性信息的calbindinD-28k神经元向孤束核的投射

为探讨三叉神经脊束间质核内的 calbindin D-2 8k神经元是否接受并传递面口部躯体伤害性信息到孤束核 ,本研究应用荧光金逆行束路追踪结合 FOS和 calbindin D-2 8k免疫荧光组织化学技术 ,观察了三叉神经脊束间质核的 calbindin D-2 8k和FOS双重免疫反应阳性的神经元向孤束核的投射。向右侧孤束核内注射荧光金并向右侧上、下唇皮下注射福尔马林 ,发现荧光金逆标细胞和 FOS免疫反应阳性细胞主要分布于注射侧的三叉神经脊束间质核的背侧边缘旁核和三叉旁核 ;大量的 calbindinD-2 8k免疫阳性细胞分布于双侧三叉神经脊束间质核内。此处的大部分荧光金逆标细胞 (约 74.4% )呈 calbindin D-2 8k免疫反应阳性。在此二者的双重阳性细胞中 ,又有一部分 (约 41.0 % )为同时呈 FOS免疫反应阳性的三重阳性神经元。结果提示 ,三叉神经脊束间质核内接受面口部躯体伤害性信息的 calbindin D-2 8k神经元可直接投射至孤束核 ,calbindin D-2 8k神经元可能在躯体伤害性信息经三叉神经脊束间质核向孤束核的传递过程中发挥重要作用     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核向三叉神经感觉核簇其它核团的投射:兼论胶状质投射神经元的存在

将逆行追踪剂荧光金分别注射到三叉神经感觉主核、三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核和极间亚核,观察到尾侧亚核Ⅰ～Ⅴ层的神经元均向同侧上述核团发出上行投射。值得注意的是尾侧亚核Ⅱ层（胶状质）也有神经元向上述各核团投射。结合免疫荧光组织化学研究表明,在尾侧亚核浅层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ层）约10％～30％荧光金逆标神经元呈calbindin－D28k样阳性．而在浅层仅偶见荧光金逆标神经元呈parvalbumin样阳性者。本研究的结果进一步支持Ⅱ层神经元有传出投射的观点,也提示calbindin－D28k样阳性神经元和parvalbumin样阳性神经元在尾侧亚核浅层可能分别代表着具有不同特性的两类神经元。     

去窦弓神经后大鼠臂旁核亚核内Fos和NADPH-d的分布

目的探讨大鼠臂旁核神经型一氧化氮合酶是否参与减压反射的调节。方法用Fos蛋白免疫组织化学结合还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学双重染色的方法,观察去窦弓神经后Fos和NADPH-d在臂旁核各亚核内的分布情况。结果与假手术组和正常对照组相比,臂旁外侧核外亚核、内侧核外亚核和K-F核内Fos免疫阳性反应明显增强。在这些Fos阳性神经元的表面通常可见NADPH-d阳性纤维终末分布,但偶见Fos和NADPH-d双标神经元。结论臂旁外侧核外亚核、内侧核外亚核和K-F核内部分神经元可被去窦弓神经术特异性激活;一氧化氮可能主要通过突触前机制参与此刺激的传递过程。     

Estradiol-17β-responsive A1 and A2 noradrenergic cells of the brain stem project to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the ewe brain: A possible route for regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone cells

We have studied brain stem cells in the ewe brain that project to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and determined if these cells are activated by estradiol-17β. This would predicate an indirect role in the estradiol-17β regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) cells, since these receive input from the BNST. Ovariectomized ewes received 50 μg estradiol-17β benzoate (i.m.) 1 h prior to brain collection, so that activated cells could be identified by Fos immunohistochemistry. Retrograde tracer (FluoroGold; FG), was injected into the three divisions of the BNST and labeled cells were mapped to the A1 and A2 regions and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the brain stem. With FG injection into the dorsal and lateral BNST, all FG-containing cells in the caudal A1 and 45% of those in A2 stained for dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), indicating noradrenergic type. No FG-labelled cells in the PBN were DBH-positive. In A1 and A2 respectively, 42% and 46% of FG-labelled cells were Fos-positive, with no double-labeling in cells of the PBN. In ewes receiving FG injections into the ventral BNST, estrogen receptor (ER)α-immunoreactive nuclei were found in 82% of A1-FG labeled and 38% of A2-FG labeled cells. No FG-labelled cells of the PBN were ERα-positive. Anterograde tracing from A1 with microruby injection identified projections to the PBN, BNST and preoptic area (POA). Thus, A1 and A2 noradrenergic neurons project to the BNST in the ewe brain, express ERα and are activated by estradiol-17β. These noradrenergic, estrogen-responsive cells may provide indirect input to GnRH cells, via the BNST.