超声乳化联合经后囊硅油取出及人工晶状体植入术

目的 探讨超声乳化联合经后囊硅油取出和人工晶状体植入术治疗硅油填充眼白内障的效果.方法 超声乳化联合经后囊硅油取出和人工晶状体植入术治疗硅油眼合并白内障96例（96眼）.超声乳化吸出术后行后囊环形撕囊,经上方角膜缘切口进入后囊撕囊口取出硅油,植入人工晶状体.结果 术后随访3～6月,所有患者裸眼及矫正视力均较术前提高,人工晶状体居中.3例早期角膜水肿,3～5 d消失,2例视网膜再脱离行再次视网膜复位手术;5例高眼压联合用药后控制正常.结论 对硅油填充眼白内障,行超声乳化联合经后囊硅油取出和人工晶状体植入术,可减少手术次数,并降低手术风险.     

严重硅油乳化取出联合白内障摘出人工晶状体植入术

目的 观察眼内硅油填充2至5年严重乳化,硅油抽出联合白内障摘出人工晶状体植入,术中和术后情况.方法 对于25例(26眼)硅油眼内填充2～5年后严重乳化者,先冲洗出前房硅油乳化油滴,及进行房角分离术,再行晶状体超声乳化吸出术,缝合角膜切口,再经巩膜切口抽吸硅油,查看视网膜情况后,最后经角膜切口植入人工晶状体.结果 术后随访6 ～18个月,角膜均未见水肿或失代偿.眼压升高12例(12眼),噻吗心安滴眼,2周后眼压恢复正常.均未出现视网膜再次脱离或人工晶状体移位,术后视力均较术前提高.结论 对于严重硅油乳化且无法观察眼底者要及时取出硅油,手术步骤的安排和手术技巧是成功的关键,而且必须联合晶体摘出,减少再次手术.     

超声乳化自动注吸系统在硅油取出术中应用的效果

目的评价自动注吸系统在视网膜脱离复位术后硅油取出术中应用的效果和安全性。方法将超声乳化自动注吸系统的抽吸管道与自制的9号（20G）斜面抽吸针头相连接，插入眼内后利用其抽吸硅油，同时由玻璃体切除术用的灌注针滴入BSS保持眼压的稳定。结果18例手术中无任何并发症发生，除1例（5．56％）术后3周发生视网膜再脱离外，余术后眼部情况稳定。结论超声乳化自动注吸系统应用于硅油取出是安全和有效的。     

标准三通道下硅油抽吸术的临床应用

目的 探讨在标准三通道下行硅油抽吸术的安全性及有效性.方法 48例48眼采用标准三通道下硅油抽吸术,观察术前硅油乳化情况、术中裂孔检出率、术后视网膜复位情况及术后最佳矫正视力.结果 术前硅油乳化18眼.术中检查出新裂孔8眼.末次随访时最佳矫正视力0.02～ ＜1.00者38眼.术中一次性顺利取出硅油43眼.末次随访时43眼硅油取出眼中,39眼视网膜复位良好,4眼于硅油取出术后3周～2个月视网膜脱离复发.结论 标准三通道下硅油抽吸术能详细检查眼底情况,及时处理硅油眼内视网膜病变,降低视网膜脱离的复发率,是安全有效的方法.     

DR硅油填充后并发白内障行超声乳化联合硅油取出

目的：探讨糖尿病视网膜病变硅油填充后并发白内障的超声乳化及人工晶状体（IOL）植入联合硅油取出术的临床疗效。 方法：糖尿病视网膜病变患者22例22眼硅油填充后并发白内障行超声乳化及IOL植入联合硅油取出术,均通过角膜透明切口植入软性IOL。 结果：患者19眼视力均在白内障超声乳化手术后视力较术前提高,其中0.1以上者13例,3例同术前视力;手术中后囊膜保持完整,均顺利植入软性可折叠IOL;5例术后不同程度发生角膜水肿,均在术后3~7d内消退。22例硅油均顺利取出。3例术后1mo内发现玻璃体腔积血,其中2例约4wk内玻璃体腔积血自行吸收,1例再行玻璃体手术去除积血联合眼内光凝。22例术后均未发现视网膜再脱离。 结论：糖尿病视网膜病变硅油填充眼并发性白内障的超声乳化IOL植入术联合硅油取出手术效果满意,可减少患者多次手术的痛苦。     

自制硅油取出器的临床应用分析

目的 观察应用自制硅油取出器行硅油取出手术的临床效果.方法 利用自行设计并制作的硅油取出器,为45例(45只眼)硅油填充的患者行硅油取出术,术中记录患者硅油取出时间,观察术中及术后并发症的发生情况,并随访观察6个月以上.结果 所有患者均一次完成硅油取出,平均时间13 min,术中未出现脉络膜上腔出血、视网膜脱离等严重并发症.45例患者术后1周视力提高者20例；4只眼出现低眼压但均在2周内恢复正常；13例继发性青光眼的患者术后7只眼眼压恢复正常.所有患者术后未出现感染、脉络膜上腔出血、视网膜嵌顿及硅油残留等严重并发症.3只眼术后发生视网膜脱离.结论 该种硅油取出器设计简单实用,临床操作简便、安全.     

孤眼视网膜脱离患者玻璃体视网膜手术体会

目的探讨孤眼（另一眼已肓,且视力无法恢复者）复杂性视网膜脱离患者行玻璃体视网膜手术,寻求最大限度地保留患者视力的方法。方法对2008年1月～2009年2月我科行手术的孤眼复杂性视网膜脱离20例进行回顾性分析,总结手术方法的选择,术后视力、眼压以及硅油的存留和取出情况。手术均采用经睫状体平坦部三通道玻璃体切除,术中行剥膜、气-液交换、冷凝（或光凝）和硅油填充术。结果术后随访1月～1年,矫正视力≥0．3者7例;0．1～0．25者9例;〈0．1者4例。因继发青光眼或硅油乳化行部分硅油取出10例（50．00％）,术后眼压控制在21mmHg以下14例,22～25mmHg3例,26mmHg及以上3例。硅油取出及联合白内障囊外摘出人丁晶体植入13例,最佳矫正视力0．08—0．6;保留硅油7例（35．00％）,最佳矫正视力为光感-0．15。术后并发白内障者3例,硅油乳化7例,角膜变性2例（年龄均小于20岁）。结论对于孤眼视网膜脱离患者,玻璃体手术较其他手术视网膜复位成功率高,因玻璃体浑浊牵拉导致视网膜脱离的复发率低,且可以使视网膜达到复位,有效提高术后视力。加强随访,控制眼压,减少并发症,尽早取出硅油,适当放宽硅油保留时间,最大限度地保留术眼有用视力,对提高患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

长期硅油填充眼的眼部并发症及取出原则

目的探讨眼内长期硅油填充引起的并发症及取出的原因和临床结果。方法回顾性分析2002年~2005年共59例59眼行玻璃体切割联合硅油填充患者的眼部情况及硅油取出结果。结果硅油填充后经过0.5~5a的随访,视网膜完全复位57例,部分复位2例,并发症包括:角膜变性9例,硅油乳化33例,继发性青光眼13例,视盘颜色变淡19例,晶状体混浊11例。其中46眼行硅油取出术,随访1~5a,视网膜保持完全复位者41例,部分浅脱离者3例,有2例完全脱离,患者放弃治疗。硅油取出后9例角膜变性好转,11例高眼压得到控制,另外2例眼压较高者行小梁切除术后眼压恢复正常。随访中绝大部分患者的视力均有不同程度的提高,矫正视力低于0.05者11例,≥0.05者35例,≥0.1者21例,0.3以上者12例。结论硅油取出可缓解硅油并发症的发展,但对术后出现的并发症应重视并积极防治,以提高玻璃体手术的效果。     

硅油填充眼并发性白内障手术探讨

目的探讨硅油充填眼术后并发性白内障行超声乳化联合硅油取出及人工晶状体植入术的临床效果。方法对26例（26眼）硅油填充术后并发性白内障进行超声乳化经睫状体平坦部切口取硅油联合折叠式人工晶状体植入术。术后随访4-15个月（平均8个月）。结果手术后最佳矫正视力：光感-眼前数指者2眼,0.02-0.1者5眼,〉0.1-0.2者11眼,≥0.3者8眼。1眼因视网膜脱离复发,经再次手术硅油充填后视网膜复位。所有患者均无角膜内皮失代偿、人工晶状体移位或硅油残留等。结论硅油填充眼合并白内障行超声乳化联合硅油取出及折叠式人工晶状体植入术能有效提高视力,减少手术次数,提高手术安全性。     

两种硅油取出术并发症分析

目的:比较常规扁平部三通道硅油取出术和既往两切口单纯硅油取出术的手术并发症,考察并评价其临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2001-04/2003-06以及2003-06/2006-11两个时期(分为两组)在本院行硅油取出术的临床连续病例。前组共78例(78眼),47例无晶状体眼采用角膜缘或角膜小切口取出硅油;7例有晶状体眼采用睫状体平坦部双切口取硅油;16例联合白内障手术者,常规行超声乳化或ECCE术,再撕开后囊膜,从前房白内障手术切口放出硅油;8例视网膜复位欠佳,或局部有增生膜者,硅油取出联合常规三通道玻璃体切除术。后组病例共113例(113眼),不论有无晶状体,全部病例均采用常规扁平部三通道取硅油,取油时联合切除残余玻璃体基底部、视网膜光凝及剥离视网膜前膜。硅油取出术后随访5mo～5a,平均随访时间为(2.7±2.1)a。结果:前组中共有3例发生脉络膜上腔出血(3.8%);15例发生视网膜再脱离(19.2%);8例眼压控制不良需加用降眼压药物(10.3%);12例出现低眼压(眼压<5mmHg)(15.4%);1例术后发生角膜内皮失代偿(1.3%);38眼视力提高2行以上(48.7%)。后组病例中未出现脉络膜上腔出血和新发角膜病变,11例发生视网膜再脱离(9.7%),与前组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。7例眼压控制不良需加用降眼压药物(6.2%),15例出现低眼压(13.3%);58眼视力提高2行以上(51.3%)。结论:虽然两切口单纯硅油取出术方法简单,在几年前应用较为普遍,但术中不能做一些眼底的详细检查及适当处理;而常规扁平部三切口硅油取出可以联合玻璃体切割及膜剥离、激光光凝等操作,有助于保持视网膜复位和视功能提高,减少并发症的出现,具有广泛的临床应用价值。     

Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners

As part of an ongoing investigation into real-world copying and drawing, I recorded the eye-hand drawing strategies of 16 subjects with drawing experiences ranging from expert to novice while they copied a line drawing of a standing nude. The experts produced accurate copies whereas all the beginners produced marked inaccuracies of overall scaling, proportion and shape. Analysis of eye and hand movements showed that the experts alone segmented the original drawing into simple line sections that were copied one at a time using a direct eye-hand strategy not requiring intermediary encoding to visual memory. The results suggest that segmentation into simple lines defines the task-specific process of accurate copying, and that this process is restricted to experts, i.e. acquired through training and practice. Additional preliminary tests also suggest that a similar process may apply to drawing a model from life.     

Proximal and accommodative convergence and age

The authors have estimated the phoria for distant and near fixation in two groups of subjects (mean age 27.5 ± 4.4 and 59.2 ± 8.2 years). Different accommodative stimuli were induced by adding minus lenses for distant fixation and plus lenses for near fixation. Statistical analysis of the experimental data indicates that, for distant fixation, the value of phoria per unit of accommodative stimulus is significantly lower in presbyopic than in nonpresbyopic subjects. Also, during near fixation, the accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) is more reliable in the presbyopic subjects when the accommodative stimulus is progressively reduced. This varying behavior indicates in presbyopic subjects that proximal convergence is of greater relative importance in the determination of the fusion-free position. In nonpresbyopic subjects, accommodative convergence is the more important component.     

Anesthesia and preoperative and postoperative medications

Although certain methods such as retrobulbar blocks are used extensively, improvements in procedure can always be implemented. The use of ultrasound, low concentrations of anesthesia, careful monitoring, and, in the case of risk patients, anesthesia standby are all important considerations to ensure uneventful treatments. Topical anesthesia eliminates needle risk as well as risk of ptosis and bruising. Because it has been demonstrated that bacteria routinely enter the anterior chamber during uncomplicated cataract surgery, certain irrigation solutions are helpful, but still debatable. Postoperatively, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and timolol have all been proven to be effective in reducing ocular inflammation, reducing incidence of CME, and controlling pressure increase, respectively.     

Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve–based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.     

Anesthesia and preoperative and postoperative medications

Retrobulbar blocks, although widely used, still have potentially serious complications. Topical anesthesia presents less risk of injury to the globe and less pain but requires careful usage and an experienced surgeon. New techniques, however, allow for an increase in the percentage of patients able to have topical anesthesia. Preoperatively, 2.5% phenylephrine is found to be just as effective as 10% phenylephrine, and, when compared with wound closure and surgeon's experience, the effect of prophylactic medications was found to be negated. Postoperatively, diclofenac is found to be as effective an anti-inflammatory agent as prednisolone. Also, the addition of 10% phenylephrine to 4% pilocarpine drops enhances the effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of postoperative iridocorneal adhesions. In addition, ophthalmologists should be aware of emerging antibiotic resistance.     

Nodes and nodal points and lines in eyes and other optical systems

The typical stigmatic optical system has two nodal points: an incident nodal point and an emergent nodal point. A ray through the incident nodal point emerges from the system through the emergent nodal point with its direction unchanged. In the presence of astigmatism nodal points are not possible in most cases. Instead there are structures, called nodes in this paper, of which nodal points are special cases. Because of astigmatism most eyes do not have nodal points a fact with obvious implications for concepts, such as the visual axis, which are based on nodal points. In order to gain insight into the issues this paper develops a general theory of nodes which holds for optical systems in general, including eyes, and makes particular allowance for astigmatism and relative decentration of refracting elements in the system. Key concepts are the incident and emergent nodal characteristics of the optical system. They are represented by 2 × 2 matrices whose eigenstructures define the nature and longitudinal position of the nodes. If a system's nodal characteristic is a scalar matrix then the node is a nodal point. Otherwise there are several possibilities: Firstly, a node may take the form of a single nodal line. Second, a node may consist of two separated nodal lines reminiscent of the familiar interval of Sturm although the nodal lines are not necessarily orthogonal. Third, a node may have no obvious nodal line or point. In the second and third of these classes one can define mid-nodal ellipses. Astigmatic systems exist with nodal points and stigmatic systems exist with no nodal points. The nodal centre may serve as an approximation for a nodal point if the node is not a point. Examples in the Appendix , including a model eye, illustrate the several possibilities.     

Sensitivity to first- and second-order motion and form in children and adults

We compared the sensitivity of adults and children aged 3-10 years to first- and second-order motion and form. For first-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for motion than form, and motion thresholds were better at 6 Hz than at 1.5 Hz. For second-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for form than motion, and motion thresholds were better at 0.25 cyc/deg than at 1 cyc/deg. Thresholds became adult-like later for motion than for form and later for first-order than second-order stimuli. For first-order stimuli, the changes with age were larger and more protracted.     

Estrogen and progesterone receptors and human conjunctiva

Freshly frozen conjunctival tissue from premenopausal and postmenopausal women and male subjects were processed for estrogen and progesterone receptors by using monoclonal antibodies and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. No immunocytochemical staining was localized in the nuclei of the cells treated with the monoclonal antibodies to human estrogen receptor or human progesterone receptor in any of the conjunctival specimens, in contrast to the strongly positive staining in breast adenocarcinoma controls. Immunocytochemical staining disclosed no evidence for estrogen or progesterone receptors on cells of the ocular surface.