分叉病变介入治疗策略及技术

分叉病变仍是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (ＰＣＩ)的一个挑战。常规的球囊扩张成形术对分叉病变效果不佳 ,其成功率低 ,并发症高 ,再狭窄率高。冠状动脉内斑块旋切术或冠状动脉内斑块旋磨术的运用并未显著改善上临床结果。早期的支架 (Ｐａｌｍａｚ -Ｓｃｈａｔｚ,Ｃｏｏｋ支架 )虽然可明显降低介入治疗的并发症和血管的再狭窄 ,但对于分叉病变其结果仍不令人满意 ,主要是分支的闭塞 ,或难以通过支架孔隙扩张分支血管。随着球囊及支架设计的不断改进、介入医生经验的积累和抗凝方法的改进 ,尤其ｋｉｓｓｉｎｇ技术的运用 ,并针对不同类型分叉病变…     

冠状动脉分叉病变不同介入治疗方法的临床应用和研究进展

冠状动脉分叉病变一直是冠状动脉介入治疗的难点,随着介入手段的不断更新,如何降低冠状动脉分叉病变患者血管再狭窄率及血栓风险一直是近年来研究的热点。对于不同解剖结构的分叉病变,所采用的介入手段也有所不同,主要有单支架技术、双支架技术以及药物球囊对吻扩张技术。本文主要围绕冠状动脉分叉病变的特点,对这几种介入治疗方法的临床应用和研究进展作一综述。     

冠脉分叉病变及支架后再狭窄的血流动力学研究进展

冠心病是临床常见及多发的心血管疾病,支架介入是目前临床用于治疗此类疾病的主要方法,但部分患者仍将发生冠状动脉再狭窄危及其生活质量、生命安全。冠状动脉分叉、弯曲处斑块形成、冠心病患者接受支架介入治疗后发生再狭窄均与局部血流动力学状态密切相关,因此掌握冠状动脉分叉病变、支架后再狭窄血流动力学特点,对医生诊断、预防、治疗冠状动脉疾病均具有积极意义。本文将探讨冠状动脉硬化性心脏病患者冠状动脉分叉病变及支架后再狭窄血流动力学特点,为提高冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病治疗效果及预后。     

冠脉分叉病变的介入治疗现状

冠状动脉分叉病变的介入治疗由于存在边支堵塞的风险在技术应用上受到限制。与非分叉病变相比,分叉病变的介入治疗有相对低的手术成功率、更大的手术花费和更高的再狭窄率。药物涂层支架的使用,使主支的再狭窄发生率有所下降,但边支开口的再狭窄和分叉病变长期预后中存在的再狭窄问题依然存在。在药物涂层支架时代,已出现双支架的治疗策略。通常根据分叉病变的不同类型采用不同的治疗技术,主支支架术加必要时边支支架术是目前通常采取的技术策略。     

药物洗脱支架治疗无保护左主干病变

目的 评价药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉无保护左主干(ULMCA)病变的安全性及疗效.方法 选择2002年10月～2007年11月我院收治经冠状动脉造影证实为无保护左主干病变患者44例;合并心功能不全(左室射血分数<40%)5例,肺功能减退2例,慢性肾功能不全5例;常规行冠状动脉造影及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗.分析其冠脉造影特征、手术成功率及临床随访结果 .结果 44例患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗即刻成功率为100%,无严重术中并发症,手术住院期间的病死率、非致死性心肌梗死率及急诊常规行冠状动脉造影率均为0%.所有患者均植入药物洗脱支架.术后平均随访14.2～9.3月(6～65月),所有患者均未发生亚急性或延迟性支架内血栓形成;6例(13.6%)患者有心绞痛症状复发;1例患者在术后4个月困心力衰竭死亡;37例(84.1%)患者无严重不良心血管事件发生.35例(79.5%)患者进行了冠状动脉造影复查,其中冠状动脉造影复查提示发生再狭窄3例(8.6%):1例为左主干远端分叉病变,分叉处再狭窄转外科行常规行冠状动脉造影术;2例左主干末端分叉病变分支开口发生再狭窄,使用切割球囊再次经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后,症状缓解.结论 对选择性的冠状动脉左主干病变使用药物洗脱支架行介入治疗安全有效,近、远期疗效良好.     

冠心病患者支架植入术后发生支架内再狭窄病变特征分析

目的:探讨支架植入术后发生支架内再狭窄的病变特征。方法:将成功行支架植入术后经冠状动脉造影复查的260例患者分为再狭窄组和无再狭窄组,每组各40例。再狭窄组患者为发生支架植入术后发生支架内再狭窄者,无再狭窄组患者为没有发生再狭窄者。通过对比两组患者冠状动脉病变特征(包括病变血管支数、狭窄程度、病变长度、分叉病变、钙化病变、闭塞病变、支架数量、直径等)分析与再狭窄的关联。结果:病变血管支数、狭窄程度、病变长度、支架总长度对支架内再狭窄无明显影响(P>0.05),而分叉病变、钙化病变、闭塞病变、支架重叠对支架内再狭窄有明显影响(P<0.05)。植入支架数≥3个及支架直径<3.00 mm者发生率高于未发生再狭窄患者(P<0.05)。结论:支架内再狭窄病变与分叉病变、钙化病变、闭塞病变、支架重叠、≥3个支架及支架直径<3.00 mm者存在相关性。     

长段弥漫性冠状动脉病变的介入治疗研究

目的:研究支架介入治疗长段弥漫性冠状动脉病变的临床疗效与安全性。方法:研究本院采取药物洗脱支架介入治疗的96例长段弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者术前、术后的左室射血分数、心功能分级以及血氧保和度变化情况,同时统计术后再狭窄与相关并发症发生率。结果:支架术成功率为99.12%,术后再狭窄率为2.08%;术后较术前患者心功能、LVEF、SpO2均显著改善,P<0.01。结论:支架介入治疗长段弥漫性冠状动脉病变具有疗效确切、安全可行及复发率低等优点。     

无保护左主干病变应用药物洗脱支架介入治疗的预后及影响因素分析

目的评价无保护左主干病变应用药物洗脱支架介入治疗的预后及影响因素。方法 45例无保护左主干病变患者接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）,根据病变是否累及左主干远端分叉分组,开口或体部病变为非分叉组（26例）,累及左主干远端或前降支、回旋支开口者为分叉组（19例）。15例患者术中应用血管内超声指导,13例在术后（9.5±6.3）个月进行了冠状动脉造影复查。结果 45例患者经治疗后均达到操作成功标准。术后42例患者获得随访,随访时间13～48个月。分叉组随访期间再发心绞痛率明显高于非分叉组（P〈0.05）,但两组主要心脏不良事件（MACE）发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。对MACE单因素分析发现,术中血管内超声指导患者MACE发生率明显低于未应用血管内超声指导患者（P〈0.05）。13例术后复查患者4例发生支架内再狭窄,均发生在分叉组,且双支架术再狭窄率明显高于单支架（P〈0.01）。结论经选择的无保护左主干病变药物洗脱支架治疗是可行和安全的,可取得较好的近远期效果,术中应用血管内超声指导可明显减少MACE的发生。     

药物涂层球囊在冠状动脉原发病变的研究进展

药物涂层球囊(DCB)是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的新手段,能克服支架植入存在支架内再狭窄、需长期双联抗血小板等不足,并且已有多项临床研究验证了DCB在支架内再狭窄(ISR)治疗中的优越性;但在冠状动脉原发病变中应用尚存在争议,如小血管病变、大血管病变、急性心肌梗死、慢性完全闭塞和分叉部病变仍在研究中.本文将目前可用的DCB...     

边支斑块主动转移单支架术及拘禁球囊技术在治疗冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变中临床应用效果的对比研究

目的对比研究边支斑块主动转移单支架术与拘禁球囊技术在治疗冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变中的临床应用效果。方法将2016年9月1日至2018年8月1日在我院进行冠状动脉造影术后确诊为冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变并进行冠状动脉介入治疗的300名患者作为研究对象。随机分为实验组及对照组,其中,采用边支斑块主动转移单支架术治疗冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变的患者纳入实验组,研究对象150例;应用拘禁球囊技术治疗冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变的患者归入对照组,研究对象150例。对比评价两组患者接受PCI治疗术后,在主支支架内晚期管腔丢失、主支及边支再狭窄发生率、再次心肌梗死等方面存在的差异。结果采用边支斑块主动转移单支架术治疗冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变的患者在主支支架内晚期管腔丢失、主支及边支再狭窄发生率、再次心肌梗死等的发生率均显著低于采用拘禁球囊技术的患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论边支斑块主动转移单支架术在治疗冠状动脉非左主干分叉病变中其安全性及有效性明显优于对照组,丰富了临床治疗手段。     

Novel side branch ostial stent (BIGUARDTTM): first-in-man study

Background Stenting a bifurcation lesion is technically challenging. No study has reported the clinical outcome of a dedicated bifurcation stent in China. We aimed to analyze the safety and clinical outcome of a novel side branch ostial stent (BIGUARDTM) stent in treating coronary bifurcation lesions.Methods Forty-seven patients were enrolled in this first-in-man study, with 61.7% true bifurcation lesions (0,1,1 and 1,1,1) and 26.7% diabetes. A two-stent technique was used in 27.6% of the patients, and 64.7% of patients crossed from the one-stent technique to the two-stent arm. Clinical and angiographic follow-up data at 12 months were available in all the 47 patients and in 43 patients (91.9%), respectively. The study endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months.Results Only one patient had a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, which led to 2% of the in-hospital composite MACE. Notably, the target lesion revascularization at 12 months was 8.6%, with a 10.6% composite MACE at 12 months. Neither cardiac death nor stent thrombosis was seen during the follow-up. By quantitative coronary analysis, the restenosis rate at the main vessel and ostium of the side branch was 9.4% and 2.1%, respectively. Four of 12 patients (33.3%) treated with one-stent and kissing balloon inflation had restenosis in the main vessel.Conclusion BIGUARDTM stent was safe and feasible in treatment of bifurcation lesions.     

Mechanisms and clinical significance of quality of final kissing balloon inflation in patients with true bifurcation lesions treated by crush stenting technique

Background The mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of a kissing unsatisfied （KUS） result after classical crush stenting remain unclear. The present study aimed at analyzing the mechanisms and clinical significance of KUS. Methods Two hundred and thirteen patients with true bifurcation lesions treated with classical crush stenting and final kissing balloon inflation （FKBI） were assigned to upper, middle, and lower groups according to the position of the side branch re-wiring assessed by visual estimation, quantitative coronary analysis （QCA） and intravascular ultrasound （IVUS）. Angiographic follow-up was indexed at 12 months. Results The upper group was characterized by a larger bifurcation angle of 55.53°±25.25° （P=0,030） and a longer procedural time （42.43±23.92） minutes （P=0.015）. The overall rate of KUS by visual estimation was 10.48%, with 5.4% in the upper group, 3.9% in middle group, and 36.1% in lower group （P 〈0.001）. For the diagnosis of KUS, visual inspection demonstrated a good correlation with both QCA and IVUS. Smaller stent diameter was the main reason for KUS in the upper group, while extra-stent side wire location, or re-wire in a low position was the main mechanism attributed to KUS in the lower group. The Lower group had more restenosis, with most restenotic lesions at a lower position of the side branch ostium. KUS （HR 1.652, 95% Cl 1.332-2.088, P 〈0.001） and re-wiring position （HR 2.341, 95% Cl 1.780-4.329, P 〈0.001） were two independent predictors of side branch restenosis. Re-wiring position （OR 0.458, 95%C/0.336-0.874, P=0.001） and side stent expansion （OR 3.122, 95%C/2.883-5.061, P=0.014） were factors predicting the findings of KUS. Conclusions Side wire outside side stents resulted in more KUS and restenosis. Different restenotic lesion types reflected individual mechanisms contributing to the development of plaque proliferation.     

Comparison of drug eluting stents with bare metal stents in daily practice for bifurcation lesions in Chinese patients

Background Recently, numerous randomized and controlled trials have demonstrated great advantages of drug eluting stents (DES) with respect to significant reduction of restenosis and recurrence of symptoms and improvement of clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Little is known about the comparative effects between DES and bare metal stents (BMS) for bifurcation angioplasty in the Chinese population. We compared the inpatient and 7-month follow-up outcomes between DES and BMS for the treatment of bifurcation lesions. Methods From April 2004 to October 2005, 291 Chinese patients [85.9% male, mean age (57.8±10.4) years] underwent DES (387 lesions) and/or BMS (297 lesions) implantation for bifurcation lesions. Clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed at 7 months. Results Compared with BMS group, patients in DES group had significantly lower rates of restenosis at main branch (9.5% vs 28.7%, P < 0.001) or side branch (14.5% vs 37.0%, P < 0.001) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (14.0% vs 26.3%, P = 0.000). The occurrence rate of late in-stent thrombosis did not differ between the two groups in both main (0.8% vs 0, P = 0.224) and side branches (1.4% vs 0, P = 0.198). Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was less frequent in DES group for main branch (8.3% vs 21.3%, P < 0.001) and for side branch (7.6% vs 23.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that total stent length (OR = 1.029, P = 0.01), postprocedural in-stent minimum lumen diameter (OR = 0.476, P = 0.03) and stent type (OR = 3.988, P = 0.0001) were independent predictors of TLR for main branch. Prior history of coronary intervention (OR = 2.424, P = 0.041), angulated lesion (OR = 2.337, P = 0.033), postdilation (OR = 0.267, P = 0.035) and stent type (DES vs BMS, OR = 5.459, P = 0.000) were independent predictors of TLR for side branch. Conclusion The implantation of DES may be associated with greater reduction of restenosis and TLR than BMS in bifurcations angioplasty.     

拘禁球囊技术在PCI边支血管保护中的作用研究

目的 评价拘禁球囊技术在处理冠状动脉真性分叉病变中的可行性.方法 将2013年3月至2014年10月,在该院心血管内科行冠状动脉造影检查,结果为冠状动脉真性分叉病变,并接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)的71例患者,分为两组:拘禁球囊边支血管保护组(A组,28例)、传统边支血管保护组(B组,43例).比较两组患者围术期并发症、X射线曝光时间、介入耗材使用的数量和总费用、心血管不良事件发生率等指标,对拘禁球囊技术可行性进行评价.结果 两组患者手术并发症差异无统计学意义(P＞o.05).术后心血管不良事件及复查造影边支血管再狭窄率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但在PCI相关指标(使用球囊数量、PCI手术时间、射线暴露量、使用导丝数量、造影剂用量、手术费用)的比较中拘禁球囊组要明显低于传统方法边支保护组(P＜0.05).结论 在冠状动脉真性分叉病变中使用拘禁球囊技术,可缩短手术时间X射线照射时间、降低患者介入相关医疗费用.     

Novel side branch ostial stent （BIGUARD^TM）： first-in-man study

Background Stenting a bifurcation lesion is technically challenging. No study has reported the clinical outcome of a dedicated bifurcation stent in China. We aimed to analyze the safety and clinical outcome of a novel side branch ostial stent （BIGUARDTM） stent in treating coronary bifurcation lesions. Methods Forty-seven patients were enrolled in this first-in-man study, with 61.7% true bifurcation lesions （0,1,1 and 1,1,1） and 26.7% diabetes. A two-stent technique was used in 27.6% of the patients, and 64.7% of patients crossed from the one-stent technique to the two-stent arm. Clinical and angiographic follow-up data at 12 months were available in all the 47 patients and in 43 patients （91.9%）, respectively. The study endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACE） at 12 months. Results Only one patient had a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, which led to 2% of the in-hospital composite MACE. Notably, the target lesion revascularization at 12 months was 8.6%, with a 10.6% composite MACE at 12 months. Neither cardiac death nor stent thrombosis was seen during the follow-up. By quantitative coronary analysis, the restenosis rate at the main vessel and ostium of the side branch was 9.4% and 2.1%, respectively. Four of 12 patients （33.3%） treated with one-stent and kissing balloon inflation had restenosis in the main vessel. Conclusion BIGUARDTM stent was safe and feasible in treatment of bifurcation lesions.     

Short and long-term outcomes of two drug eluting stents in bifurcation lesions

Background Because no large prospective studies are available, this study evaluated the clinical outcomes of two drug eluting stents in bifurcation lesions. Methods Lesions with diameter of side branch ≥2.5 mm were selected. From October 2003 to June 2005, 112 patients with 113 bifurcation lesions were treated by two drug eluting stents （DESs）, technique. The location of bifurcation lesions were left anterior descending coronary artery/diagonal in 62 patients, left main distal bifurcation in 32, left circumflex coronary artery/obtute marginal branch in 18 and right coronary artery distal bifurcation in 1. Procedures for bifurcation lesions were crush or modified crush technique in 64, ＂T＂ stenting technique in 27, modified ＂Y＂ stenting, kiss stenting, ＂V＂ stenting as well as culotte stenting technique in 11, 5, 3 and 3, respectively. Among 226 lesions, 91 Cypher or Cypher select stents, 74 TAXUS and 67 Firebird were used. Final kiss balloon dilation was performed in 60 （93.7%） with crush technique after stenting. Results Success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention for the bifurcation lesions was 100%. One patient, who developed inhospital acute myocardial infarction due to subacute thrombosis, was successfully treated by a second intervention. Major adverse cardiac events rate in-hospital was 0.89% （1/112） and during followup was 7.14% （8/112）, No death occurred during the followup of all patients. Angiographic followup was effected for 46 patients, restenosis for eight, coronary artery bypass grafting for 1 and a repeat intervention for 5. Restenosis involving TAXUS, Cypher and Firebird was 5 （5/18, 27.8%）, 2 （2/17, 11.8%） and 1 （1/11, 9.1%）, respectively （P〉0.05）. Total restenotic rate was 17.4% （8/46）. Conclusions When ostium of side branch has severe stenosis and 〉12.5 mm in diameter, two-stent strategy in this bifurcation lesion is safe and effective, and the outcomes are satisfactory. Restenotic rates were not different between TAXUS, Cypher and Firebird DESs.     

Hemodynamic change in wall shear stress in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions treated by double kissing crush or single-stent technique

Background  Fluid dynamic mechanisms attributed to coronary bifurcation lesions remain a subject of study. The present study aimed at investigating the hemodynamic change of wall shear stress (WSS) in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions treated by double kissing (DK) crush or one-stent with final kissing balloon inflation (FKBI).

Methods  Eighty-one patients with bifurcation lesions treated by stenting who had 3-D model reconstruction were studied. The bifurcation vessels were divided into main vessel (MV), main branch (MB), side branch (SB), and polygon of confluence (POC). MB and SB were classified by internal- and lateral-subsegments, respectively.

Results  The baseline magnitude of WSS in proximal MV, POC-MV, POC-MB, POC-SB and MB-internal segments increased significantly, compared to MB-lateral, SB-internal and SB-lateral. DK crush had the potential of uniformly reducing WSS, turbulent index and the WSS gradient. The WSS value at the POC-SB and SB in the one-stent group remained higher. The turbulent index and WSS gradient between the POC-SB minus the SB-lateral had equal predictive values for in-stent restenosis (ISR).

Conclusion  Fluid dynamic results favor the use of DK crush over the one-stent technique.

     

雷帕霉素洗脱支架对吻术与单支架术对冠状动脉分叉病变疗效的影响

目的比较雷帕霉素洗脱支架对吻技术与单支架技术对真性分叉病变的近、远期疗效的影响。方法 200名分叉病变患者,随机分为对吻支架术和单支架术两组。随访1年,观察两组节段内再狭窄率、死亡率、非致死性心肌梗死率、靶病变再次血运重建率和支架内血栓形成率。结果术后1年,单支架组与对吻支架组相比,再狭窄率、死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、靶病变再次血运重建率、支架内血栓发生率及严重心血管不良事件发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;分支预扩张后,出现夹层的患者分析提示单支架与对吻支架组节段内再狭窄率、靶病变再次血运重建率及严重心血管不良事件发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而支架内血栓率、死亡率及心肌梗死率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论对于直径较大的分叉病变患者,对吻支架技术的近、远期疗效与单支架术相近。预扩张后分支出现夹层应采用对吻支架术,没有夹层则应采用单支架植入。     

简单和复杂支架技术治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的临床疗效

目的：比较简单支架技术与复杂支架技术治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的临床疗效。方法：自1998年1月至2002年6月间我院共完成38例主要冠状动脉分叉病变，其中28例采用对吻球囊技术对主支和边支预扩张，仅主支内植入支架为简单支架术A组；10例采用“T型”或“Y型”支架技术，分别在边支和主支均植入支架为复杂支架术B组，随访6个月以上，记录主要不良心脏病事件（心绞痛、急性心肌梗死，急诊搭桥，心源性死亡）。结果：两组患之间基础临床情况及造影血管特征无显著差异，A组主支成功率为100％，边支成功率为89．3％（25／28例）3例边支因残余狭窄＞50％，随即植入支架获得成功：B组支架成功率为100％，3例因边支在球囊扩张后残后余狭窄轻，主支植入支架后边支残余狭窄＜50％，未植入支架，随访期间A组再发心绞痛5例（5／28，17．85），B组再发绞痛2例（2／7，28．6％），两组均无其他不良心脏事件发生，结论：复杂支架技术在治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的疗效方面并不优于简单支架技术。