基层医院非瓣膜病房颤华法林抗凝治疗的临床问题

心房颤动(AF)是导致缺血性脑卒中的主要危险因素,近年来随着AF病因的变化,非瓣膜性AF导致的卒中比例越来越大。华法林预防卒中的效果得到肯定,而临床上以AF的华法林抗凝治疗预防脑卒中的处方率很低或量不足。临床医生要充分认识华法林抗凝治疗的必要性和重要性,自觉提高医生和患者的抗凝意识,严格遵循最新抗凝指南建议,规范抗凝治疗。     

心房颤动与缺血性卒中的预防

心房颤动(AF)作为缺血性卒中的重要危险因素已经得到确认.但在卒中预防实践中,如何正确选择AF患者进行抗凝治疗,哪些AF患者适用抗凝治疗,哪种抗凝强度更加合理,以及如何权衡长期抗凝治疗的风险和效益,均存在一定的争论.文章对此进行了分析.     

阿哌沙班在心房颤动患者卒中预防中的应用

心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是卒中的独立危险因素.AF患者的卒中转归较差,致死率和致残率也较高.对于卒中风险较高的AF患者,需要应用抗凝药.阿哌沙班是近年来新出现的一种口服直接Xa因子抑制药.与华法林等传统抗凝药相比,阿哌沙班在预防AF患者卒中和全身性栓塞方面展现出一定的优势.     

经皮左心耳封堵术在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者卒中预防中的应用

心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)导致的卒中很常见,而且常常是灾难性的.尽管口服抗凝药是预防栓塞性卒中的基石,但它们也存在许多局限性,而且并非所有患者均能长期耐受.左心耳已被认定为非瓣膜性AF患者血栓形成的来源.目前已研发出多种左心耳封堵装置,并成功用于非瓣膜性AF患者的卒中预防,且围手术期并发症较少.文章对经皮左心耳封堵术在非瓣膜性AF患者卒中预防方面的应用进行了综述.     

CHA2DS2-VASc评分能更好地识别真正卒中低危的AF

<正>自非维生素K类口服抗凝药应用以来,起始口服抗凝治疗的卒中风险阈值降低,非瓣膜性心房颤动(AF)患者卒中预防的焦点,从针对高危患者向识别无需抗栓治疗的真正缺血性卒中低危患者转变。Stroke上发表的一项最新研究评估了CHADS2评分、CHA2DS2-VASc评分及ATRIA风险分层方案,对未曾接受过口服抗凝治疗的AF患者的预测价值。研究共计入选韩国国家健康保险服务样本队列数据库中2002年1月~2008年12月,共计5855例年龄≥20岁的未行口     

心房颤动合并慢性肾脏疾病患者口服抗凝的治疗策略

口服抗凝药物(oral anticoagulants,OACs)在预防心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)导致的卒中和全身栓塞性疾病中发挥着重要作用,被广泛用于缺血中、高危的AF患者。AF大多同时合并慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)。严重肾功能不全是AF患者发生卒中的独立危险因素,同时肾功能不全对OACs的体内处置也会产生不同程度的影响。因此,临床上对AF合并CKD患者的口服抗凝治疗方案需要更加谨慎。本文拟综述国内已批准的OACs在AF合并CKD患者的药代动力学变化及安全有效性,为指导临床上OACs的合理使用提供依据。     

左心耳封堵术的相关并发症

正心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)作为临床上最常见的心律失常之一,其所致的血栓栓塞现象是对AF患者危害最大的并发症,尤其在大于65岁的老年人群中,有15%~20%的缺血性卒中与其相关[1]。口服抗凝药物(oral anticoagulation,OAC)是CHA2DS2-VASc积分≥1分的非瓣膜性AF患者预防缺血性卒中的经典治疗,但在某些特定人     

心房颤动患者植入植入式心脏复律除颤器术后肾梗死1例及文献复习

1例合并阵发性心房颤动（AF）的老年女性因室性心动过速（VT）而植入植入式心脏复律除颤器（ICD）,围术期为避免出血风险,未予抗凝治疗,术后7d出现发热、腹痛,完善检查后诊断为肾梗死,立即开始规律抗凝治疗。目前针对AF患者植入心脏节律装置（CRD）围术期不同抗凝策略的安全性及有效性仍有争议。AF患者合并肾梗死相对少见,且该患者临床表现不典型,增加了早期诊断的难度。该病例带给我们的启示是：（1）对于卒中高危的AF患者,在植入CRD的围术期,抗凝治疗是必要的,但是采用何种抗凝策略尚有争议;（2）对于卒中高危的AF患者,在无抗凝的情况下,出现急腹症等表现时,应考虑腹腔脏器急性栓塞梗死的可能性。     

高频心房事件的临床意义以及对抗凝治疗的指导价值

心房颤动(AF)增加卒中和死亡的风险。心脏植入式电子装置(CIED)对高频心房事件(AHRE)的记录为发现AF提供了诊断依据。研究表明AHRE与卒中风险增高有关。但对于AHRE患者是否需要抗凝治疗尚缺乏证据。由于栓塞风险不仅与AHRE有关,还需关注患者的其它临床情况,因此专家建议抗凝治疗应个体化,将AHRE负荷与CHA_2DS_2-VASC评分相结合是一种恰当的卒中危险分层的方法。目前正在进行的临床研究将为AHRE患者的抗凝治疗决策提供循证依据。     

心房颤动引发缺血性卒中的防治

心房颤动 (AF)是老年人常见的心律失常之一 ,AF时卒中发生率高 ,病情严重 ,临床治疗棘手。作者对AF卒中心脏复律、抗凝治疗的研究进展进行了综述。     

亚临床甲状腺疾病与缺血性卒中的风险和转归

亚临床甲状腺疾病包括亚临床甲状腺功能减退和亚临床甲状腺功能亢进,以后者更常见。亚临床甲状腺疾病可能导致高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、动脉粥样硬化、心房颤动、高同型半胱氨酸血症等血管危险因素的发生率显著增高,同时与急性缺血性卒中的转归可能有关。     

非瓣膜病房颤缺血性脑卒中的预防

非瓣膜病房颤缺血性脑卒及体动脉栓塞的发病率很高,预防这一事件的发生现已成为国内外研究的热题。抗凝治疗无疑是卒中预防中重要环节之一,新型口服抗凝剂相较华法林可能对亚洲房颤人群血栓栓塞的预防效果更好,不良事件发生率更低,正在成为一种全新的选择。随着左心耳封堵技术日渐成熟,给不适合抗凝治疗的房颤患者带来了福音。许多大型临床研究显示射频消融不仅可以恢复窦律,还可以降低房颤负荷,减少血栓栓塞事件的发生,对于栓塞风险较高的病人来说,新型口服抗凝药联合射频消融对卒中预防效果可能会更好。肥胖、吸烟、嗜酒、高血压、糖尿病等危险因素在房颤病程进展中扮演了重要角色,包括房颤危险因素在内的综合管理对缺血性脑卒中的预防效果更佳。     

Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Hemorrhage: JACC Focus Seminar

Stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability. Therefore, primary prevention of first stroke and secondary prevention of recurrent stroke are a high priority. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke includes lifestyle modification and diet, treatment of risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders, antiplatelet therapy for high vascular risk patients, and anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke includes additional carotid surgery or stenting in selected symptomatic patients, closure of patent foramen ovale after cryptogenic stroke, treatment of insulin resistance, and best medical treatment of intracranial stenosis. The most important preventive strategies in the primary and secondary prevention of cerebral hemorrhage include the treatment of hypertension, reduction in alcohol intake, and occlusion of the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation and permanent contraindications for oral anticoagulation.     

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke

Antithrombotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for stroke prevention. Multiple antiplatelet agents are now proven options for patients at risk for stroke, whereas warfarin anticoagulation remains the preferred therapy for most patients with atrial fibrillation. Recent clinical trials have clarified the role of anticoagulation in acute stroke and in secondary prevention of noncardioembolic stroke. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator is the only approved therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Intra-arterial thrombolysis is emerging as a promising therapy in selected patients.     

非致残性缺血性脑血管事件患者的病因学分型与转归的相关性

目的：探讨非致残性缺血性脑血管事件（non-disablingischemiccerebrovascularevents, NICE）患者的病因学分型与转归的相关性。方法前瞻性连续纳入发病7 d内住院的NICE患者并随访90 d。根据中国缺血性卒中分型（Chinese Ischemic Stroke Subclassification, CISS ）标准对每例患者进行病因学分型。在发病后90 d时评价卒中复发和功能转归,转归良好定义为改良 Rankin 量表（modified Rankin Scale, mRS）评分0~2分。采用多变量logistic回归分析确定复发和转归不良的独立危险因素。结果共纳入162例NICE患者。根据CISS 标准分型,76例（46.9％）为大动脉粥样硬化（large artery atherosclerosis, LAA）,54例（33.3％）为穿支动脉疾病（penetrating artery disease, PAD）,15例（9.3％）为心源性卒中（cardiogenic stroke, CS ）,11例（6.8％）病因未确定（undetermined etiology, UE）,6例（3.7％）其他病因（ other etiology, OE）;90 d内共有30例（18.5％）复发卒中,90 d时42例（25.9％）转归不良。复发组糖尿病（46.7％对20.5％;χ2=8.885,P=0.003）、既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史（46.7％对25.0％;χ2=5.572,P=0.018）以及 CS （20.0％对6.8％;Fisher 精确检验：P=0.036）患者比例显著高于未复发组,而PAD 患者比例（16.7％对37.1％;χ2=4.602,P=0.032）显著低于未复发组。多变量logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病[优势比（ odds ratio, OR）2.137,95％可信区间（confidence interval, CI）1.359~4.187;P=0.004]和 CS （OR 5.236,95％CI 2.326~10.256;P<0.001）是NICE复发卒中的独立危险因素。转归不良组高血压（83.3％对61.7％;χ2=6.635,P=0.010）、糖尿病（40.5％对20.0％;χ2=6.900,P=0.009）、心房颤动（35.7％对14.2％;χ2=9.113,P=0.003）、CS（19.0％对5.8％;Fisher精确检验：P=0.017）患者比例显著高于转归良好组,而PAD患者比例（16.7％对39.2％;χ2=7.088,P=0.008）显著低于转归良好组。多变量logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病（OR 2.257,95％CI 1.209~3.687;P=0.010）、心房颤动（OR 3.137,95％CI 1.359~6.107;P=0.002）和CS（OR 6.123,95％CI 2.026~12.256;P<0.001）是NICE患者转归不良的独立危险因素。结论 CISS病因学分型与NICE患者的复发卒中和转归不良有关,可为NICE患者的复发和临床转归评估提供参考。     

左心耳封堵术对于房颤患者防治卒中的作用

心房颤动（Atrial fibrillation,AF),简称房颤,是最常见的持续性心律失常。随着人口的普遍老龄化,人群中房颤患病率呈显著上升趋势。预计到2050年房颤患病人口将在目前患病人数水平上增加一倍。而对于房颤患者,卒中的预防是房颤治疗的首要目标。据统计,房颤患者发生卒中的风险约为窦性心律失常人群的5倍。目前,对于房颤患者的卒中治疗预防主要是应用口服抗凝药物。最新研究表明,左心耳封堵术对于房颤患者的卒中预防有着显著疗效。本文将综述左心耳封堵术对于房颤患者防治卒中的作用,为临床应用提供依据。     

Underutilization of oral anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention in elderly patients with heart failure

BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulant therapy is the most effective prophylaxis against stroke in atrial fibrillation. Relatively few studies have examined the use of oral anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention in a large cohort of elderly patients with heart failure. To examine the use of stroke prevention therapy, we studied elderly patients with heart failure admitted to 30 hospitals in northeast Ohio between 1992 and 1994. METHODS AND RESULTS: The sample consisted of 12,911 Medicare-insured patients > or =65 years of age who were consecutively admitted with a principal diagnosis of heart failure between 1992 and 1994. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for patients with the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation were calculated. Bivariate associations between receiving anticoagulant therapy and select demographic and clinical variables were calculated. In our cohort of patients with heart failure, 2093 had atrial fibrillation (16%). Only 414 (20%) of the patients with atrial fibrillation received oral anticoagulant therapy. Older age and history of gastrointestinal bleeding were significantly negatively associated with receiving oral anticoagulant therapy. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack was positively associated with receiving oral anticoagulant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation is common in older patients with heart failure; oral anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention, which has been shown to be effective, is underutilized in this patient population.     

Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation

Warfarin is highly effective at reducing the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. The benefit of oral anticoagulant therapy strongly outweighs the risk in most patients with atrial fibrillation. More data are needed to define better the overall risk-to-benefit ratio for patients age 80 years and greater. Because a significant proportion of elderly individuals may not be optimal candidates for anticoagulant therapy, alternative stroke prevention strategies must continue to be evaluated while redoubling efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation and thrombogenesis.     

Percutaneous devices for stroke prevention

The most important approaches to prevent cerebral ischemia by catheter technique are patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in patients with a history of cryptogenic stroke and left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Over the past years, several new devices have been developed for these procedures. Results of randomized trials comparing device therapy, antiplatelet, or anticoagulation therapy are still not available. However, several nonrandomized studies have shown promising results. This article gives a review on the current results and techniques of the most commonly used devices as well as on new developments and approaches to catheter-based stroke prevention.     

Pr?vention des Schlaganfalls

On the background of aging population an increase of patients suffering from stroke has to be expected during the next years and decades. Strokes are the 3rd leading cause of death and reason for disability in Germany and many other countries. An effective treatment of the modifiable risk factors hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, smoking, alcohol consumption, and adipositas is of enormous impact. Due to the linear relationship between blood pressure and risk of stroke, the treatment of hypertension is the most important and effective one in primary as well as in secondary prevention. Treatment with platelet inhibitors plays an additional important role in secondary prevention. Patients with atrial fibrillation should receive an effective oral anticoagulatory therapy when there are certain risk factors.