Primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs. fibrinolytic therapy for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the elderly

Advanced age is associated with worse prognosis among patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Many eligible elderly patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, however, do not receive any reperfusion therapy at all. The risk of intracranial hemorrhage complicating fibrinolytic therapy increases with age. Furthermore, routine adjunctive stenting has made coronary angioplasty safer. In total, primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred reperfusion strategy among elderly patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, provided that it can be performed without excessive delay. The break-even incremental delay with primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with fibrinolytic therapy is not clear at this point and will need to be elucidated by future investigation.     

Prehospital fibrinolytic therapy for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

Despite advances in medications and interventional techniques, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains a major cause of mortality in the United States. Reducing the time from the onset of symptoms to reperfusion (ischemic time) is the major determinant for mortality reduction. An ongoing controversy exists regarding whether there is more benefit of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) preceded by prehospital fibrinolytic treatment (facilitated PCI) compared with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in patients with STEMI. In different clinical trials, prehospital fibrinolysis markedly reduced the time from symptom onset to treatment, allowing earlier ST-segment elevation resolution and higher initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow rates compared with PPCI. After prehospital fibrinolysis, patients who had subsequent PCI had lower in-hospital mortality rates and higher 1-year survival rates compared with those who underwent PPCI. In contrast, fulldose fibrinolytic agents without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors immediately followed by PCI may increase major adverse events and should not be used.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and hemophilia A

We report the first case of myocardial infarction in a hemophilia patient which was not directly precipitated by infusion of a clotting factor, and the second hemophilia patient with infarction treated with primary coronary artery stenting. Anticoagulation and platelet inhibition are problematic in such patients. At 2 years after infarction, our patient has experienced neither ischemic nor bleeding complications.     

Independent no-reflow predictors in female patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Independent no-reflow predictors should be evaluated in female patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and successfully treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in the current interventional equipment and techniques, thus to be constructed a no-reflow predicting model. In this study, 320 female patients with STEMI were successfully treated with PPCI within 12?h after the onset of AMI from 2007 to 2010. All clinical, angiographic, and procedural data were collected. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent no-reflow predictors. The no-reflow was found in 81 (25.3%) of 320 female patients. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis identified that low SBP on admission <100?mmHg (OR 1.991, 95% CI 1.018?C3.896; p?=?0.004), target lesion length >20?mm (OR 1.948, 95% CI 1.908?C1.990; p?=?0.016), collateral circulation 0?C1 (OR 1.952, 95% CI 1.914?C1.992; p?=?0.019), pre-PCI thrombus score ??4 (OR 4.184, 95% CI 1.482?C11.813; p?=?0.007), and IABP use before PCI (OR 1.949, 95% CI 1.168?C3.253; p?=?0.011) were independent no-reflow predictors. The no-reflow incidence significantly increased as the numbers of independent predictors increased [0% (0/2), 10.8% (9/84), 14.5% (17/117), 37.7% (29/77), 56.7% (17/30), and 81.8% (9/11) in female patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 independent predictors, respectively; p?<?0.0001]. The five no-reflow predicting variables were admission SBP <100?mmHg, target lesion length >20?mm, collateral circulation 0?C1, pre-PCI thrombus score ??4, and IABP use before PCI in female patients with STEMI treated with PPCI.     

Angiography and revascularization in patients with heart failure following fibrinolytic therapy for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

We evaluated the use of coronary angiography and clinical outcomes among patients who had heart failure and were enrolled in the Intravenous Novel Plasminogen Activator (NPA) for the Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early study, a large international trial of fibrinolytic therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.     

Angiographic and clinical outcomes in elderly subjects treated with percutaneous coronary intervention following fibrinolytic administration for ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background Prior studies have demonstrated that the achievement of faster coronary artery flow following reperfusion therapies is associated with improved outcomes among ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. The association of patient age with angiographic characteristics of flow and perfusion after rescue/adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following the administration of fibrinolytic therapy has not been previously investigated. Objectives and Methods We examined the association between age (≥70 years or < 70years) and clinical and angiographic outcomes in 1472 STEMI patients who underwent rescue/adjunctive PCI following fibrinolytic therapy in 7 TIMI trials. We hypothesized that elderly patients would have slower post-PCI epicardial flow and worsened outcomes compared to younger patients. Results The 218 patients aged≥70 years (14.8%) had more comorbidities than younger patients. Although these patients had significant angiographic improvement in TTMI frame counts and rates of TIMI Grade 3 flow following rescue/adjunctive PCI, elderly patients had higher (slower) post-PCI TTMI frame counts compared to the younger cohort (25 vs 22 frames, P = 0.039) , and less often achieved post-PCI TTMI Grade 3 flow (80.1 vs 86.4% , P = 0.017). The association between age (≥70 years) and slower post-PCI flow was independent of gender, time to treatment, left anterior descending (LAD) lesion location, and pulse and blood pressure on admission. Elderly patients also had 4-fold higher mortality at 30 days (12.0 vs 2.7% , P = 0. 001). Conclusions This study suggests one possible mechanism underlying worsened outcomes among elderly STEMI patients insofar as advanced chronological age was associated with higher TTMI frame counts and less frequent TIMI Grade 3 flow after rescue/adjunctive PCI. (J Geriatr Gardiol 2005;2(1) :10-14)     

Angiographic and clinical outcomes associated with direct versus conventional stenting among patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

The present study reports outcomes of direct stenting versus conventional stenting, which was performed during adjunctive/rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 556) in the Integrilin and Tenecteplase in Acute Myocardial Infarction trial, the Enoxaparin as Adjunctive Antithrombin Therapy for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 23 trial, and the Fibrinolytic and Aggrastat ST-Elevation Resolution trial of fibrinolytic therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Direct stenting was associated with a lower rate of death, myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure during hospitalization and at 30 days and was independently associated with improved in-hospital outcomes (odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 0.85, p = 0.014).     

磺达肝癸钠在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者冠状动脉介入治疗围术期应用的安全性和有效性评价

目的评价接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者应用磺达肝癸钠的临床疗效、安全性及预后。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2011年7月沈阳军区总医院STEMI患者1184例,其中接受PCI的患者为1098例（磺达肝癸钠组527例及依诺肝素组571例）,观察接受PCI的患者住院期间出血情况、院内再发心肌梗死发生率、冠状动脉病变特点及住院和随访期间（1个月）死亡率。结果接受PCI的磺达肝癸钠组与依诺肝素组比较：两组院内再发心肌梗死发生率[2.3%（12/527）比2.6%（15/571）,P=0.708]、出院30 d死亡率[4.0%（21/527）比4.9%（28/571）,P=0.387]差异无统计学意义,但磺达肝癸钠组院内大出血发生率显著降低[1.7%（9/527）比3.7%（21/571）,P=0.045]且差异具有统计学意义。磺达肝癸钠组中替罗非班组（PCI术中应用替罗非班）的血流TIMI分级Ⅲ级获得率显著高于标准治疗组（PCI术中未应用替罗非班）[94.5%（206/218）比79.0%（244/309）,P〈0.001],但出血发生率两组间差异无统计学意义[1.83%（4/218）比1.62%（5/309）,P=0.850]。两组住院及随访期间主要心血管事件发生率差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论磺达肝癸钠对STEMI患者行PCI是安全的,联合替罗非班可以显著改善PCI术后的冠状动脉血流及临床预后,并且降低院内大出血风险。     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction with mitral regurgitation

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a common complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Current evidences suggest that revascularization of the culprit vessels with percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting can be beneficial for relieving IMR. A 2.5-year follow-up data of a 61-year-old male patient with ST-segment elevation AMI complicated with IMR showed that mitral regurgitation area increased five days after PCI, and decreased to lower steady level three months after PCI. This finding suggest that three months after PCI might be a suitable time point for evaluating the possibility of IMR recovery and the necessity of surgical intervention of the mitral valve for AMI patient.     

PAMI评分用于急性ST段抬高心肌梗死介入治疗患者的预后评价

目的探讨将来自于临床试验的介入治疗心肌梗死的危险评分(PAMI评分)应用于普通患有ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)并接受直接PCI治疗的患者,评判其预测价值,以及冠状动脉病变程度与左心室射血分数对危险分层的意义。方法应用PAMI评分对2002年3月至2004年5月因STEMI连续行直接PCI的患者206例进行危险分层,并电话随访6个月至1年的死亡率。计数资料应用秩和检验,计量资料用独立样本t检验,并应用非条件logistic回归分析各变量与发病后6个月的死亡率的关系。结果随访到的183例患者中,PAMI评分在0~2分者有88例,3~5分者有54例,6~8分者有17例,≥9分有24例,死亡率分别为1·1%(1/88),3·7%(2/54),17·6%(3/17),41·7%(10/24),4组之间差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示冠状动脉血管病变支数是介入治疗后STEMI患者的危险因素(相对危险度10·186),而左心室射血分数(LVEF)则为保护性因素(相对危险度0·849)。PAMI评分联合冠状动脉3支病变及入院48h内的LVEF值可以增强死亡率的预测价值。结论PAMI危险评分可以作为简便易行的方法评价直接PCI治疗后STEMI患者的死亡率,同时联合冠状动脉病变程度与左心室射血分数可以增加预测价值的精确性。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死静脉溶栓再通的患者采取择期PCI术治疗探讨

目的对择期PCI术治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死静脉溶栓再通的患者的效果进行探讨,为日后的临床治疗提供参考。方法选择2008年5月-2012年6月前来我院治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死静脉溶栓再通的患者150研究对象,通过随机的方式分为观察组及对照组,观察组患者接受择期PCI术治疗,对照组患者采用常规方式治疗,观察组及对照组患者在出院后,均给予β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂或血管紧张素受体阻滞剂、氯吡格雷、阿司匹林、他汀类等药物的巩固,通过随访,观察患者的出院康复情况,随访时间设定在6个月。结果观察组患者在接受择期PCI治疗以后,心脏不良事件发生的患者较少,心血管事件明显降低;对照组患者的情况并不理想。结论对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死静脉溶栓再通的患者应用择期PCI术治疗,能够取得一个较为积极的临床效果,减少患者病痛的同时,还可以对患者的日后生活产生较大的积极意义。     

单一冠状动脉畸形的急性心肌梗死及介入治疗二例

例1患男,55岁。因突发心前区疼痛6h不缓解到我院急诊室,心电图胸前V1～2导联呈QS波,V3～5导联呈rS波,V1～5导联ST段明显抬高0．2～0．6mV。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈qR波伴ST段抬高0．1mV。诊断为急性前壁心肌梗死。急诊行冠状动脉造影及冠状动脉介入治疗,穿刺右股动脉,插入6F动脉鞘管,先用6FJL4．0造影导管行左冠状动脉造影,结果示前降支近段次全闭塞。在行急诊冠状动脉造影中前降支近中段完全闭塞,回旋支远端粗大（图1）。     

提前应用替罗非班对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗疗效的影响

目的通过随机对比分析,探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时,提前应用血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班是否安全,以及能否进一步改善急诊PCI疗效。方法2005年4月至2006年4月,160例拟诊急性STEMI的患者接受急诊PCI时联合应用替罗非班,最终158例患者纳入研究,其中男性117例,女性41例,平均年龄58.8±25.2岁(36～78岁)。将患者随机分为两组,第一组共80例,在急诊冠状动脉造影结束后开始应用为常规使用组,第二组78例,在获取知情同意后在急诊室即开始应用者为早期使用组。比较两组间的基础临床状况、术前梗死相关血管前向血流情况,术后血流情况以及出血事件与近期心血管事件。结果两组基础临床情况差异无统计学意义,早期使用组提前39.8min应用替罗非班。早期组术前IRA前向血流达到TIMI2～3级的比率高于常规组(分别为39.7%和23.8%,P=0.040),其中达到TIMI3级的比率亦显著高于常规组(分别为23.1%和10.0%,P=0.032)。两组术后TIMI3级获得率,校正的TIMI计帧数和Blush3级获得率差异无统计学意义。两组近期主要心血管事件发生率、出血事件与血小板减少症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论急性STEMI患者急诊PCI前提前应用替罗非班是安全的,虽然术后造影结果和临床预后并没有明显改善,但是提前应用替罗非班可以提高PCI前的梗死相关血管前向血流。需要设计更大的样本量,更早的应用时机和合适的较大剂量提前应用替罗非班进一步深入研究。     

替罗非班在ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗患者中的疗效

目的观察替罗非班在ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗患者中的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择58例ST段抬高型心肌梗死并采取溶栓治疗患者,随机分为两组,对照组（n=28）给予常规尿激酶溶栓及阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、β受体阻滞剂、他汀类药物等治疗,治疗组（n=30）在对照组治疗药物的基础上加用替罗非班治疗,比较两组患者药物治疗后的临床疗效、院内及院外随访期间的心血管事件发生率。结果治疗组总有效率为86.7%,对照组总有效率为67.9%,两组治疗方法的总有效率有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;与对照组比较,治疗组未增加大出血等院内及院外心血管事件（P均〉0.05）。结论 ST抬高型心肌梗死溶栓治疗并加用替罗非班治疗临床疗效优于单纯溶栓治疗,未增加患者近期及远期心脑血管事件。     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in a patient with dextrocardia

Situs inversus with dextrocardia is a rare congenital anomaly. There are limited published case reports of successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in these patients who have atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, especially when presenting with acute myocardial infarction. PCI is technically difficult because of mirror image dextrocardia. We hereby describe a 48-yr-old female, who had acute inferior wall myocardial infarction and underwent successful emergency primary coronary angioplasty and stenting of a proximally occluded right coronary artery. Technical details about PCI are discussed.     

替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊PCI治疗中的作用

目的探讨在冠状动脉介入术（PCI）前开始使用盐酸替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者心肌再灌注的疗效。方法入选84例STEMI患者,根据是否有胸痛症状分为替罗非班组（n=61）和对照组（n=23）。对照组给予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷常规药物治疗,替罗非班组在常规治疗基础上加用盐酸替罗非班治疗,观察替罗非班对患者冠状动脉血流、PCI术后1hST段回落、CK-MB峰值及出血副作用的影响。结果支架置入术前替罗非班组TIMI1级血流发生率及支架置入术后TIMI3级、2级血流发生率均优于对照组（P均〈0.05）。两组CK-MB峰值、PCI术后1hST段完全回落率比较,均有统计学差异（P均〈0.05）。替罗非班组和对照组发生轻微出血的比率分别为29.51%、8.70%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论替罗非班能改善支架置入前后的TIMI血流,有利于缺血心肌的再灌注,但同时增加轻微出血的风险。     

老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者主动脉内球囊反搏辅助下经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的护理体会

心源性休克是急性心肌梗死的严重并发症之一,老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（ST—elevatedmyocardialinfarction,STEMI）合并心源性休克是临床上的高危人群,内科药物治疗效果差,病死率通常在90％以上。