Anesthetic induction with fentanyl and intravenous lidocaine for coronary artery surgery

In a randomized, double-blind trial, 59 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery received fentanyl 10, 15, or 25 lag/kg infused over 5 minutes for anesthetic induction. Half of the patients received intravenous lidocaine, 1.5 mg/kg, 1 minute before laryngoscopy. Efficacy of induction as judged by loss of consciousness was evaluated, and hemodynamic values during induction, laryngoscopy, and tracheal intubation were recorded each minute for 10 minutes. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were determined after termination of the fentanyl infusion. Opioid induction with fentanyl was successful in 90% (18 of 20) of patients receiving 25 μg/kg, 89% (17 of 19) of patients receiving 15 μg/kg, but only 55% (11 of 20) of patients receiving 10 μg/kg (P < .01). While plasma fentanyl concentrations were proportional to the dose infused (25 ng/mL, 18 ng/mL, and 14 ng/mL in the 25, 15, and 10 μg/kg fentanyl groups, respectively), there was no relationship between plasma fentanyl concentration and hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy or intubation. Opioid induction caused a gradual decrease in blood pressure that was restored with intubation. Lidocaine partially blocked this restoration (systolic blood pressure 122 ± 5 v 138 ± 5 mmHg, lidocaine v placebo, 1 minute after laryngoscopy, P < .05). Fentanyl, 15 or 25 μg/kg, intravenously, is an effective induction agent for patients with coronary artery disease. Supplementation with intravenous lidocaine, 1.5 mg/kg, will obtund the increase in blood pressure that occurs with laryngoscopy and intubation and help prevent infrequent hypertensive responses seen with this opioid technique.     

Rapid-sequence induction technique in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction

The hemodynamic effects of a rapid-sequence induction and intubation technique using etomidate, fentanyl, and succinylcholine for emergency surgery in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction were studied. Ten patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation received fentanyl, 10 μg/kg, etomidate, 0.3 mg/kg, and succinylcholine, 1.5 mg/kg, intravenously (IV) in rapid-sequence fashion for induction. Intubation was performed 60 seconds later. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAo), and cardiac index (CI) were measured preinduction, postinduction, and 1 minute after intubation. Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRQ and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) were calculated from the measured data. No statistically significant changes in hemodynamics occurred with induction or intubation. These results indicate that etomidate, fentanyl, and succinylcholine given in a rapid-sequence technique produce a hemodynamically stable induction with minimal response to intubation in patients with end-stage cardiac disease.     

心血管应激和芬太尼对血浆心钠素水平的影响

本实验探讨全麻气管插管心血管应激及芬太尼作用对血浆心纳素水平的影响。结果显示，实验组气管插管心血管应激反应明显，血浆心钠素水平伴随升高，且与血压心率的增加呈高度正相关关系。而对照组在给予６μ８·ｋｇ（－１）芬太尼抑制气管插管应激反应时，插管期间循环兴奋性明显减弱，血浆心钠素水平亦未见升高。因此说明：①血浆心钠素水平与气管插管心血管应激程度密切相关，是气管插管应激指标之一；②芬太尼不参与人类血浆心钠素水平的调节。     

A randomized double-blind comparison of fentanyl- and sufentanil-oxygen anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery

Twenty-four patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery for aneurysm or occlusive vascular disease entered a randomized, double-blind protocol comparing high-dose narcotic anesthesia with fentanyl (125 μg/kg) or sufentanil (25 μg/kg). All patients received perioperative β-adrenergic blockade therapy. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (leads 11 and V₅) responses to induction, intubation, skin incision, aortic cross-clamping, and declamping were studied. Sufentanil produced a transient decrease in mean arterial pressure and a significant reduction of systemic vascular resistance during induction. However, no significant hemodynamic differences were observed between the two groups during intubation, or at any other time during surgery. To maintain mean arterial pressure within 20% of the awake control value, the fentanyl group required an average infusion of 1.0 ± 1.1 μg/kg/min of nitroglycerin compared with 1.7 ± 2.8 μg/kg/min for the sufentanil group. Low-dose isoflurane was required in 30% of patients in the fentanyl group, compared with 41 % of the sufentanil group, for control of blood pressure. The multiple-bolus technique of narcotic administration resulted in a wide but parallel range of plasma concentrations from induction to the end of surgery with both narcotics. Mean plasma fentanyl concentrations varied between 7.2 ± 1.4 ng/mL and 26.5 ± 7.9 ng/mL, and mean sufentanil plasma concentrations varied between 1.0 ± 0.1 ng/mL and 10.6 ± 7.2 ng/mL throughout surgery. Within this range of narcotic serum levels, the authors were unable to identify a specific threshold level for either narcotic above which hemodynamic responses were consistently attenuated. A low incidence (4.5%) of intraoperative myocardial ischemia was observed. It is concluded that sufentanil and fentanyl are not different at blunting hemodynamic responses during aortic surgery. When supplemented by low doses of nitroglycerin and isoflurane, both narcotics provide anesthesia characterized by good hemodynamic control and a low incidence of myocardial ischemia.     

Antrafenine, naproxen and placebo in osteoarthritis: a comparative study

Antrafenine is a new non-narcotic analgesic. In a double-blind, cross-over study the efficacy of antrafenine at doses of 450 mg/day and 900 mg/day was compared to naproxen 750 mg/day and placebo in patients with osteoarthritis. Each drug treatment was given for two weeks, the total duration of the study being eight consecutive weeks. Antrafenine, at either dose, was effective in relieving pain associated with osteoarthritis; the efficacy was comparable to naproxen. There was no definite indication that 900 mg/day was more effective than 450 mg/day. Antrafenine, at both dosage levels, was well tolerated. Any noted side-effects were mild. There was a total of 12 side-effects in nine patients with the high dose, five side-effects in five patients with the low dose, compared with 11 side-effects in nine patients with naproxen and 10 side-effects in seven patients with placebo.     

不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科患者脑血流动力学的影响研究

目的探讨不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科患者脑血流动力学的影响。方法选择2012—2013年我院神经外科收治的需气管插管全醉的成年患者64例,将其随机分为A组20例(芬太尼1μg/kg)、B组22例(芬太尼2μg/kg)、C组22例(芬太尼3μg/kg)。A、B、C组患者在1 min内分别静脉注射芬太尼1μg/kg、2μg/kg、3μg/kg,30 s后静脉给予依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、维库溴胺0.1 mg/kg,3 min后进行气管插管。记录3组患者在手术室静卧(T0)、麻醉诱导前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)及插管1 min(T3)时的血流动力学指标〔收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及心率(HR)〕和脑血流动力学指标〔收缩峰值血流速度(Vp)、舒张期血流速度(Vd)、平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)和阻力指数(RI)〕。结果 T0时各组Vp、Vd、Vm、PI和RI比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);T1、T2及T3时B和C组Vp、Vd、Vm低于A组,RI高于A组(P0.05)。T0时各组SBP、DBP和HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。T1、T2和T3时B和C组SBP低于A组(P0.05)。结论不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科患者均有良好的效果,其中2~3μg/kg芬太尼麻醉诱导能更加有效地稳定患者脑血流动力学指标。     

Single nocturnal doses of pirenzepine effectively inhibit overnight gastric secretion

The gastric antisecretory effects of two dose levels of pirenzepine given at night were investigated in a group of healthy male volunteers. Compared with placebo, three days of treatment with pirenzepine 100 mg nocte or 150 mg nocte inhibited mean nocturnal intragastric acidity by 54% and 53%, respectively (p less than 0.01). The volume of gastric juice secreted was reduced by 47% and 52% (p less than 0.005), by 100 mg and 150 mg nocte, respectively. Each dose suppressed mean gastric acid output by 67% (p less than 0.001). Pepsin output was not significantly altered. There were no differences in effect between the two dose levels studied, but side-effects such as dry mouth were only seen with the higher dose. Pirenzepine 100 mg is the optimum dose which can conveniently be given at night. This will limit side-effects, and may be a useful treatment for patients with duodenal ulcer.     

A dose-finding study of the hemodynamic effect of isosorbide dinitrate spray in congestive heart failure

A dose-finding study of the hemodynamic effect of a new formulation of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) spray was performed in 12 patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg and placebo, as 1 squirt, were randomly given to all patients. Hemodynamic measurements were performed by a Swan-Ganz catheter before and at 30 seconds and 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after drug administration and every 30 minutes thereafter, until return of hemodynamic variables to baseline. Hemodynamic improvement evident as decreases in right-sided pressures and an increase in cardiac output was observed within 1 minute from administration of ISDN spray, and peaked at 5 minutes. Near maximal effect was achieved by the 2.5-mg dose. Thus, 2.5 mg of ISDN spray (new formulation) dose. Thus, 2.5 mg of ISDN spray (new formulation) produces rapid, near-maximal hemodynamic improvement in patients with congestive heart failure.     

The effects of dexmedetomidine on attenuation of stress response to endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing elective off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

This study was designed to study the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine for attenuation of cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in patients with coronary artery disease. Sixty adult patients scheduled for elective off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine (0.5 mcg/kg) or normal saline 15 min before intubation. Patients were compared for hemodynamic changes (heart rate, arterial blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure) at baseline, 5 min after drug infusion, before intubation and 1, 3 and 5 min after intubation. The dexmedetomidine group had a better control of hemodynamics during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Dexmedetomidine at a dose of 0.5 mcg/kg as 10-min infusion was administered prior to induction of general anaesthesia attenuates the sympathetic response to laryngoscopy and intubation in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. The authors suggest its administration even in patients receiving beta blockers.     

ANTRAFENINE, NAPROXEN AND PLACEBO IN OSTEOARTHRITIS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Antrafenine is a new non-narcotic analgesic. In a double-blind,cross-over study the efficacy of antrafenine at doses of 450mg/day and 900 mg/day was compared to naproxen 750 mg/day andplacebo in patients with osteoarthritis. Each drug treatmentwas given for two weeks, the total duration of the study beingeight consecutive weeks. Antrafenine, at either dose, was effective in relieving painassociated with osteoarthritis; the efficacy was comparableto naproxen. There was no definite indication that 900 mg/daywas more effective than 450 mg/day. Antrafenine, at both dosage levels, was well tolerated. Anynoted side-effects were mild. There was a total of 12 side-effectsin nine patients with the high dose, five side-effects in fivepatients with the low dose, compared with 11 side-effects innine patients with naproxen and 10 side-effects in seven patientswith placebo.     

Effect of a second-generation alpha2delta ligand (pregabalin) on visceral sensation in hypersensitive patients with irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND: Visceral hypersensitivity is an important pathophysiological factor in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Pre-clinical studies suggest that the alpha(2)delta ligand pregabalin reduces both visceral allodynia and hyperalgesia, but is inactive on basal sensitivity. AIM: To assess the effect of pregabalin on the perception of rectal distension in hypersensitive IBS patients. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with Rome-II-defined IBS (aged 18-46 years, 7 male) were included in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in which they received either 3 weeks oral pregabalin (titrated: 50 mg tid days 1-3, 100 mg tid days 4-7, 150 mg tid days 8-11; fixed 200 mg tid days 12-21 +/-4) or placebo control. Rectal sensitivity was assessed using a barostat technique, in which sensory thresholds were determined using the ascending method of limits, followed by tracking both before and after treatment. Only patients with a pain threshold of 相似文献   

Dose-related beneficial long-term hemodynamic and clinical efficacy of irbesartan in heart failure

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the acute and long-term hemodynamic and clinical effects of irbesartan in patients with heart failure. BACKGROUND: Inhibition of angiotensin II production by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. Irbesartan is an orally active antagonist of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor subtype with potential efficacy in heart failure. METHODS: Two hundred eighteen patients with symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II-IV) and left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 40% participated in the study. Serial hemodynamic measurements were made over 24 h following randomization to irbesartan 12.5 mg, 37.5 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg or placebo. After the first dose of study medication, patients receiving placebo were reallocated to one of the four irbesartan doses, treatment was continued for 12 weeks and hemodynamic measurements were repeated. RESULTS: Irbesartan induced significant dose-related decreases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (average change -5.9+/-0.9 mm Hg and -5.3+/-0.9 mm Hg for irbesartan 75 mg and 150 mg, respectively) after 12 weeks of therapy without causing reflex tachycardia and without increasing plasma norepinephrine. The neurohormonal effects of irbesartan were highly variable and none of the changes was statistically significant. There was a significant dose-related decrease in the percentage of patients discontinuing study medication because of worsening heart failure. Irbesartan was well tolerated without evidence of dose-related cough or azotemia. CONCLUSIONS: Irbesartan, at once-daily doses of 75 mg and 150 mg, induced sustained hemodynamic improvement and prevented worsening heart failure.     

Comparative efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine,pregabalin, and milnacipran for the treatment of fibromyalgia: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The aim of this study was to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine, pregabalin, and milnacipran at the recommended doses in patients with fibromyalgia. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg, pregabalin 300 mg, pregabalin 150 mg, milnacipran 200 mg, and milnacipran 100 mg compared to placebo in patients with fibromyalgia were included in this Bayesian network meta-analysis. Nine RCTs including 5140 patients met the inclusion criteria. The proportion of patients with >30 % improvement from baseline in pain was significantly higher in the duloxetine 60 mg, pregabalin 300 mg, milnacipran 100 mg, and milnacipran 200 mg groups than in the placebo group [pairwise odds ratio (OR) 2.33, 95 % credible interval (CrI) 1.50–3.67; OR 1.68, 95 % CrI 1.25–2.28; OR 1.62, 95 % CrI 1.16–2.25; and OR 1.61; 95 % CrI 1.15–2.24, respectively]. Ranking probability based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicated that duloxetine 60 mg had the highest probability of being the best treatment for achieving the response level (SUCRA = 0.9431), followed by pregabalin 300 mg (SUCRA = 0.6300), milnacipran 100 mg (SUCRA = 0.5680), milnacipran 200 mg (SUCRA = 0.5617), pregabalin 150 mg (SUCRA = 0.2392), and placebo (SUCRA = 0.0580). The risk of withdrawal due to adverse events was lower in the placebo group than in the pregabalin 300 mg, duloxetine 60 mg, milnacipran 100 mg, and milnacipran 200 mg groups. However, there was no significant difference in the efficacy and tolerability between the medications at the recommended doses. Duloxetine 60 mg, pregabalin 300 mg, milnacipran 100 mg, and milnacipran 200 mg were more efficacious than placebo. However, there was no significant difference in the efficacy and tolerability between the medications at the recommended doses.     

Hormonal effects of an induction dose of etomidate for patients undergoing urgent myocardial revascularization

The use of etomidate for induction of anesthesia in patients requiring urgent coronary artery surgery provides good cardiovascular stability. However, long-term etomidate infusions may cause transient signs of adrenocortical suppression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an induction bolus dose of etomidate would cause clinically relevant endocrine dysfunction in urgent coronary artery bypass patients. With institutional review board approval, 11 patients were prospectively randomized to a diazepam (control) or etomidate rapid sequence induction. The diazepam group (n = 6; mean, 69 years) received 0.4 mg/kg of diazepam. The etomidate group (n = 5; mean, 54 years) received 0.3 mg/kg of etomidate. Maintenance anesthesia included nitrous oxide, oxygen, pancuronium, and fentanyl in increments up to 32 μg/kg. Hemodynamics, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were measured both intraoperatively and postoperatively. The only significant differencebetween the two groups in hemodynamic parameters was a higher heart rate in the etomidate group. Both agents adequately controlled the stress response to intubation as judged from the levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. However, in both groups epinephrine and norepinephrine increased between intubation and removal of the aortic cross-clamp. Cortisol also increased from the time of cross-clamp removal to 12 and 24 hours post-bypass. During anesthesia and surgery in the pre-bypass period, there was a decrease in cortisol over time in the etomidate group, and there was an increase with diazepam. Thus, etomidate provided stable hemodynamics, possible mild intraoperative adrenocortical suppression, a depressed hormonal stress response to intubation, and a normal hormonal reaction to the later part of surgery and the postoperative period.     

Treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a controlled trial of the effects of pravastatin or cholestyramine therapy on lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels

Abstract. The efficacy and safety of a new, selective inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, pravastatin, and the bile acid-binding resin, cholestyramine, were compared in a randomized, double-blind study of 120 patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. After a run-in period of 8-10 weeks with assessment of dietary habits, the patients were treated with pravastatin + placebo, placebo + cholestyramine, or placebo alone. Active pravastatin therapy was initiated with 10 mg b.i.d. for 6 weeks, and was increased to 20 mg b.i.d. for the following 6 weeks. Cholestyramine was given at 24 gd^?1, or the highest tolerable dose. After 6 weeks of therapy, serum total and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced by 17% and 21%, respectively, on pravastatin treatment, whereas the corresponding reductions with cholestyramine treatment were 24% and 30%, respectively. With an increased dose of pravastatin, serum and LDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 23% and 28%, respectively, after 12 weeks; the effect of cholestyramine was unchanged. HDL cholesterol levels increased in response to pravastatin, by 7% and 9% after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Concomitant changes in the concentrations of apolipoproteins B and AI were observed. Three patients discontinued the study because of side-effects: two subjects were treated with pravastatin and one was given placebo. The prevalence of side-effects (including laboratory abnormalities) was 35% for pravastatin, 30% for placebo, and 53% (significantly higher) for cholestyramine. We conclude that pravastatin, in a 40 mg daily dose, is as effective as cholestyramine in lowering LDL cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Since the frequency of side-effects is higher with cholestyramine, pravastatin offers a promising alternative for the therapy of this genetic disease.     

Amitriptyline vs. pregabalin in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double blind clinical trial

Aims To compare the efficacy and safety of pregabalin and amitriptyline in alleviating pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods A randomized, double‐blind, crossover, active–control, clinical trial with variable dose titration was carried out (n = 51). Amitriptyline orally, at doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg at night‐time and pregabalin orally, at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg twice daily, by optional titration was used. Each drug treatment was of 5 weeks. There was a placebo washout period for 3 weeks between the two drugs. Assessment for pain relief, overall improvement and adverse events were carried out. Results Good, moderate and mild pain relief were noted in 21 (48%), 6 (13%) and 7 (15%) patients on pregabalin and 15 (34%), 5 (11%) and 12 (27%) patients on amitriptyline, respectively, by patient’s global assessment of efficacy and safety. Patient and physician’s global assessment, McGill pain questionnaire, Likert pain scale and Patient Global Impression of Change showed no significant difference between the treatments, although improvement with both treatments was seen from the first week. Of the 52 adverse events reported, 34 (65.4%) were with amitriptyline, drowsiness being the commonest [in 19 (43%) patients]. Pregabalin caused adverse events in 18 (25%), of which drowsiness was the most common in nine (20%) patients. The preferred pregabalin dose was 150 mg twice daily. Conclusions As there are few differences between the two treatments in efficacy, pregabalin 150 mg twice daily might be the alternative choice as it is associated with fewer adverse effects in our population.     

右美托咪定对小儿先天性心脏病外科手术麻醉血流动力学的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对小儿先天性心脏病外科手术麻醉过程中血流动力学的影响。方法将68例在体外循环下行心脏手术的先天性心脏病患儿按随机数字法随机分为咪达唑仑组(n=34)和右美托咪定组(n=34)。麻醉诱导:两组均给予咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg、芬太尼10μg/kg、维库溴铵0.2 mg/kg行麻醉诱导。麻醉诱导后,行气管内插管,机械通气。麻醉维持:咪达唑仑组输注咪达唑仑0.2 mg.kg-1.h-1和芬太尼10μg.kg-1.h-1,1 h后分别以0.1μg.kg-1.h-1和5μg.kg-1.h-1维持;右美托咪定组输注右美托咪定1μg.kg-1.h-1和芬太尼10μg.kg-1.h-1,1 h后分别以0.5μg.kg-1.h-1和5μg.kg-1.h-1维持。必要时以0.4%～1.0%异氟醚吸入维持麻醉。监测并记录记录麻醉诱导前、麻醉后1 h、切皮前、切皮后即刻、手术结束即刻、手术结束后10 min的血压和心率。结果两组患儿在输注麻醉药物1 h后,收缩压和心率均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);在切皮时,咪达唑仑组收缩压、舒张压和心率较切皮前明显增高,且明显高于右美托咪定组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);右美托咪定组较少患儿需加用异氟醚,与咪达唑仑组比较,差异有统计学意义[35.3%(12/34)vs.85.3%(29/34),χ2=17.752,P=0.000]。结论与咪达唑仑比较,右美托咪定可更有效的维持小儿先天性心脏病外科手术麻醉过程中的血流动力学稳定。     

Hemodynamic effects of a lorazepam-fentanyl anesthetic induction for coronary artery bypass surgery

Previous anesthetic induction techniques using the combination of a benzodiazepine (midazolam or diazepam) and fentanyl have been reported to produce marked hypotension. In this study, anesthesia was induced with a combination of lorazepam and fentanylin in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In 10 patients, anesthesia was induced using an exponentially declining continuous infusion of lorazepam equivalent to a total infused dose of 0.1 mg/kg over 15 minutes, which was supplemented at 10 minutes by fentanyl, 75 μg/kg, given as an infusion over 5 minutes. In 8 additional patients, anesthesia was induced with an exponentially declining infusion of fentanyl to a total dose of 75 μg/kg over 15 minutes, which was supplemented at 10 minutes by lorazepam, 0.1 mg/kg, given as an infusion over 5 minutes. Hemodynamics were recorded during a 20-minute observation period. One patient in each group required treatment for bradycardia during the initial drug infusion (before the second drug was added). Four additional patients in the group receiving lorazepam followed by fentanyl required treatment for bradycardia or hypotension within 10 minutes of the beginning of the fentanyl infusion. When an infusion of lorazepam was added to the fentanyl infusion, hemodynamics remained stable; however, the reverse order produced a high level of bradycardia and hypotension.     

婴儿先天性心脏病手术的麻醉处理(附93例报告)

本文报道1990年5月至1996年5月施行的93例婴儿先天性心脏病手术的麻醉处理。患儿平均月龄8．66±3．42个月，平均体重7．52±1．97公斤。麻醉诱导主要采用氯胺酮760±2．60mg/Kg肌注，静注芬太尼13．59±6．00μg／Kg，潘库溴铵0．17±0．07mg／Kg后行气管内插管。麻醉维持则采用大剂量芬太尼（41．17±16．90μ／Kg）为主的静脉复合麻醉，收到了较理想的效果。     

The use of an anabolic steroid (nandrolone decanoate) to improve nutritional status after esophageal resection for carcinoma

Anabolic steroids increase appetite and muscle mass. This randomized, double-blind trial investigates any nutritional benefits of anabolic steroid in patients after surgery for esophageal cancer. Forty patients were recruited: 19 patients had five injections of 50 mg nandrolone decanoate and 21 patients received placebo over 3 months, starting 1 month after surgery. Measurements of body weight, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and appetite were taken over a 6-month period. Nutrition was optimized by dietary advice and by esophageal dilatation if required. Percent ideal weight, percent ideal MAMC and appetite score did not show significant differences between steroid and placebo groups, but there was a trend to an increase over 6 months for percent ideal MAMC in the test group. With this protocol, we have experienced minimal side-effects. However, we have not demonstrated any therapeutic benefit with low-dose steroid. An increased dose schedule over a longer period might produce a significant response.