非酒精性脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗与脂联素基因表达的关系

目的探讨NAFLD患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）与脂肪组织脂联素基因表达的关系。方法用SYBR GreenI实时定量RT-PCR方法检测脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平，用稳态模型法计算IR指数。结果肥胖和非肥胖NAFLD患者及对照组IR指数分别为：3．0±0．8、2．8±0．9和2．0±0．6、1．2±0．5，其脂肪组织脂联素基因表达和血浆脂联素浓度较对照各组显著降低（P〈0．05），IR与脂联素基因表达（r=0．5，P〈0．05）和血浆脂联素浓度负相关（，=0．4，P〈0．05），与血清甘油三酯正相关（r=0．3，P〈0．05）。结论NAFLD患者的IR与脂肪组织脂联素基因低表达有关，脂联素基因低表达在IR和NAFLD发病中起了一定作用。     

非酒精性脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗及血清瘦素和脂联素水平的研究

[目的]研究非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)、瘦素和脂联素水平的变化,探讨疾病发病中胰岛素抵抗(IR)、瘦素和脂联素的作用.[方法]测定体检和住院人群中NAFLD并肥胖(NAFLD)组、单纯性肥胖(肥胖)组和正常对照组空腹血糖、空腹血清胰岛素,采用稳态模型法计算IRI,同时检测瘦素和脂联素水平.[结果]NAFLD组空腹胰岛素水平和IRI显著高于肥胖组和对照组(P＜0.05);NAFLD组和肥胖组的瘦素水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);NAFLD组和肥胖组的脂联素水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);直线相关分析后,IRI与血清瘦素水平呈显著正相关(r=0.169 3,P＜0.01);而与血清脂联素水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.218 7,P＜0.01).[结论]IR可能是NAFLD发生、发展的基础,IR构成NAFLD患者基本特征之一,中央型肥胖是NAFLD的危险因素;NAFLD患者瘦素水平升高而脂联素水平降低,瘦素和脂联素通过不同机制参与了IR的发生、发展,进而影响NAFLD的发病.     

非肥胖多囊卵巢综合征患者网膜脂肪PPARγ2 mRNA表达及与IR的关系

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)基因在非肥胖多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者网膜脂肪组织的表达水平与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性。方法选取非肥胖PCOS患者(观察组)11例和非PCOS患者18例(对照组),采用RT-PCR法检测两组网膜脂肪组织PPARγ2mRNA表达水平,测定空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果观察组HOMA-IR明显高于对照组,P<0.01;余指标比较无统计学差异。相关性分析示,PPARγ2 mRNA表达水平与FINS、HOMA-IR等均无相关性。结论非肥胖P-COS患者网膜脂肪组织PPARγ2 mRNA的表达水平与IR无明显相关性。     

氯沙坦和氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者瘦素、脂联素及胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的观察血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦和钙离子通道拮抗剂氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者血浆瘦素、脂联素、去甲肾上腺素（NE）水平和胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法采用放射免疫法测定血浆瘦素及脂联素水平、采用稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR），以高效液相色谱检测血浆NE水平。结果氯沙坦组血浆瘦素、脂联素、HOMA—IR、体重指数（BMI）治疗16周前后差异有统计学意义[分别为（35．6±18．5vs32．0±17．1）μg／L，P〈0．05；（9．34±3．12vs12．45±4．52）mg／L，P〈0．01；8．6±2．7vs6．1±2．1，P〈0．05；（28．9±3．8vs27．3±3．2）kg／m^2，P〈0．05]，氨氯地平组在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义[分别为（35．2±18．3vs35．4±18．9）μg/L；（9．32±3．23vs9．39±3．41）mg／L；8．3±2．5vs8．7±2．9；（28．8±3．8vs28．7±3．6）kg／m^2]；血浆NE水平在氨氯地平组治疗后明显增加[（324±112vs449±122）ng／L，P〈0．01]，氯沙坦组治疗前后差异无统计学意义[（322±115vs325±121）ng／L]，两治疗组之间的疗效差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论虽然氯沙坦和氨氯地平有等同的降压效应，但氯沙坦尚能改善与肥胖相关的代谢紊乱，因此肥胖高血压患者用氯沙坦比氨氯地平治疗可能会获得更多益处。     

肥胖青少年血清瘦素、胰岛素和胰岛素原水平的变化

目的　检测肥胖青少年血清瘦素、胰岛素、胰岛素原水平的变化 ,探讨青少年肥胖与代谢综合征的关系。方法　从年龄 14～ 16岁的 2 2 17例学生中筛选出体重指数 (BMI)≥ 2 5kg/m2 的肥胖学生 (肥胖组 ) 198例 ,BMI在 18 5～ 2 3 0kg/m2 之间的体重正常学生 (正常组 ) 78例 ,用放射免疫方法测定血清瘦素、胰岛素和胰岛素原水平 ,同时测定血糖及血脂水平 ,比较两组间差异。结果　血清瘦素水平女生明显高于同龄男生 [(18 5 3± 1 4 1) μg/L比 (6 33± 1 79) μg/L]。肥胖组血清瘦素、胰岛素和胰岛素原水平均高于同龄体重正常者 [分别为 (19 94± 1 91) μg/L比 (11 2 7± 2 0 4 ) μg/L ,(15 34± 1 6 6 ) μIU/L比 (13 17± 1 4 3) μIU/L ,(16 19± 1 6 4 )pmol/L比 (11 79± 1 70 )pmol/L ],血糖、甘油三酯 (TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)水平虽然在正常范围内 ,但肥胖者血糖和TG水平高于同龄体重正常者 [分别为 (4 6 3± 0 5 0 )mmol/L比 (4 13± 0 33)mmol/L ,(1 2 0± 0 5 6 )mmol/L比 (0 90±0 32 )mmol/L],HDL C水平低于同龄体重正常者 [(1 14± 0 2 4 )mmol/L比 (1 38± 0 2 6 )mmol/L]。结论　肥胖青少年可能存在瘦素抵抗、胰岛素抵抗及潜在的糖代谢和脂代谢异常等代谢综合征改变 ,     

多囊卵巢综合征患者血浆酰化刺激蛋白和瘦素与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者血浆酰化刺激蛋白(ASP)和瘦素水平的变化及其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系.方法 将39例PCOS患者分为肥胖PCOS组和非肥胖PCOS组,42名健康孕龄妇女分为单纯肥胖组和正常体重对照组.测定血浆ASP、瘦素、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 ①与正常体重对照组相比,其余三组ASP水平显著升高(P＜0.01);单纯肥胖组和肥胖PCOS组的血浆瘦素水平显著高于正常体重对照组(P＜0.05;P＜0.01),而非肥胖PCOS组与正常体重对照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05);与正常体重对照组相比,非肥胖PCOS组和肥胖PCOS组的HOMA-IR显著升高(P＜0.05;P＜0.01 ).②在PCOS患者中,ASP与Fins、HOMA-IR成正相关(r=0.284,P=0.04;r=0.297,P=0.03);瘦素与BMI、Fins、HOMA-IR成正相关(r=0.677,P＜0.01;r=0.609,P＜0.01;r=0.588,P＜0.01);ASP与瘦素不相关(r=-0.043).结论 PCOS患者存在胰岛素抵抗,其血浆ASP水平显著升高;ASP、瘦素可能与PCOS的胰岛素抵抗有关.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的体重指数与瘦素、胰岛素水平关系的临床试验研究

背景：非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）已成为我国继病毒性肝炎和酒精性肝病之后较常见的肝脏病变，其临床病理特征类似于酒精性肝病，部分病例可发展为严重的肝病。目的：研究NAFLD患者的体重指数（BMI）、糖、脂代谢、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）水平与瘦素、胰岛素水平以及胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）的相关性。方法：将31例NAFLD患者按BMI分为正常体重组（BMI〈24kg／m^2）和超重组（BMI≥24kg／m^2），测量身高、体重、腰围和臀围，测定空腹血糖、血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油和AST、ALT水平，放射免疫测定检测空腹瘦素和空腹血清胰岛素水平。结果：超重组NAFLD患者的空腹血清胰岛素水平显著高于正常体重组（P〈0．01）。简单相关分析显示NAFLD患者的瘦素水平与身高、BMI和腰围相关（r1=-0．538，r2=0．518，r3=0．364）；多元逐步回归分析显示瘦素水平与腰围、腰臀比和胰岛素水平呈正相关（r1=0．484，r2=3．921，r3=0．07616），与体重、身高和AST、ALT水平呈负相关（r1=-0．245，r2=-35．986，r3=-1．623）；结论：NAFLD患者存在明显的胰岛素抵抗，且不同BMI患者的胰岛素抵抗情况存在差异。瘦素水平与体脂分布和胰岛素抵抗密切相关，与血脂水平未显相关性。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者血清瘦素与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的通过检测非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者血清瘦素(Lp)的水平,探讨血清瘦素与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法应用RIA检测30例NAFLD患者及30例对照者血清Lp水平,并检测空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、C-肽、胰岛素、体质指数等临床指标,分析Lp与胰岛素抵抗、血脂及非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系。结果 NAFLD患者的Lp、BMI、胰岛素及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。男、女NAFLD患者Lp水平均高于男、女对照组(P0.05)。以HOMAIR为因变量,Lp、BMI、C-肽、总胆固醇及甘油三酯作为自变量,进行多元逐步回归分析,瘦素为影响IR的主要因素。结论 Lp可促进胰岛素抵抗,提示Lp与NAFLD有密切的关系。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗及血清瘦素水平的关系

对非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者进行血脂、血糖、胰岛素及血清瘦素检测,结果显示,与正常对照组比较,患者上述检测指标均明显升高（P〈0．05）;甘油三酯、体重指数、胰岛素敏感指数、瘦素是NAFLD的危险因素。     

胰岛素抵抗伴NAFLD小鼠模型肝细胞瘦素表达及其意义

目的 观察胰岛素抵抗伴非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）小鼠肝脏细胞中瘦素表达量变化及其与血清中胰岛素和游离脂肪酸水平的相关性。方法 80只昆明种小鼠分为高脂组40只和对照组40只,高脂组采用高脂饲料喂养,饮用含1.8%甲硫氨酸的自来水;对照组喂养正常标准饲料,饮用普通自来水。两组分别于15、30、45、60 d分别处死10只小鼠,采集心脏动脉血2 m L,ELISA法检测血清胰岛素和游离脂肪酸水平,半定量RT-PCR法测定肝细胞瘦素基因的相对表达量。结果 15 d时高脂组胰岛素水平高于对照组（P〈0.05）,30 d时血清游离脂肪酸含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）;肝脏细胞瘦素基因表达量随饲养时间延长而增高;15-30 d增幅最明显。结论 瘦素抵抗与胰岛素抵抗共同参与了NAFLD的发病过程,瘦素抵抗可能是胰岛素抵抗伴NAFLD发病的重要机制。     

Type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase mRNA and activity is increased in adipose tissue of obese subjects

Differentiation and metabolism of adipose tissue are modulated by thyroid hormones (THs), but relatively little is known about the metabolism of THs in this tissue. Expression of the genes for type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (D1), leptin (LEP) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) was evaluated in omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) fat using a cohort of 70 humans. Activities of iodothyronine deiodinases (D1, D2 and D3) were assessed in a randomly selected subpopulation of 19 subjects. D1 expression was upregulated in both OM (P=0.011) and SC (P=0.003) fat of obese subjects. Concomitantly, OM (P=0.002) and SC (P=0.028) LEP expression were increased in obesity, associated with both D1 mRNA (r=0.315, P=0.014) and activity (r=0.647, P=0.023) and inversely related to SCD-1 (r=-0.266, P=0.034) expression in SC fat. Also D1 (but not D2 and D3) activity was increased in OM (～fourfold, P=0.010) and SC (～eightfold, P=0.004) fat of obese when compared with non-obese subjects and correlated in both OM (r=0.528, P=0.036) and SC (r=0.749, P=0.005) fat with body mass index. Our results document increased D1 gene expression and activity in adipose tissue of obese humans and suggest a role of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine formed by D1 in response to leptin in the modulation of adipose tissue metabolism.     

Leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha mRNA expression in adipose tissue of humans and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors

Obesity is a prevalent disorder that increases the risk for premature cardiovascular disease. The adipose tissue itself plays an active role in the regulation of fuel metabolism and energy homeostasis by expressing a number of regulatory genes, such as leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha). To study the in vivo relationships among these genes and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors, plasma levels of leptin, lipids, apolipoproteins (apo), insulin, and glucose were measured in 216 obese, 165 nonobese, and 36 weight-losing postobese subjects. mRNA expression of leptin, PPARgamma, and C/EBPalpha in the extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal adipose tissue was quantified in subsets of subjects. In obese individuals, plasma leptin was associated with apoA-I (r=0.2346, P<0.001) and insulin (r=0.2125, P<0.002). Leptin and C/EBPalpha mRNA expression in extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal adipose tissue of obese patients was higher than in the respective tissues of nonobese or postobese subjects. No significant differences among the study groups were found for PPARgamma mRNA expression. Leptin, PPARgamma, and C/EBPalpha mRNA levels correlated with each other in the intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal fat of obese subjects, but multivariate analysis revealed that only C/EBPalpha was a predictor of leptin expression in extraperitoneal tissue (partial r=0.6096, P<0.001). Intraperitoneal PPARgamma expression was inversely related to fasting insulin (r=-0.2888, P<0.017) and a fasting insulin resistance index (r=-0.2814, P<0.021) in obese subjects. In postobese patients, intraperitoneal PPARgamma expression was associated with plasma HDL cholesterol (r=0.5695, P<0.018) and apoA-I (r=0.6216, P<0.008) but was inversely related to LDL cholesterol (r=-0.5101, P<0.03) and apoB (r=-0.6331, P<0.007). These findings suggest a relationship between plasma leptin and HDL metabolism as well as adipose-tissue site-dependent associations among leptin, C/EBP-alpha, and PPAR-gamma mRNA expression. Furthermore, our results suggest that C/EBP-alpha enhances leptin expression in vivo and that PPARgamma mRNA expression is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors.     

Increased serum resistin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is related to liver disease severity and not to insulin resistance

CONTEXT: The recently discovered hormone resistin is linked to the development of insulin resistance, but direct evidence of resistin levels in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is lacking. METHODS: We conducted this study to assess the relationship between serum resistin and NAFLD. We measured serum resistin and biochemical, hormonal, and histological correlates in 28 NAFLD patients, 33 controls, and 30 obese patients [body mass index (BMI), >30 kg/m2] without NAFLD. RESULTS: Resistin and adiponectin expression were measured in sc adipose tissue by quantitative RT-PCR. Resistin was higher in NAFLD patients compared with controls (5.87 +/- 0.49 vs. 4.30 +/- 0.20 ng/ml; P = 0.002) and obese patients (4.37 +/- 0.27 ng/ml; P = 0.002). Increased resistin mRNA was also found in the adipose tissue of NAFLD patients compared with controls and obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Both NAFLD and obese patients had lower adiponectin levels, whereas leptin was increased only in the obese group. No correlation was found between resistin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, BMI, homeostasis model assessment, insulin, glucose, transaminases, and lipid values. A positive correlation was found between resistin and histological inflammatory score. These data report increased resistin in NAFLD patients that is related to the histological severity of the disease, but do not support a link between resistin and insulin resistance or BMI in these patients.     

Expression and activity of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in women

We examined the expression and activity of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) in abdominal adipose tissue in women. This recently characterized enzyme from the aldoketoreductase 1C family is responsible for the conversion of progesterone into 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Abdominal sc (SC) and omental (OM) adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from a sample of 32 women aged 47.7 +/- 5.9 yr (body mass index 27.6 +/- 5.0 kg/m(2)) undergoing abdominal hysterectomies. Body composition and body fat distribution measurements were performed before the surgery by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. The expression of 20alpha-HSD was determined by real-time RT-PCR, and its activity was measured in whole-tissue homogenates. mRNA and activity of the enzyme were detected in both the SC and OM fat depots, the two measures being significantly higher in the SC compartment. Women characterized by a visceral adipose tissue area of 100 cm(2) or greater had an increased 20alpha-HSD conversion rate in their OM adipose tissue, compared with women without visceral obesity (13.99 +/- 2.07 vs. 7.92 +/- 0.83 fmol/microg protein per 24 h, P < 0.05). Accordingly, a positive correlation was found between OM adipose tissue 20alpha-HSD activity and computed tomography-measured visceral adipose tissue area (r = 0.36, P < 0.05). Significant positive correlations were also found between OM 20alpha-HSD activity and OM adipocyte diameter (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) and OM adipose tissue LPL activity (r = 0.36, P = 0.06). In conclusion, 20alpha-HSD activity and mRNA were detected in SC and OM adipose tissue in women, and OM 20alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone was highest in women with visceral obesity. Additional studies are required to establish whether local conversion of progesterone may impact on the metabolism and function of adipocytes located within the abdominal cavity.     

血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　了解血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体 (STNFR) 1,2与胰岛素抵抗 (IR)的关系。方法　测定 43名男性和 41名绝经期前女性的STNFR1,2。以稳态模型 (HomaModel)公式评估IR。结果　肥胖男、女组STNFR1与非肥胖男、女组相近 ,而其STNFR2高于非肥胖男、女组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。所有男性STNFR1和STNFR2水平高于女性 (P <0 .0 1)。所有对象相关分析示STNFR2与臀腰比 (WHR)、空腹血糖、体重指数 (BMI)、HomaIR、空腹胰岛素正相关。STNFR1与上述指标无相关性。在男性中 ,STNFR2与瘦素正相关 (r =0 .34 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,调整BMI、WHR影响后 ,STNFR2仍与瘦素正相关 (r=0 .30 ,P <0 .0 5 )。逐步回归分析示WHR和STNFR2对HomaIR的影响达 41.3%。结论　STNFR2与IR相关 ,在人类TNF系统对IR的影响可能主要通过TNFR2起作用。     

Serum leptin and soluble leptin receptor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM： To determine the role of leptin system in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） development by delineating the changes in serum levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor （sOB-R）.
METHODS： Blood samples were collected from 30 consecutive patients with liver-biopsy-proven NAFLD and 30 patients with cholecystolithiasis （stationary phase） as controls. Serum leptin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and concentration of sOB-R was measured by ELISA. Body mass index （BMI） was calculated for all subjects, and serum insulin, C-peptide, and lipoprotein levels were also detected.
RESULTS： Mean serum leptin level and BMI in the NAFLD group were significantly higher than in the controls （both P 〈 0.001）, but mean sOB-R level was lower in the NAFLD group when compared to the controls. Both men and women in the NAFLD group had higher mean serum leptin levels and lower sOB-R levels than did the men and women in the control group （all P 〈 0.001）. There was a significant negative correlation between serum leptin and sOB-R levels （r = -0.725, P 〈 0.001）. Multivariate analysis showed that the percentage of hepatocyte steatosis, sex, BMI, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA IR） were independently related to serum leptin levels.
CONCLUSION： Elevated serum leptin seems to be afeature of steatosis, and serum leptin seems to increase as hepatocyte steatosis develops. An enhanced release of leptin is accompanied by an decrease in sOB-R concentration, which suggests higher resistance of peripheral tissues towards the action of leptin.     

Transforming growth factor-beta1 levels in hypertensive patients: association with body mass index and leptin

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in hypertension. Leptin, an adipocyte product, has been shown to play a role in obesity-related hypertension and in vitro studies demonstrated a biologic interaction between leptin and TGF-beta1. Thus, we evaluate a possible in vivo association between TGF-beta1, body mass index (BMI), and leptin circulating levels in hypertensive subjects. METHODS: Blood samples for fasting leptin and TGF-beta1, were evaluated in 29 overweight, 46 obese, and 29 nonobese hypertensive patients before and after a 12-week calorie-restricted diet. Monocyte cultures were used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS: Transforming growth factor-beta1 was significantly elevated in hypertensive obese patients (n = 46) as compared with TGF-beta1 levels of hypertensive patients with normal BMI (n = 29) (8. 9 +/- 3 ng/mL v 4.4 +/- 2; P < .001). The circulating levels of TGF-beta1 were associated with BMI and leptin levels in an univariate analysis (r = 0.59, P < .0001; r = 0.62, P < .0001, respectively) and these associations were still present after stepwise multivariate analysis. Weight loss of 10% produced a parallel decrease in TGF-beta1 (from 8.9 +/- 3 ng/mL to 5.3 +/- 2.8 ng/mL; P < .01) and leptin levels (from 30 +/- 24 ng/mL to 17 +/- 14; P < .05). In vitro experiments showed that leptin is able to induce a dose-dependent increase in TGF-beta1 production and mRNA expression in human monocyte cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that TGF-beta1 levels are positively associated with BMI and leptin levels in hypertensive patients and suggest that adipose tissue may be an important determinant of TGF-beta1 levels possibly by a leptin-dependent pathway.     

Depot-specific messenger RNA expression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and leptin in adipose tissue of children and adults

OBJECTIVE: To compare expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for the cortisol regenerating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1), and the adipocytokines leptin and resistin in paired biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SC) and omental adipose tissue (OM) from children. DESIGN: Paired biopsies (SC and OM) were obtained from 54 children (age 0.17-16 years, body mass index (BMI) 12.5-28.3 kg/m(2), BMI standard deviation score (SDS) -2.5-4.5) and 16 adults (age 27-79 years, BMI 19-46 kg/m(2)) undergoing open abdominal surgery. mRNA levels of 11beta-HSD1, leptin and resistin were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: 11beta-HSD1 mRNA level was higher in OM than in SC (P<0.05), whereas leptin mRNA was higher in SC than in OM (P<0.001). There was no difference in the resistin mRNA level between SC and OM. These results were consistent in children and adults. In children, 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in SC was positively associated with BMI SDS (P<0.05), whereas in OM it was positively associated with age (P<0.05). The association between 11beta-HSD1 expression and age remained significant after adjustment for BMI SDS and gender. Leptin mRNA was positively associated with BMI SDS (SC: P<0.001, OM: P<0.001) but not with age in children. In multiple regression analyses, including anthropometric variables and age, BMI SDS was independently associated with mRNA levels of 11beta-HSD1 (P<0.05) and leptin (P<0.001) in SC. When normal weight and overweight children were analyzed separately, 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels were positively associated with leptin in OM in the overweight group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: There are depot-specific differences in mRNA levels of 11beta-HSD1 and leptin in children and adults. The positive association of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in OM with age may reflect a causal role in visceral fat accumulation during growth. Increasing 11beta-HSD1 and leptin mRNA in SC with increasing BMI SDS could suggest that the risk of metabolic consequences of obesity may be established early in life.     

Adiponutrin: A new gene regulated by energy balance in human adipose tissue

Adiponutrin is a newly identified nonsecreted adipocyte protein regulated by changes in energy balance in rodents. We documented the influence of energy balance modification on adiponutrin gene expression in humans. We investigated the mRNA expression in sc adipose tissue of nonobese women and in obese women during 2-d very low-calorie diet (VLCD) and subsequent refeeding as well as before and after a VLCD of 3 wk (21-d VLCD). The adiponutrin mRNA levels of the nonobese and obese women were not different (P > 0.05). Two-day VLCD reduced the average level of adiponutrin mRNA expression by 36% (P = 0.0016), whereas refeeding elevated the mRNA level by 31% (P = 0.004). The 3-wk VLCD caused a dramatic 58% fall of the adiponutrin mRNA expression level (P = 0.001). The mRNA level was negatively correlated with fasting glucose (Rho = -0.62; P < 0.0001), and subjects with high adiponutrin mRNA level had an increased insulin sensitivity. Compared with other adipocyte proteins such as leptin and adiponectin, adiponutrin mRNA did not show correlation with either adiposity indexes or with leptin or adiponectin mRNAs. These results indicate that adiponutrin gene expression in humans is highly regulated by changes in energy balance.