聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术并发症23例分析

目的对23例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现的并发症进行分析，探讨注射隆乳术的临床应用问题。方法通过对接受注射者症状、体征归纳总结，分别行彩色多普勒超声仪检查和病理检查。结果注射物分布层次杂乱，同时有周围组织病理改变，手术亦不能彻底清除。结论手术操作不规范是出现并发症的主要原因，但聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶本身也出现一定程度的不良反应，其安全性值得商讨。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的:探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症处理方法.方法:对226例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的患者行核磁共振检查和病理检查,并采用手术直视下取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织去除术等综合治疗手段,通过对接受注射者症状,体征归纳总结,分析聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理方法以及同时置入假体的适应证.结果:本组226例治疗效果基本满意.MRI复查显示无明显的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留,其中61例同时置入假体,效果良好.结论:聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术对受术者可造成后严重后果;核磁共振是目前最好的检查方法;手术直视下取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织去除术是目前治疗此类并发症的最好方式;注意把握同时置入假体的适应证的尺度.     

MRI在PAHG隆乳术后并发症诊治中的应用价值

目的：探讨MRI在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（PAHG）注射隆乳术后并发症的诊断和鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值，以便提高临床疗效。方法：对22例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳者行MRI扫描，对注射部位和量进行定位和评估，然后经乳晕切口，直视下清除注射物。结果：22例病例中，3例（6只）注入物所形成的乳房形态、柔软度正常，7例（10只）变硬，8例（12只）硬结，2例（2只）胸大肌炎，2例（2只）伴发乳房纤维瘤。MRI表现与临床表现及手术取出注射物所见相符。结论：乳腺MRI对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后并发症和伴发肿瘤等临床表现有较理想的诊断价值，并可以指导处理。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的　探讨处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的最佳方法。方法　分析 4 8例行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术者术后出现的多种并发症 ,采取手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术等综合治疗手段。结果　本组 4 8例术后效果均感满意 ,辅助检查显示无肉眼可见的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留。结论　手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的一种切实有效的可行方法。     

直视下处理注射隆乳并发症同期假体隆乳体会

目的：探讨经直视下处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症并同期行假体隆乳的适应证。方法：通过对接受注射者症状、体征归纳总结,分别行MRI检查,并采用手术直视下取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织去除术等综合治疗手段,分析63例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理方法以及同期置入假体的适应证。结果：本组63例治疗效果基本满意。MRI复查显示无明显的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留,其中41例同期置入假体,效果良好。结论：聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术对受术者可造成后严重后果;MRI是目前最好的检查方法;手术直视下取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织去除术是目前治疗并发症的最好方式;严格把握同期置入假体的适应证。     

颞部注射法充填术后并发症及其处理

目的：探讨医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶颞部注射法充填术后并发症的原因及防治。方法：总结21例医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶颞部注射充填术后并发症的典型临床资料及其处理。结果：睑袋肿胀并发症16例，上眼睑肿胀5例，经手术切开，去除部分充填材料后，按睑袋整复、重睑术处理后均获得满意效果。结论：选择医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶作为颞部凹陷整形的充填材料应慎重。本文21例并发症经处理后均获得满意的疗效。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶临床应用并发症及其处理

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶软组织注射填充并发症的成因及防治方法。方法：总结214例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶临床应用并发症临床资料，对并发症统计、分析，针对不同情况进行相应处理。结果：隆乳并发症194例，其中硬结116例：血肿17例；创伤性无菌性炎症18例；胸大肌炎6例；乳房不对称14例；凝胶移位12例；感染8例；其他3例。面部填充并发症15例，其中隆颞不对称4例，凝胶移位2例；隆颊凝胶移位2例，感染1例，其他6例。臀部，下肢等部位填充局部感染、不对称、凝胶移位等5例。经对症治疗、按摩、理疗、穿刺抽吸处理后，多数患者获得满意疗效。结论：聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶软组织注射填充并发症主要是操作方法不正确和使用不当的结果，及时正确地处理大多能获得满意的疗效。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出方法探讨

目的：对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出方法进行探讨分析，以便对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症采取有效的治疗，使注射物残留降至最低，同时避免因治疗出现新的并发症。方法：对我中心1999—2007年诊治的126例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症患者，包括曾在外院行抽吸法取出和未作过取出的患者，全部采用切开取出、切除病变组织，术中观察注射物及组织病变情况，并对既往取出经过及临床表现、术中所见、处理时间进行分析总结。结果：35例曾在外院行1次以上抽吸法取出后，临床症状加重或无改善，或出现新的并发症；手术难度增加，手术时间延长。125例经我院手术取出后，临床症状缓解，1例无改善。结论：单纯用抽吸法，不能将注射物最大限度地取出，且可能导致新的并发症。一旦出现并发症，即应手术切开，取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射美容的临床与组织学评估

目的　探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射后并发症的临床与组织学特点。方法　对 1998年至 2 0 0 3年接诊的 5 2例在外院注射了聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶 ,并引起并发症患者的临床资料进行了总结与组织学研究。为了便于比较 ,另选 12例 1988年～ 1994年期间接受液态硅胶注射的患者取出的组织病理切片与之对照研究。结果　聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射后并发症以局部硬结最多见 ,而且多发生在注射后 1～ 2年左右时间里。人体组织对注射的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的反应为多核异物巨细胞增生 ,并形成肉芽肿。与液态硅胶比较 ,注射的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶引起组织的淋巴细胞反应弱 ,材料周围的纤维包膜较薄。机体内长期存留的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶可能会引起局部组织变性反应。结论　聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶作为软组织填充剂的安全性需要进一步研究。     

注射式隆乳术并发症处理中高频超声应用价值

目的:探讨高频超声在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射式隆乳术后并发症处理中的应用及其价值.方法:对52例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射式隆乳术后出现异常的患者行高频超声检查,观察乳房内注射的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶假体分布层次、范围、内部回声及与乳腺腺体、胸大肌间的结构变化.结果:52例受检患者,共104只乳房,其中84只乳房超声检查出现异常声像,假体硬结35例、假体包膜增厚例13例、假体移位15例、假体渗漏8例、乳腺炎7例、哺乳期乳汁内漏6例.结论:高频超声在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射式隆乳术并发症处理中能准确的为整形外科医生明确假体的位置、病理改变、乳房的病变情况及指导手术、评估手术治疗效果、术后随访具有较高的临床应用价值.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.