动脉瘤性SAH继发重度脑血管痉挛相关因素研究

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血继发重度脑血管痉挛的相关因素。方法回顾本院近5年收治的118例动脉瘤性SAH病人临床及影像学资料;评估入院时临床因素,判定脑血管痉挛程度;统计分析其相关因素。结果重度痉挛组年龄为(44.0±10.9)岁,明显小于无痉挛组的(52.1±11.4)岁和轻中度痉挛组的(50.7±10.7)岁(P=0.007);重度痉挛组的脑内血肿量为(24.87±3.72)m l、白细胞计数为(17.40±4.1)×109,大于轻中度痉挛组的(18±3.26)m l、(12.14±2.91)×109和无痉挛组的(9±1.41)m l、(9.08±2.16)×109(P均<0.001);年龄与血管痉挛程度呈负相关r=-0.241(P=0.008);脑内血肿量和白细胞计数峰值均与血管痉挛程度呈正相关r=0.753(P<0.01)和r=0.694(P=0.001)。结论低年龄、较大的脑内血肿量和白细胞计数峰值是重度脑血管痉挛相关因素。     

硫酸镁对颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的治疗作用

目的观察硫酸镁对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性脑血管痉挛和神经功能预后的治疗作用。方法39例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者在发病48 h内,随机分到生理盐水组(A组)、硫酸镁治疗1组(B组)、硫酸镁治疗2组(C组),B组首次静脉推注25％硫酸镁10 mL后,继以每日25％硫酸镁40 mL静脉滴注,C组首次静脉推注25％硫酸镁20 mL后,继以每日25％硫酸镁80 mL静脉滴注,A组输入等量生理盐水,均连续输入14 d并每日检测血清Mg2+浓度、血压及TCD检测大脑中动脉平均血流速度。6个月后随访并记录患者Glasgow Outcome Scall-Extended、Modified Rankin Scall用以评价患者神经功能预后情况。结果17例患者发生症状性脑血管痉挛,A组7例,B组5例、C组5例;17例症状性脑血管痉挛患者的6个月GOSE评分,A组1／7例,B组3／5例、C组3／5例患者神经功能恢复良好;39例患者中硫酸镁治疗组患者6个月后GOSE、Modified Rankin Scale评分与生理盐水组比较,神经功能预后有改善倾向。然而,这些疗效评分差异均没有达到统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论硫酸镁治疗安全且血清Mg2+水平较容易维持,硫酸镁有减少症状性脑血管痉挛发生和改善患者神经功能预后的趋势,但由于样本例数较少,其治疗作用仍有待于进一步研究证实。     

TCD观察动脉瘤性SAH后脑血管痉挛的血流动力学改变

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛的血流动力学改变。方法经CT、DSA证实为动脉瘤性SAH患者179例,床旁经颅超声多谱勒(TCD)在术前、术后1~3d、5~7d、9~11d、12~14d记录并分析大脑中动脉(M CA)的血流参数及频谱改变。结果M CA平均血流速度(Vm)于SAH后1~3d开始升高,5~7d、9~11d达到高峰;L I(血管痉挛指数)为3~6时预后良好;>6时可以出现神经系统功能损害,颅内压增高且有脑血管痉挛(CV S)者预后较差。结论TCD能无创、实时评价SAH后CV S的动态变化,可以推断SAH后CV S的严重程度及临床转归。     

Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in care and aneurysm treatment strategies. Cerebral vasospasm continues to be a major source of clinical worsening in patients. We intended to review the clinical and experimental aspects of aSAH and identify strategies that are being evaluated for the treatment of vasospasm. A literature review on aSAH and cerebral vasospasm was performed. Available treatments for aSAH continue to expand as research continues to identify new therapeutic targets. Oral nimodipine is the primary medication used in practice given its neuroprotective properties. Transluminal balloon angioplasty is widely utilized in patients with symptomatic vasospasm and ischemia. Prophylactic “triple‐H” therapy, clazosentan, and intraarterial papaverine have fallen out of practice. Trials have not shown strong evidence supporting magnesium or statins. Other calcium channel blockers, milrinone, tirilazad, fasudil, cilostazol, albumin, eicosapentaenoic acid, erythropoietin, corticosteroids, minocycline, deferoxamine, intrathecal thrombolytics, need to be further investigated. Many of the current experimental drugs may have significant roles in the treatment algorithm, and further clinical trials are needed. There is growing evidence supporting that early brain injury in aSAH may lead to significant morbidity and mortality, and this needs to be explored further.     

Neuropsychiatric disturbance after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Although aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) accounts for only 3–5% of all strokes, a high degree of morbidity has been reported in this relatively young subset of patients. Neuropsychiatric disturbance has often been neglected in these reports. We aimed to investigate the pattern and pathological factors of chronic neuropsychiatric disturbance in aSAH patients. This cross-sectional observational four-center study was carried out in Hong Kong. Neuropsychiatric outcome (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Chinese Version [CNPI]) assessments were conducted cross-sectionally 1–4 years after ictus. Pathological factors considered were early brain injury as assessed by admission World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade, aneurysm treatment (clipping versus coiling), delayed cerebral infarction, and chronic hydrocephalus. One hundred and three aSAH patients’ spouses or caregivers completed the CNPI. Forty-two (41%) patients were reported to have one or more domain(s) of neuropsychiatric disturbance. Common neuropsychiatric disturbance domains included agitation/aggression, depression, apathy/indifference, irritability/lability, and appetite/eating disturbance. Chronic neuropsychiatric disturbance was associated with presence of chronic hydrocephalus. A subscore consisting of the five commonly affected domains seems to be a suitable tool for aSAH patients and should be further validated and replicated in future studies.     

颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血并发Takotsubo心肌病

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血并发Takotsubo心肌病临床特点。方法回顾分析14例颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血并发Takotsubo心肌病患者的临床资料、血清心肌酶谱[包括肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、氨基末端B型利尿钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)]水平、心电图和超声心动图表现。结果 14例患者入院时(初次检查)血清心肌酶谱[CK(591.93±248.78)IU/L、CK-MB(27.07±7.66)IU/L、NT-pro BNP(8685.36±3963.44)IU/L]水平即升高,2周复查时下降[CK(137.79±29.93)IU/L、CK-MB(14.36±5.58)IU/L、NT-pro BNP(577.14±203.37)IU/L],治疗前后差异具有统计学意义(t=7.090,P=0.000;t=4.897,P=0.000;t=7.778,P=0.000)。入院时心电图表现为ST段抬高或压低、T波倒置、QT间期延长,超声心动图呈节段性左室壁运动异常,左心室射血分数(36.07±6.15)%,2周复查时升至(56.43±3.18)%(t=13.381,P=0.000),1个月后恢复正常。结论颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下隙出血可诱发Takotsubo心肌病,患病率约4.58%,患者预后良好。超声心动图对早期筛查至关重要,急性期可通过冠状动脉造影术明确诊断。     

西洛他唑治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的Meta分析

目的系统评价西洛他唑治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的有效性以及安全性。方法检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMBASE、中国生物医学文献、维普及万方数据库,检索时间从建库至2018年09月,收集西洛他唑治疗动脉瘤性患者的临床对照试验。由2名研究者严格制定纳入标准、筛选文献,提取资料,评价质量并用Rev Man5. 3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入临床研究6项,共618例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者。Meta分析结果显示西洛他唑在以下方面优于常规治疗,且差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),西洛他唑能降低症状性脑血管痉挛(OR=0. 31,95%CI:0. 21-0. 48),重度脑血管痉挛(OR=0. 47,95%CI:0. 31-0. 69),迟发性脑梗塞(OR=0. 32,95%CI:0. 20-0. 52)的发生率,且能够改善患者预后(OR=2. 65,95%CI:1. 66-4. 21)。结论西洛他唑可以降低动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血所致脑血管痉挛的发生率,并对改善预后有一定帮助。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的脑血流动力学改变

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）后脑血管痉挛（CVS）的血流动力学改变。方法对337例（382枚动脉瘤）aSAH患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,均经数字减影血管造影（DSA）和／或CT血管造影（CTA）检查证实为动脉瘤（An）,其中动脉瘤颈夹闭术297例,瘤颈夹闭及载瘤动脉塑形术29例,动脉瘤孤立术8例及包裹术3例。术后给予尼莫地平持续泵入扩血管、脑脊液引流、3H疗法等治疗,并于SAH1—3d．4～7d,8～14d、15～20d进行床边经颅超声多普勒（TCD）检测,主要观察MCA平均血流速度（VmMcA）、计算Lindegaard指数,即同侧MCA与颅外段ICAVm之比（LI）,观察CVS及颅内压（ICP）等脑血流动力学变化。结果SAH患者不同程度的存在CVS,25％的患者1—3d就出现CVS,8～14d达高峰;Hunt-Hess分级与CVS的变化成正相关;102例患者（102／337,30．3％）出现不同程度的颅内压增高;17例（17／337,5％）出现延迟性缺血性神经功能障碍（DIND）,颅内压增高且有CVS者预后较差。结论TCD可以床边、动态监测aSAH患者的脑血流动力学改变,具有无创、简单易行的特点。TCD检测的脑血流速度、Lindegaard指数和频谱形态相结合对临床和血管造影诊断CVS有价值。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者血清血管假性血友病因子、内皮素-1含量变化及与脑血管痉挛的关系

目的检测动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者血清中血管假性血友病因子浓度、内皮素-1含量的动态变化,分析二者与脑血管痉挛发生发展的关系,为a NSAH后CVS的发病机制及防治措施提供实验数据和理论依据。方法实验组分别于入院时、术后3 d、术后1 w、术后2 w早晨抽取空腹血,并于当天进行TCD检查;对照组病例均静息30 min后抽取空腹血。分别采用ELISA法检测v WF浓度、放射免疫分析检测ET-1含量。结果 (1)术后1 w组与其他实验组v WF浓度、ET-1含量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);而术后2 w血清v WF浓度、ET-1含量与术前相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)术前CVS组和非CVS组血清v WF浓度与ET-1含量相比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);术后CVS组与非CVS组血清v WF浓度与ET-1含量比较,差异也有统计学意义(P0.01);术后CVS组v WF浓度、ET-1含量与术前CVS组相比有统计学意义(P0.01)。(3)实验组中血清v WF、ET-1含量与脑血管痉挛程度正相关(v WF:r=0.78613,P0.01;ET-1:r=0.61904,P0.01)。(4)血清v WF浓度与ET-1含量呈正相关(r=0.496,P0.01)。结论血清v WF和ET-1可作为a NSAH后CVS的预防、疗效观察、判断预后的重要参考指标。     

蛛网膜下腔出血早期应用尼膜同治疗的临床研究

目的 观察早期应用尼膜同注射液治疗蛛网膜下腔出血的疗效。方法将85例蛛网膜下腔出血患者随机分为尼膜同治疗组(34例)和对照组(51例)。两组均给予降颅内压、止血、对症等常规治疗,治疗组同时给予尼膜同持续静脉推注,连用7d后改用尼膜同口服。结果 治疗组脑血管痉挛的发生率较对照组低(P<0.05),两组间再出血发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05) 结论 尼膜同能降低SAH的脑血管痉挛发生率,且不增加再出血的危险,在SAH治疗中有较好疗效,临床应用安全。     

无蛛网膜下腔出血的破裂脑动脉瘤

目的 总结无蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的破裂脑动脉瘤的诊治经验.方法 对15例在起病后2 d内首次CT或MRI上表现为脑内出血(ICH),和(或)脑室内出血(IVH)、硬脑膜下血肿(SDH)和壁间出血(IMH)而无SAH的破裂脑动脉瘤患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果 、治疗方法 和预后进行回顾性分析.结果 本组首次CT或MRI检查表现为ICH者3例、IVH合并ICH者6例、SDH者1例、IVH者1例、IMH者3例和等高混合密度者1例.其中动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉6例、前交通动脉4例、后交通动脉3例、大脑前动脉1例和小脑后下动脉1例.开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤13例,血管内栓塞2例.出院时GOS评分:恢复良好8例、中残3例、重残3例和植物生存1例.本组15例占同期破裂脑动脉瘤的3.8%.结论 破裂脑动脉瘤首次CT扫描可表现为单纯ICH,和(或)IVH、SDH、IMH而无SAH,与CT扫描时间、动脉瘤的部位和指向以及出血量有关.早期控制颅内高压、及时诊断和有效处理破裂动脉瘤,是改善预后的关键.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下腔出血合并硬膜下血肿的临床病理研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）合并硬膜下血肿（ＳＤＨ）的临床特点和机理。方法对１６例经ＣＴ、脑血管造影、手术和１１例尸解证实的颅内动脉瘤破裂致ＳＡＨ合并ＳＤＨ患者进行临床及病理特点分析。结果临床表现意识障碍１２例,玻璃体下出血７例,死亡１３例。导致ＳＡＨ合并ＳＤＨ的原因可能为：（１）动脉瘤破裂,大量血液破入蛛网膜下腔,撕破蛛网膜;（２）伴随的脑内血肿破入蛛网膜下腔并撕破蛛网膜;（３）发病时突发意识丧失、摔倒,致头部外伤。结论颅内动脉瘤致ＳＡＨ可合并ＳＤＨ,其预后不佳,病死率高,ＣＴ阴性者不能完全排除合并ＳＤＨ的可能。     

尼莫地平防治蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑血管痉挛的疗效分析

目的：评价蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后脑血管痉孪（CVS）患者应用尼莫地平防治的临床效果。方法选择我院2012-04-2014-01收治的73例蛛网膜下腔出血患者,根据治疗药物的不同随机分为观察组（37例）与对照组（36例）,对照组采用常规治疗方法如脱水、降颅压及止血等,观察组在对照组基础上加用尼莫地平。结果观察组经治疗后总有效率为94.59％,明显好于对照组的72.22％,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。观察组脑血管痉挛的发生率、再出血率及病死率均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论尼莫地平在预防和治疗蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管出现痉挛方面疗效显著,较好地减少脑血管痉挛的发生率、再出血率及病死率。     

Early prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using computed tomography texture analysis

Radiological evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often subject to interobserver variability. The aim of this study was to retrospectively detect computed tomography (CT) texture parameters in the early postictal state to predict cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and functional outcome in aneurysmal SAH using quantitative CT texture analysis (CTTA) via a commercially available software program and routine CT images. 40 patients with aneurysmal SAH surgically treated at the Keio University Hospital during a four-year period were analyzed. CT texture analyses were performed using a commercially available software program (Synapse Vincent). The following texture parameters of blood clots in the subarachnoid space and cerebral edema were assessed: mean CT value, entropy, skewness, and kurtosis. The mean CT value of blood clots in the subarachnoid space was significantly associated with cerebral vasospasm, DCI, and functional outcome. The mean CT value ≥ 49.64 Hounsfield units (HU) predicted cerebral vasospasm with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 61.5%, respectively (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.758). The mean CT value ≥ 49.95 HU predicted DCI with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 60.6%, respectively (AUC = 0.810). The mean CT value ≥ 53.00 HU predicted poor functional outcome with a sensitivity and specificity of 56.3% and 91.7%, respectively (AUC = 0.747). CTTA using a commercially available software program demonstrated that the mean CT value of clots in the subarachnoid space in the early postictal state could predict vasospasm, DCI, and clinical outcome with a high sensitivity and specificity.     

氢化泼尼松对蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑灌注的影响

目的探讨大剂量氢化泼尼松对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)患者脑灌注的影响。方法将19例CT分级在Ⅲ级以下的SAH患者随机分成2组:①治疗组,大剂量氢化泼尼松(1.0mg/kg)冲击治疗。②对照组,单纯应用一般治疗。氢化泼尼松冲击治疗3天后,行脑CT灌注成像扫描,监测颞叶及额叶脑血管灌注情况,结合临床症状判断脑血管痉挛的程度。结果9例应用大剂量氢化泼尼松加上一般治疗的患者,与单纯一般治疗组相比,临床症状及额叶、颞叶的脑血流情况均得到明显改善。脑血容量(CBV),脑血流量(CBF),平均通过时间(MTT),较对照组有明显提高(P(0.05)。结论大剂量氢化泼尼松冲击治疗能够提高蛛网膜下腔出血患者的脑灌注,从而减轻脑血管痉挛,改善脑供血。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛发病机制的研究新进展

蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后,患者常伴有脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm,CVS),出血后4～14d为高峰期.CVS导致脑组织局部缺血,进而引起神经功能障碍.近年来有大量文献资料和实验数据表明SAH后CVS的发生率约30％～80％,约46％的患者出现临床症状,是导致SAH患者死亡或致残的主要并发症[1].其病因机制复杂,研究表明多种因素与CVS的发生有关.本文就SAH后CVS发病机制的研究进展综述如下.     

Risk factors for re-bleeding of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Meta-analysis of observational studies

ObjectiveThe mortality of re-bleeding following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is high, and surviving patients often have poor clinical condition and worse outcome than patients with a single bleed. In this study, we performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the most common risk factors for re-bleeding in this patient population, with the goal of providing neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-interventionalists with a simple and fast method to evaluate the re-bleeding risk for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.MethodWe conducted a thorough meta-analysis of the risk factors associated with re-bleeding or re-rupture of intracranial aneurysms in cases published between 2000 and 2013. Pooled mean difference was calculated for the continuous variables (age), and pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated for categorical factors. If heterogeneity was significant (p < 0.05), a random effect model was applied; otherwise, a fixed model was used. Testing for pooled effects and statistical significance for each potential risk factor were analyzed using Review Manager software.ResultsOur literature search identified 174 articles. Of these, only seven retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria. These seven studies consisted of 2470 patients, 283 of which had aneurysmal re-bleeding, resulting in a weighted average rate of re-bleeding of 11.3% with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.1–12.6. In this population, sex (OR 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11–1.92), high systolic blood pressure [SBP] (OR 2.52; 95% CI: 1.40–4.53), aneurysm size (OR 3.00; 95% CI: 2.06–4.37), clinical condition (Hunt & Hess) (OR 4.94; 95% CI: 2.29,10.68), and Fisher grade (OR 2.29; 95% CI: 1.45, 3.61) were statistically significant risk factors for re-bleeding.ConclusionSex, high SBP, high Fisher grade, aneurysm size larger than 10 mm, and poor clinical condition were independent risk factors for aneurysmal re-bleeding. The importance of early aneurysm intervention and careful consideration of patient risk factors should be emphasized to eliminate the risk of re-bleeding and poor outcome.     

Results of clipping surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the ninth and tenth decades of life

This study investigated the outcome of clipping surgery for ruptured aneurysms in patients older than 80 years of age. From 1988 to 2011 data were retrospectively reviewed, and 196 patients treated with clipping obliteration for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were identified. Patients were divided into two age groups of 80–84 and ⩾85 years old. The Glasgow Outcome Scale score was assessed at discharge and classified as favorable (good recovery or moderate recovery) or unfavorable (severe disability, vegetative state, or dead). Radiological and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups. A favorable outcome was achieved in 106 (54.1%) of the 196 patients. Preoperative grade and Fisher grade were significantly associated with unfavorable outcome, but age was not. Based on logistic regression analysis, poor preoperative grade and ruptured anterior cerebral artery aneurysm were the predictors of unfavorable outcome, but advanced age (⩾85 years old) was not. Advanced age itself did not affect the outcome of the elderly patients who underwent clipping surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的防治研究进展

蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后并发的脑血管痉挛（CVS）一直是临床较为棘手的问题,易引起继发性脑缺血,严重影响患者的预后。目前临床治疗SAH后CVS多以药物治疗为主,且取得一定的疗效。本文结合以往文献,就目前CVS的临床防治进行综述。