Traumatic anterior cerebral artery aneurysms and management options in the endovascular era

Traumatic anterior cerebral artery (ACA) pseudoaneurysms are a challenge to manage. Difficult diagnosis, delayed presentation and catastrophic outcomes contribute to the overall prognosis of traumatic intracranial aneurysms. Clipping or coiling of the aneurysm and/or parent vessel occlusion are the treatment options. However, surgery and coiling both may be difficult due to limited access and the need for parent vessel preservation. Rarely, these aneurysms must be managed conservatively. We present four patients with traumatic ACA aneurysms admitted to our center in the last 10 months. Three patients had pseudoaneurysms of the distal ACA and one had an aneurysm arising from a cortical branch of the ACA. Their clinical presentations and management, along with outcomes, are discussed as well as the dilemmas associated with them. Three patients were managed by clipping and coiling while one was managed conservatively. The diagnosis was made relatively early in three patients while delayed subarachnoid hemorrhage led to diagnosis in the fourth. Although the overall prognosis remains grim, with high mortality and morbidity rates, both microsurgical and interventional management of these traumatic aneurysms may be useful, if detected early before rupture. Expectant management and surveillance may be required in a select group of patients.     

手术治疗大脑前动脉远端外伤性假性动脉瘤(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨外伤性颅内假性动脉瘤的临床表现、病理特点、影像学特征、治疗及预后。方法患者男性,34岁,因车祸致重型闭合性颅脑损伤,表现为大量脑内血肿和脑室、蛛网膜下腔出血。经急诊头颅CT、CTA和DSA检查拟诊为左侧大脑前动脉远端假性动脉瘤,并行外科手术治疗。结果术中清除血肿后证实左侧大脑前动脉远端分叉处血管裂伤,用10-0的尼龙线缝合了裂伤的血管壁。术后DSA复查假性动脉瘤消失且胼胝体缘动脉主干供血良好。考虑为大脑前动脉分叉处的剪切力造成了动脉裂伤。结论外伤性颅内假性动脉瘤罕见,易频发再破裂,致残率高,在颅脑损伤的临床诊治上需引起神经外科医生足够的重视。     

双侧大脑前动脉闭塞一例

正患者男性,70岁,农民,主因突发性意识不清11h,于2016年6月25日入院。患者入院前11h于田间劳作时突然出现意识障碍,跌倒,无四肢抽搐、双眼上翻、大小便失禁等,呼之不应,急诊入当地医院,头部MRI显示双侧额顶叶梗死,予抗血小板聚集和营养神经等治疗(具体方案不详),临床症状无     

大脑前动脉A2段和前交通动脉夹角与前交通动脉动脉瘤发生率相关性的影像研究

目的 通过测量3D-DSA图像上大脑前动脉A2段与前交通动脉的夹角大小,探讨该角度与前交通动脉动脉瘤发生率的相关性.方法 对31例颈内动脉系统动脉瘤患者的3D-DSA影像资料进行回顾性分析,前交通动脉动脉瘤患者为观察组,其余患者为对照组,使用配套软件分别测量观察组和对照组的大脑前动脉A2段与前交通动脉(ACoA)的空间角度,利用SPSS11.5统计软件分析两组间的差异性.结果 31例患者中前交通动脉动脉瘤者15例,对照组16例.观察组A2-ACoA夹角平均为140.5°±19.76°,对照组平均夹角为114.7°±16.73°,统计分析两组间差异有统计学意义(t=3.928P ＜0.001).结论 大脑前动脉A2段与前交通动脉的空间夹角与前交通动脉动脉瘤的发生有相关性.夹角大者易于发生前交通动脉动脉瘤.     

大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的　探讨大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤（ＤＡＣＡＡ） 的诊断与外科治疗。方法　回顾分析１４例外科手术夹闭的ＤＡＣＡＡ病例。结果　１４ 例病人中，１４ 个ＤＡＣＡＡ，１３ 个为出血动脉瘤，３ 例多发动脉瘤， 所有病人均行开颅显微手术， 直视下夹闭动脉瘤。手术后死亡２ 例， 术前Ｈｕｎｔ 分级分别为Ⅲ和Ⅴ级。结论　ＤＡＣＡＡ病人同其他动脉瘤病人一样， 只要诊断明确， 处理得当， 外科手术效果佳     

Anterior communicating artery aneurysm associated with an infraoptic course of anterior cerebral artery and rare variant of the persistent trigeminal artery: a case report and literature review

Infraoptic course of the precommunicating segment of the anterior cerebral artery (A1) is a rare anomaly. Furthermore, the presence of this anomaly associated with persistent trigeminal artery variant has been reported in the literature only once. We present a patient who had infraoptic course of A1 associated with an ipsilateral persistent trigeminal artery variant arising from the right internal carotid artery with no apparent connection to the basilar artery. The persistent trigeminal artery variant supplied to the right posteroinferior cerebellar artery territory. The patient also had hypoplastic left vertebral artery, superior cerebellar arteries originating from posterior cerebellar arteries bilaterally, and a bilobed aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. The aneurysm was clipped and the infraoptic course was verified during the surgery. The post-operative course was uneventful and a follow-up arteriogram on the 7th postoperative day revealed successful obliteration of the aneurysm.We reviewed the literature with respect to presentation, associated vascular anomalies, imaging, associated cerebral aneurysms and other cerebral abnormalities, and treatment of the associated aneurysms. A discussion of the embryogenesis of this rare anomaly is also provided.     

Kissing aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery

Kissing aneurysms, a particular type of multiple aneurysm are rare. A kissing aneurysms was identified at the distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) in a 59-year-old male patient diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The use of three-dimensional intracranial CT angiograms revealed that kissing aneurysms (that is, an aneurysm with a bilateral symmetrical mirror image) were located at the distal ACA and diffuse SAH in basal, sylvian, and interhemispheric cisterns. Both conventional carotid angiograms showed that both distal ACA aneurysms were seen separately on both internal carotid angiograms. Two aneurysms were observed simultaneously on carotid compression of either side. Some particular cautions required in diagnosing and treating kissing aneurysms are discussed, together with a literature review.     

手术治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤(附九例报告)

目的 探讨大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤(DACAA)的诊断和显微外科手术治疗.方法 回顾分析2007年10月至2010年3月显微手术治疗DACAA 9例.术前Hunt-Hess分级0级1例,Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例.结果 9例DACAA经额纵裂入路成功夹闭动脉瘤11个,动脉瘤直径在3～30 mm之间,其中囊性动脉瘤9个,梭形动脉瘤1个,巨大动脉瘤1个;位于A2段2个,A3段8个,胼周动脉末梢段1个.2例为多发动脉瘤,1例合并动静脉畸形.1例梭形动脉瘤患者术后出现对侧肢体偏瘫,余治疗效果满意,无手术死亡,亦无其他并发症.按照GOS预后评分,8例恢复良好,1例重残.结论 通过术前3D-CTA和DSA等影像学诊断和准确手术定位,经额纵裂入路显微手术夹闭DACAA效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To report the clinical diagnosis and microsurgical treatment of ruptured distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm(DACAA)patients treated over the last 3 years.Methods 9 consecutive cases of ruptured DACAA operated from October 2007 to March 2010 were reviewed and followed up.Methods 11 aneurysms were clipped through interhemispheric approach microsurgery in 9 cases with ruptured DACAA.The diameter of 11 aneurysms was between 3-30 mm.Of which 9 cases were saccular aneurysms,1 case was fusiform aneurysm and 1 case was giant aneurysm.There were 2 aneurysm located at A2 segment of the ACA,8 located at A3 and 1 located at distal pericallosal artery.So there were 2 cases with multiple aneurysms and 1 case combined with AVM.The clinical outcomes of these patients evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale were:Except 1 case of fusiform DACAA presented hemiplegic paralysis after the surgery,all 8 cases discharged without deficit and no mortality in the group.Conclusion Depending on precise understanding of angiography imaging and location of 3D- CTA and DSA,interhemispheric approach is a safe method to clip the DACAA.     

Aneurysm at the fenestrated anterior cerebral artery: surgical anatomy and management

The authors report a rare case of an aneurysm arising at fenestrated anterior cerebral artery. The embryogenesis of this anatomical variation is discussed along with the review of relevant literature. Management of such lesions depends upon the location and morphology of the aneurysms and intracranial vascular anatomy. The authors discuss various management options and highlight possible technical difficulties that can be encountered in the surgical management of this rare sub-group of aneurysms.     

大脑前动脉水平段动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的 总结大脑前动脉水平段(A1)动脉瘤血管内治疗经验及技术要点,为该部位动脉瘤的介入治疗提供临床经验.方法 回顾性分析经血管内治疗的A1段动脉瘤患者的影像及临床资料、治疗效果、手术技巧及随访情况.结果 16例A1段动脉瘤患者资料被收集,均经介入栓塞治疗,其中5例患者使用球囊辅助或支架辅助栓塞技术.根据动脉瘤部位及形态,微导管头端塑形技术进入瘤腔并维持稳定.动脉瘤均完全填塞,患者预后良好.结论 血管内治疗适用于A1段动脉瘤,有时需应用球囊或支架辅助技术,微导管塑形技术对于介入栓塞A1段动脉瘤至关重要.     

大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤的临床特点及其治疗(附23例报告)

目的探讨大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤的诊断和总结其外科治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年10月收治的23例大脑前动脉-胼周动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中20例行开颅动脉瘤夹闭术,3例行血管内栓塞治疗。结果 23例患者均恢复良好,住院时间为14～28d,平均19d。本组无死亡病例,无神经系统并发症者。3例行血管内治疗的患者中,2例头部CT发现在胼胝体前部纵裂间形成小血肿者,其精神症状和下肢轻瘫的恢复时间较行手术治疗的患者长。结论无论手术夹闭还是血管内栓塞治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤,其效果均较好,但开颅显微手术夹闭仍是主要的外科治疗方法。     

Combination of olfactory course anterior cerebral artery and accessory middle cerebral artery (MCA) with occluded in situ MCA and related moyamoya phenomenon

We describe a rare case of congenital persistence of a primitive olfactory anterior cerebral artery in association with an ipsilateral accessory middle cerebral artery. The normally and anatomically positioned, or in situ, middle cerebral artery was occluded. This, along with a well-developed anastomotic network of lenticulostriate artery domains and leptomeningeal collaterals suggested a moyamoya phenomenon. To our knowledge, ours is the first report of this anatomic variant and the altered conventional vascular territories of supply.     

胶质瘤术后大脑前动脉假性动脉瘤形成的诊治（附1例报告并文献复习）

目的 探讨胶质瘤术后颅内假性动脉瘤形成的临床表现、成因、病理特点、影像学特征、治疗及预后。方法 我们收治1例胶质瘤术后大脑前动脉假性动脉瘤形成的33岁女性患者,因鞍区肿瘤行额部经纵裂入路开颅肿瘤切除术,肿瘤大部切除,术后病理检查显示毛细胞星型细胞瘤（WHO Ⅰ级）。术后12 d,患者突发头痛、恶心呕吐,头部CT检查示术区可见弥散性出血并双侧脑室额角积血,行320-CTA、DSA检查以及3D-DSA与MRI增强影像融合诊断为左侧大脑前动脉A1段假性动脉瘤,利用双微导管技术采用弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤并孤立局部载瘤动脉。结果 术后DSA复查示假性动脉瘤消失,患者恢复良好,无神经系统功能障碍。考虑假性动脉瘤形成原因为肿瘤侵蚀造成血管壁损害、术中大脑前动脉A1段分支血管断裂所致。结论 肿瘤术后发生颅内假性动脉瘤罕见,短期内可迅速增大,一旦破裂,死亡率及致残率高。对于颅脑肿瘤包裹血管、术中可能有分支血管损伤,术后术区再出血时,应高度警惕假性动脉瘤形成的可能,一旦发现应选择适当的手术方案进行治疗。     

Clinical effects of anterior cerebral artery infarction

Anterior cerebral artery infarction is uncommon. We studied the topographical distribution of the lesions and the resulting clinical effects for a better understanding of their relationship and the functional outcome. There were 17 patients; the mean age of the cohort was 71 years. There were 10 men and 7 women. Two clinical syndromes were identified in accordance to the two anatomic areas of distribution. The paracentral lobule syndrome (group 1) was characterized by contralateral motor weakness, the leg more than the arm. The second group involved mainly the motor and supplementary motor areas. Beside contralateral weakness, they had a clinical picture of extrapyramidal symptomatology, which was designated as pseudoparkinsonian syndrome (group 2). Sixty percent of the patients in group 2 had bilateral occlusive carotid artery disease compared with 14% in the group 1, and it is likely that the mechanism was artery-to-artery embolism or cardioembolism in this group. In group 1, the lesions were smaller but superficial and it is possible that small emboli from the heart or parent large artery caused the obstruction. The location of the occlusion may be indicative of the stroke mechanism. The pseudoparkinsonian group with extrapyramidal features attributable to involvement of the supplementary motor area had an unfavorable outcome. There was poor correlation between size of the infarct and functional outcome (P=.12) in both groups.     

A false traumatic giant aneurysm of the supraclinoid carotid artery. A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

A patient presented with left hemiparesis and facial palsy developed 20 days after a traffic accident A computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed right suprasellar mass lesion. A repeated CT scan revealed a growing mass. Carotid angiogram demonstrated a giant aneurysm of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) with no distal filling. Formation of the aneurysm was thought to be due to an overstretching or torsion of the artery or tearing of the ICA by nearby prominent bony structure since no basal skull fracture was detected in the plain skull film or CT scans. The aneurysm was treated by intracranial trapping of the ICA. We present this patient’s findings and review previously reported cases in the literature. [Neurol Res 1996; 18: 135–139]     

大脑前动脉复合体穿支和分支的显微解剖

大脑前动脉复合体是颅内动脉瘤好发部位之一，由于其血管形态学变异较大，其分支和穿支支配视神经、视交叉、终板，丘脑下部、胼胝体周围等重要区域，该复合体成为脑循环中研究的热点之一。本文就该复合体分支和穿支解剖研究进展进行综述。     

Recurrent cerebral infarction in anterior and posterior circulation territories associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery and carotid artery dissection: a case report

The persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) is the second most common persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis. We present a rare case of an 82-year-old woman who diagnosed as acute cerebral infarction three times in both the anterior and posterior circulation territories with a right-sided PPHA and ipsilateral carotid artery dissection (CAD). Microembolus monitoring results suggested that microembolic caused by CAD associated with PPHA should be recognized as a possible cause of multiple infarctions in both the anterior and posterior circulation territories. For these patients, appropriate treatment measures should be taken for prevention of stroke recurrence.     

Cadaveric study of the endoscopic endonasal transtubercular approach to the anterior communicating artery complex

The endoscopic transnasal approach to the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) complex is not widely performed. This cadaveric study investigated the surgical relevance of the anterior endoscopic approach to the treatment of ACoA aneurysms. Bi-nasal endoscopic transtubercular surgery was carried out on fresh adult cadavers. Primary outcomes measures incorporated dimensions of the endonasal corridor (operative field depth, lateral limits, size of the transplanum craniotomy and dural opening); vascular exposure (proximal and distal anterior cerebral arteries [ACA], ACoA, clinoidal internal carotid artery [ICA] segment); and operative manoeuvrability defined by clip placements (ipsilateral and contralateral). Eight cadaver heads were used (mean age 84 ± 7 years, range 76–94 years, 75% female). Mean operative depth was 97 ± 4 mm. The lateral corridors were limited proximally by the alar rim openings (31 ± 2 mm), and distally by the optic nerves (22 ± 6 mm). The endonasal craniotomy dimensions were 21 ± 5 mm anteroposteriorly, and 22 ± 4 mm laterally. Vascular exposure was achieved in 100% of subjects for the ACoA segment and the ACA segments proximal to the ACoA (A1). The ACA segments distal to the ACoA (A2) were accessible only in 40% of subjects. Endonasal clip placement across the ACoA segment, clinoidal ICA, A1 and A2 were 100%, 90%, 90%, and 30%, respectively. The ventral endoscopic endonasal approach to the ACoA complex provides excellent vascular visualisation without brain retraction or gyrus rectus resection. However, the limitation in access to the A2 for temporary clip placement may prove to be a significant limitation of this approach.     

前交通动脉复合体临床解剖学的3D-DSA研究

目的探讨前交通动脉复合体的3D-DSA的特点,为前交通动脉瘤治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析30例全脑3D-DSA检查阴性患者的影像学资料,测量大脑前动脉A1和A2段、回返动脉直径,以及大脑前动脉A1段与颈内动脉、大脑前动脉A1段与A2段夹角。结果左、右侧大脑前动脉A1段直径分别为(1.91±0.36)mm和(1.81±0.36)mm,长度分别为(13.0±1.60)mm和(14.0±2.28)mm;左、右侧大脑前动脉A2段直径分别为(1.88±0.38)mm和(1.69±0.36)mm;左侧和右侧回返动脉直径分别为(0.50±0.15)mm和(0.42±0.13)mm;右侧大脑前动脉A1段与A2段夹角为(94.13±23.59)度,左侧大脑前动脉A1段与A2段夹角为(97.74±25.19)度,右侧大脑前动脉A1段与右侧颈内动脉夹角为(89.14±16.61)度,左侧大脑前动脉A1与左侧颈内动脉夹角为(82.30±21.06)度。结论前交通动脉复合体存在较多的变异,充分了解其解剖学3D-DSA的特点对处理前交通动脉瘤具有重要意义。     

Involuntary masturbation and hemiballismus after bilateral anterior cerebral artery infarction

Ischemia of the areas supplied by the anterior cerebral artery is relatively uncommon. In addition, combined hemiballismus and masturbation have rarely been reported in patients with cerebrovascular disease. We describe herein a 62-year-old right-handed man simultaneously exhibiting right side hemiballismus and involuntary masturbation with the left hand after bilateral infarction of the anterior cerebral artery territory. Right side hemiballismus was related to the disruption of afferent fibers from the left frontal lobe to the left subthalamic nucleus. Involuntary masturbation using the left hand was exclusively linked to a callosal type of alien hand syndrome secondary to infarction of the right side of the anterior corpus callosum. After 2 weeks, these abnormal behaviours were completely extinguished. This report stresses the wide diversity of clinical manifestations observed after infarction of the anterior cerebral artery territory.