老年慢性肺心病患者甲状腺功能的评价

目的 了解老年肺心病患者血清甲状腺激素水平并探讨其临床意义。方法 采用放射免疫分析法测定老年肺心病急性加重期30例、缓解期27例和正常对照者26例的血清甲状腺激素水平。结果 老年肺心病急性加重期血TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4水平均低于健康对照组和缓解期组（p〈0．01）；肺心病缓解期组玛低于健康对照组（p〈0．01），但巩水平无差异，3组患者TSH水平无差异。结论 血清甲状腺激素水平的变化反映了老年肺心病患者的全身状态和严重程度，动态检测血清中甲状腺激素水平可以观察肺心病的发展和转归。     

甲状腺激素及TSH在老年糖尿病合并高血糖高渗状态的临床分析

目的:观察甲状腺激素及TSH在老年糖尿病合并高血糖高渗状态的变化。方法:选择2007年6月～2012年3月住院的老年糖尿病合并高血糖高渗状态的患者56例,观察其在治疗前、后甲状腺激素及TSH的变化,同时把老年糖尿病没有高渗状态的患者设立为对照组,观察其甲状腺激素及TSH的变化。结果:老年糖尿病合并高血糖高渗状态患者的TT3、TT4、FT4水平下降,患者的高渗状态纠正3周后恢复,两者有统计学差异,其FT3、TSH治疗前、后无明显变化,而老年糖尿病无高血糖高渗状态患者(对照组)的甲状腺激素无明显变化,后者与老年糖尿病合并高血糖高渗状态的患者治疗前相比,两者有统计学差异。结论:老年糖尿病合并高血糖高渗状态的患者,甲状腺激素TT3、TT4、FT4水平下降,经过治疗,患者的高渗状态纠正3周后后,TT3、TT4、FT4水平恢复,而其FT3、TSH治疗前、后无明显变化。     

老年慢性肺心病患者甲状腺功能的评价

目的了解老年肺心病患者血清甲状腺激素水平并探讨其临床意义.方法采用放射免疫分析法测定老年肺心病急性加重期30例、缓解期27例和正常对照者26例的血清甲状腺激素水平.结果老年肺心病急性加重期血TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4水平均低于健康对照组和缓解期组(p<0.01);肺心病缓解期组TT3低于健康对照组(p<0.01),但TT4水平无差异.3组患者TSH水平无差异.结论血清甲状腺激素水平的变化反映了老年肺心病患者的全身状态和严重程度.动态检测血清中甲状腺激素水平可以观察肺心病的发展和转归.     

游离甲状腺激素检测在非甲状腺疾病患儿中的诊断意义

目的：探讨游离甲状腺激素检测在临床上非甲状腺疾病患儿中的诊断作用。方法：采用化学发光法检测患儿血清TT3、TT4、FT3和FT4，结果分析采用卡方检验。结果：31例TT3异常率为100％；FT3异常率为32．2％；两者差异有显著性意义（χ^2=6.755,p＜0．01）；TT4异常率为51．6％；FT4异常率为9．6％；两者差异有显著性（χ^2=6.988,p＜0．01）。结论：游离甲状腺激素检测较总甲状腺激素检测更能正常反映甲状腺功能。     

监测急性脑血管意外患者血清甲状腺素水平的临床意义

目的探讨急性脑血管意外患者血清甲状腺素变化及临床意义,方法应用放射免疫测定法(RIA)测定52例急性脑血管意外患者及60例健康成人血清甲状腺激素水平,结果用t检验统计。结果52例急性脑血管意外患者血清TT3,FT3显著下降,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),病死组17例,TT3、FT3下降更为显著。与正常组对照有非常显著性差异(P<0.001),与成活组比较亦有显著差异(P<0.05),观察组TT4、FT4有所下降,与正常对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05),病死组TT4、FT4与正常组对照有显著性差异(P<0.05)。急性脑血管意外患者TT3、FT3的降低与疾病的严重程度正相关,当TT4、FT4下降和TT3、FT3极度低下时,预后不良且死亡率高。结论监测急性脑血管意外患者的血清甲状腺激素水平,可做为临床判断病情轻重及预后的一项重要参考指标。     

甲状腺激素测定在高血压心力衰竭患者中的临床意义

目的 探讨高血压合并心力衰竭患者体内的甲状腺激素水平变化情况及其临床意义。方法 选择2016年3月~2018年3月收住我院的原发性高血压患者共173例,根据患者是否合并心功能衰竭分为心衰组123例和对照组50例。心衰组患者按NYHA心功能分级标准进行分级,心功能Ⅱ级40例,Ⅲ级48例,Ⅳ级35例。心衰组患者常规予降压及抗心衰治疗,对照组患者仅予降压治疗,观察对比两组患者的甲状腺激素水平、B型利钠肽前体、射血分数水平等指标。比较各组间临床资料,采用Pearson相关性分析甲状腺激素水平与BNP、LVEF的关系。结果 心衰组患者的TT3、FT3、LVEF均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,心衰组与对照组TT4、FT4、TSH比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。随心衰组患者心功能分级的加重,TT3、FT3、LVEF水平呈依次下降趋势,BNP升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。BNP与TT3、FT3、LVEF呈负相关（r=-0.508、-0.251、-0.283,P＜0.01）,LVEF与TT3呈正相关（r=0.658,P＜0.01）。结论 高血压心力衰竭患者常伴有甲状腺激素代谢紊乱,其中TT3、FT3水平在一定程度上能反映心力衰竭严重程度。     

新生儿脐血及不同孕期妇女血液中甲状腺激素综合测定在妇幼保健中的作用

目的 :探讨我区正常孕妇妊娠期间及新生儿血液中的甲状腺激素的水平和碘缺乏状态 ,为我区消灭新生儿碘缺乏症提供依据。方法 :利用放射免疫(或免疫放射)分析方法 ,对沂蒙山区300例正常孕妇不同孕期血液和2000例新生儿脐血中TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、rT3、TSH进行综合检测和相关性研究。结果 :孕妇血清中TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、rT3、TSH值均发生变化 ,以TT3、TT4、rT3、TSH变化较为显著(与孕前比较p<0.05或p<0.01),FT3、FT4 二者在妊娠期间变化较小 ,其值均在正常范围内。男女两性新生儿脐血中的甲状腺激素和促甲状腺激素无显著性差异 ,山区居民新生儿脐血中TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4、rT3 均低于、TSH高于城镇居民新生儿 ,TT3、TT4 之间存在显著性差异 (p<0.05);有6例(0.30 %)新生儿存在缺碘状况。山区居民孕妇血清中的甲状腺激素普遍较城镇居民偏低 ,未发现碘营养缺乏者。结论 :检测孕妇血清和新生儿脐血中FT3、FT4、TSH ,是判断孕妇、胎儿及新生儿是否存在碘缺乏重要依据。在孕期、婴幼儿期及时给予补碘治疗能有效地改善胎儿和新生儿缺碘状况。     

充血性心力衰竭患者血清甲状腺激素和细胞因子的变化及临床意义

目的:通过对充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血清甲状腺激素及细胞因子的变化,来探讨其临床应用的价值.方法:采用放射免疫分析监测90例CHF患者及30例健康者血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3),游离甲状腺素(FT4),促甲状腺素(TSH),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的浓度变化,比较各组间的差异,并对FT3和TNF-α进行相关分析.结果:甲状腺激素的水平随心功能不同而变化,心功能Ⅳ级时FT3明显降低、TNF-α明显升高,与心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级相比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);FT4略有下降,但与心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级相比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).相关性分析表明,FT3与TNF-α呈负相关(r=-0.577).结论:CHF时甲状腺激素的代谢发生了明显的变化,而且心功能程度与甲状腺激素水平、细胞因子水平有明显的相关关系.     

Graves'病患者诊治中红细胞微量元素含量的变化

目的 :探讨Graves’病 (GD)患者在诊治中红细胞微量元素 (Zn、Cu、Fe、Se)含量的变化。方法 :采用放射免疫分析 (RIA)、原子吸收分光光谱技术 (AAS)分别检测 4 2例GD患者、2 0例经治疗甲状腺功能恢复至正常水平GD患者与 30名健康人血清甲状腺激素水平和红细胞微量元素含量。结果 :GD组 ,红细胞Zn、Se含量明显降低 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (p <0 0 1 ) ;红细胞Cu、Fe明显升高 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (p<0 0 1 ,p <0 0 5 ) ;且Zn与FT4呈明显负相关 (r=- 0 5 4 2 ,p <0 0 1 )、Cu与FT4呈明显正相关 (r =- 0 31 1 ,p <0 0 5 )。GD治疗缓解组 ,红细胞Zn、Se水平明显高于初诊未治疗组 ,差异有显著性 (p <0 0 1 ,p <0 0 5 ) ;但Se仍未达到对照组水平 (p <0 0 1 ) ;红细胞Cu、Fe水平明显低于初诊未治疗组 ,差异有显著性 (p <0 0 5 ) ,但Cu未达到对照组水平 (p <0 0 5 )。结论 :GD患者存在红细胞微量元素的含量改变 ,甲状腺激素可能干扰红细胞微量元素的代谢     

重型颅脑损伤患者甲状腺激素水平及其与预后的关系

目的 探讨颅脑损伤患者甲状腺激素水平与颅脑外伤程度和预后的关系。方法 用放免法测定395例颅脑损伤患者的甲状腺激素水平并与疾病严重程度进行比较。结果 GCS评分越低，TT3、TT4含量下降越明显；GCS评分与TT3、FT3含量均呈正相关（r1=-0．506，r2=-0．434，P均〈0．05）；重型颅脑损伤组TT3和FT3含量均低于对照组（P〈0．05）；死亡组TT3和FT3的含量明显低于存活组（P〈0．05）。结论重型颅脑损伤患者病情越重，甲状腺激素水平下降幅度越大；TT3和FT3含量可作为评价颅脑损伤患者预后的指标。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.