某部驻岛军人心理应激状况调查研究

目的了解驻岛军人应激及心理健康状况。方法采取特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、军人心理应激自评问卷(PSET)及症状自评量表(SCL-90)对某部驻岛89名军人进行问卷调查。结果该部驻岛军人应激程度高于常模(F=42.97,P0.05),SCL-90中躯体(F=5.24,P0.05)及敌对因子(F=4.42,P0.05)高于军队常模,消极应对分高于常模(F=3.91,P0.05)。应激程度与积极应对分成负相关(r=-0.27,P0.05),与消极应对分(r=0.48,P0.01)及SCL-90各因子分成正相关(r=0.57,0.56,0.56,0.51,0.55,0.43,0.55,0.53,0.52;P0.01);驻岛时间与应激程度成负相关(r=-0.26,P0.05)。结论驻岛军人应激程度高,心理问题多,驻岛时间及消极应对方式是影响其心理健康的重要因素。     

不同军兵种优秀官兵认知能力、个性与心理特征

目的：探讨不同军兵种优秀官兵的认知能力、个性特征与心理状况,了解其各自的特点。方法：采用李德明编制《基本认知能力测验》2．0版、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）和症状自评量表（SCL－90）,选取陆（装甲兵）、海（潜艇兵）、空（飞行员）3兵种具有代表性的优秀岗位人员进行调查,并将结果进行比较。结果：3组官兵认知能力特征方面得分存在显著性差异（F＝3．24～4．58,P＜0．05）。3组官兵EPQ调查显示,E分方面飞行员、装甲兵和潜艇兵依次降低（F＝8．54,P＜0．05）,N、P分方面装甲兵、潜艇兵和飞行员依次增高（F＝4．67,5．35;P＜0．05或0．01）;SCL－90总分及各因子分之间存在明显差异,潜艇兵SCL－90总分、躯体化及人际关系敏感高于其他两个兵种,强迫和恐怖两因子得分飞行员明显高于其它两兵种,而焦虑、抑郁因子装甲兵得分最高（F＝3．26～4．87,P＜0．05）。结论：不同兵种优秀官兵之间认知能力、EPQ和SCL－90存在显著性差异,不同岗位有其各自特点,总体来说,飞行员要优于其它两兵种,可能同飞行员的心理选拔起步早,检测和心理训练系统更加完善有关。     

564名基层官兵心理健康状况与人格特征调查分析

目的：了解目前基层官兵的心理健康与人格特征状况,为心理卫生保健工作提供参考。方法：应用症状自评量表（ SCL－90）和艾森克人格问卷（ EPQ）,对564名基层官兵进行心理测评。结果：①564名基层官兵SCL－90共筛选出阳性者116人,心理健康状况阳性率为20．56％;SCL－90症状自评量表的各因子分、阳性项目数和总分均显著低于中国军人常模（t＝－2．54～－3．04,P＜0．05或0．01）;SCL－90症状自评量表抑郁因子分值显著低于全国常模（t＝－2．85,P＜0．01）,其他各因子、阳性项目数和总分显著高于全国常模（t＝5．39～2．63,P＜0．05或0．01）;②基层官兵的人格特征状况：外向（32．1％）和稳定性（33％）人员有较高比例;③SCL－90各因子分、阳性项目数和总分与EPQ中的P、N维度呈显著正相关（r＝0．235～0．171,0．563～0．498;P＜0．01）,与E、L维度呈显著负相关（r＝－0．119～－0．134,－0．179～－0．184;P＜0．01）。结论：某部基层官兵心理健康状况优于中国军人群体水平,差于全国正常成年人;基层官兵多数个体个性外向、稳定;心理健康状况与人格密切相关。     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理调查

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者一级亲属心理状态及个性特征。方法：采用SCL－90症状自评量表及艾森克个性量表对研究组230例精神分裂症患者一级亲属进行心理测试,并将调查结果与常模对照分析研究。结果：在SCL－90评定中,研究组与对照总分、躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病等因子分高于常模（t＝8．86,16．11,6．19,9．22,15．78,17．07,16．43;P＜0．05）。 EPQ评定中研究组与对照组比较,E分男女均低于常模（ t＝6．57,6．55;P＜0．05）;N分男女均高于常模（t＝7．29,4．85;P＜0．05）。结论：精神分裂症亲属存在明显心理问题,具有不良的性格特征,应对其进行必要的心理干预。     

心理干预对儿童精神分裂症患者亲属心理健康的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对儿童精神分裂症症患者亲属心理健康的影响。方法：对入组的30例精神分裂症患儿亲属定期进行心理干预，采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）在干预前后进行心理卫生状况调查。结果：心理干预前与国内常模比较SCL－90总分及焦虑，抑郁，强迫症状，恐怖，偏执，精神病性因子分有显著性差异（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），干预后SCL－90总分及各因子分较干预前显著性差异（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。结论：儿童精神分裂症患者亲属存在较多的心理问题，心理干预能有效提高精神分裂症患者亲属的心理健康水平。     

心理训练对战斗机飞行员军事应激损伤防护效果

目的：探讨军事应激条件下战斗机飞行员心理健康状况和心理训练对战斗机飞行员军事应激损伤防护的效果,为临床心理工作提供理论依据。方法：将参加重大演习任务的69名战斗机飞行员随机分为训练组和对照组,比较两组飞行员心理训练前后心理健康状况。结果：参演战斗机飞行员症状自评量表躯体化、强迫、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子分显著高于军人常模（t＝3．753,2．219,3．141,2．032,2．060,2．772;P＜0．05）,心理训练后训练组躯体化、强迫、焦虑、敌对、偏执因子分显著低于对照组（t＝－2．656,－2．247,－2．244,－2．106,－3．181;P＜0．05）。结论：心理训练能够调节战斗机飞行员军事应激反应,改善其心理健康状况。     

小组心理干预对新兵心理健康水平的影响

目的：探讨小组心理干预对新兵心理健康水平的影响。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）和特质应对方式问卷（TCSQ）对512名新兵进行心理测试，将检测出的64名有心理问题的分为两组，A组（31人）为小组心理干预，B组（33人）为对照组。在集体讲授心理卫生课的基础上，对A组采取小组心理干预。结果：经过4周小组心理干预后，A组有效率为61．29％，B组有效率为33．33％，两组比较有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。SCL－90结果：干预后A组中除恐怖因子分没有变化外，其它各项因子得分明显下降（P＜0．01）。A组的SCL－90总分、阳性项目数、躯体化、强迫、人际关系、忧郁、精神病性因子分与B组相比较有明显低（P＜0．05－0．01）。TCSQ结果：A组中的消极应对得分明显降低（P＜0．01），而B组消极应对得分没有变化。结论：小组心理干预在短期内不仅能有效改善新兵的躯体化、强迫、抑郁、人际关系敏感等常见心理问题，还能促进成功应对方式的形成，掌握自我调节方法，对提高新兵的心身健康水平及我军整体素质提高大有裨益，可推广试用。     

黎族大一新生的症状自评量表研究

目的：探究海南少数民族大学新生的心理健康状况及其影响因素,进一步提出针对黎族大学生的心理健康教育对策,探讨少数民族大学生心理健康干预体系的构建。方法：运用国内外广泛引用的症状自评量表（ SCL－9O）对180名海南省黎族大一新生展开心理健康测查。结果：SCL－90总均分的阳性筛选率为17．8％;男生在人际（t＝－2．577,P＜0．05）、忧郁、焦虑和恐怖（t＝－3．902,－3．899,－5．934;P＜0．01）4个因子上的得分显著低于女生,差异有统计学意义;来自农村的学生在人际（t＝－4．498,P＜0．01）、忧郁（t＝－2．553,P＜0．05）、焦虑（t＝－2．706,P＜0．05）、恐怖（t＝－4．154,P＜0．01）和精神病性（t＝－2．008,P＜0．05）5个因子上的得分显著高于来自城镇的学生,差异有统计学意义。结论：与全国大学生心理健康常模相比,黎族大一新生的心理健康状况较好,但是又在多个因子上存在着一定的生源和性别差异。     

外训后勤部队军人心理应激特点及相关因素的路径分析

目的 探讨外训后勤部队军人心理应激特点及相关因素.方法 采用军人心理应激自评问卷（PSET）,症状自评量表（SCL-90）,抑郁自评量表（SDS）,状态-特质焦虑问卷（STAI）作为评价工具,对外训后勤部队的224名军人进行调查.结果 224名外训军人PSET量表总评T分为（49.88±9.89）,其中心理应激程度较高的有7人（T分≥70,3.1％）.在警觉性增高（24.6％）、睡眠不佳（10.3％）、兴趣减退（6.7％）、心身疲倦（6.7％）方面发生人数较多.外训军人不同性别、集体氛围、级别、文化程度PSET得分存在显著差异（t/F=2.44,2.91,5.01,4.01;P＜0.01,P＜0.05）.在路径分析中,SCL-90阳性项目数、特质焦虑、SDS对心理应激有直接效应;而恐怖和敌对具有间接效应.结论 外训后勤部队军人存在心理应激反应,心理应激受军人心理健康、特质焦虑、抑郁的直接影响,提高军人心理健康水平和心理素质有利于降低军人应激水平.     

书写表达干预对遭受地震大学生创伤后应激症状的影晌

探索书写表达干预对遭受地震大学生创伤后应激症状的影响。汶川地震发生6个月后,将招募的54名大学生随机分为干预组和对照组,每组27名。对干预组实施以书写表达积极情绪为主题的集体书写干预（共3周,每周1次30min）,对照组不进行任何干预。干预前、干预结束后以及干预结束3个月2组分别进行事件影响量表修订版（IES-R）的评定,比较大学生创伤后应激症状的变化。结果显示：干预组和对照组的创伤后应激症状在处理效应方面差异无统计学意义;侵扰和总分有随时间变化的趋势（肚4．425,P〈0．05;F=3．322,P〈0．05）,并且时间因素的作用随着分组的不同而不同（F=6．210,P〈0。0l;F=4．107,P〈0。05）。经不同时间点上干预组和对照组创伤后应激症状比较,干预组在后测中侵扰、唤醒和症状总分较对照组均显著下降（P〈0．05）j而在追踪研究中无显著变化。书写表达干预对遭受地震大学生的创伤后应激症状具有显著短期效果,但长期效果不明显。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.