小学教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的：研究与小学教师主观幸福感相关的因素，寻找提高教师幸福感的有效途径。方法：用总体幸福感量表和压力来源量表对合肥市经济开发区小学139名教师进行测查。结果：小学教师主观幸福感平均分高于理论平均分；男教师主观幸福感显著高于女教师（t＝2．734，P＜0．01），同时在忧郁与愉快心境（t＝2．236，P＜0．05）对情感行为控制（t＝2．613，P＝0．01）上差异显著；未婚教师在紧张因子上得分显著高于已婚教师（t＝2．147，P＜0．05）；收入高的教师主观幸福感显著高于收入低者（F＝2．905，P＜0．05），忧郁愉快心境差异显著（F＝5．660，P＜0．01）；教师年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．209，P＜0．05）和忧郁与愉快心境（r＝0．234，P＜0．01）低相关；年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．415，P＝0．014）及忧郁愉快心境（r＝0．108，P＝0．006）显著线性相关。工作量压力与精力大小（r＝－0．225，P＝0．008）、家庭情感压力与紧张松弛（r＝－0．207，P＝0．015）、人际关系压力与情感行为控制（r＝－0．184，P＝0．030）显著负相关。结论：性别，年龄，收入及压力来源对小学教师主观幸福感有显著影响。     

黎族大一新生的症状自评量表研究

目的：探究海南少数民族大学新生的心理健康状况及其影响因素,进一步提出针对黎族大学生的心理健康教育对策,探讨少数民族大学生心理健康干预体系的构建。方法：运用国内外广泛引用的症状自评量表（ SCL－9O）对180名海南省黎族大一新生展开心理健康测查。结果：SCL－90总均分的阳性筛选率为17．8％;男生在人际（t＝－2．577,P＜0．05）、忧郁、焦虑和恐怖（t＝－3．902,－3．899,－5．934;P＜0．01）4个因子上的得分显著低于女生,差异有统计学意义;来自农村的学生在人际（t＝－4．498,P＜0．01）、忧郁（t＝－2．553,P＜0．05）、焦虑（t＝－2．706,P＜0．05）、恐怖（t＝－4．154,P＜0．01）和精神病性（t＝－2．008,P＜0．05）5个因子上的得分显著高于来自城镇的学生,差异有统计学意义。结论：与全国大学生心理健康常模相比,黎族大一新生的心理健康状况较好,但是又在多个因子上存在着一定的生源和性别差异。     

爱情嫉妒与性驱力的关系

目的：探讨在校大学生的性驱力水平及其与爱情嫉妒的关系。方法：采用性驱力问卷和Hupka爱情嫉妒量表对大连市5所高校的132名在校大学生进行大学生的性驱力与爱情嫉妒现状调查并对二者关系进行分析。结果：①大学生的爱情嫉妒与性驱力总分存在显著正相关（r＝0．227,P＜0．01）,其中在排他关系受威胁感（r＝0．179,P＜0．05）、依赖（r＝0．320,P＜0．01）、性占有欲（r＝0．320,P＜0．01）、竞争与报复（r＝0．213,P＜0．05）4个维度上,爱情嫉妒与性驱力均存在显著正相关;②不同性别的大学生的性驱力总体水平及各个项目性别差异显著（F＝0．638,P＜0．001）,不同恋爱经历情况下的大学生在爱情嫉妒各维度及总分上差异不显著,在性驱力水平上也不存在显著差异。结论：性驱力对大学生爱情嫉妒,尤其是在排他性关系受威胁感、依赖、性占有、竞争与报复这4个维度上具有一定的预测作用。这对了解大学生的需求并以恰当的方式对大学生性与爱情观念进行教育和指导以维护大学生的心理健康有着重要意义。     

始成年期大学新生同一性风格、自我控制和手机依赖的关系

目的：探讨始成年期大学新生同一性风格、自我控制和手机依赖的关系。方法：采用同一性风格问卷、自我控制问卷和手机依赖问卷对523名大学新生进行测量。结果：自我控制负向预测手机依赖（β＝－0．70, P＜0．001）;信息风格正向预测自我控制（β＝0．29,P＜0．001）,自我控制在信息风格与手机依赖关系中起完全中介作用;规范风格正向预测手机依赖（β＝0．35,P＜0．001）;扩散风格负向预测自我控制（β＝－0．53,P＜0．001）,自我控制在扩散风格与手机依赖关系中起完全中介作用。结论：同一性风格对始成年期大学新生手机依赖有显著地影响,自我控制是重要的中介变量。     

大学生手机成瘾倾向与气质类型的关系

目的：探讨大学生手机成瘾的现状及其与气质类型的关系。方法：采用气质类型测验和手机成瘾倾向量表对西南地区863名大学生进行测量。结果：①大学生中15．5％的被试为典型的手机成瘾者;②大学生手机成瘾倾向不存在民族差异,但性别差异显著（男生高于女生）,年级差异显著（大三学生最高）;③胆汁质、抑郁质与手机成瘾倾向存在显著正相关（r＝0．29,0．28;Ps＜0．01）,且具有显著的正向预测作用（β＝0．21,0．20;P＜0．01）,而多血质与手机成瘾倾向相关很弱,粘液质与手机成瘾倾向不相关。结论：气质类型与手机成瘾倾向存在显著的相关关系,其中胆汁质和抑郁质对其有显著的预测作用。     

农村留守妇女心理韧性及其与社会支持的关系

目的：探讨农村留守妇女心理韧性现状及其与社会支持的关系。方法：采用CD－韧性量表和社会支持评定量表（ SSRS）对农村留守妇女进行问卷调查。结果：①农村留守妇女心理韧性总体得分较高,且婚龄对农村留守妇女的心理韧性有显著正向预测作用（Beta＝0．381,P＜0．01）;②心理韧性总分与社会支持存在显著的正相关（r＝0．253,P＜0．05）。其中,主观支持维度与心理韧性有显著正相关（r＝0．274,P＜0．05）,对心理韧性有显著的正向预测作用（ r＝0．274,P＜0．05）。结论：农村留守妇女的主观支持能预测心理韧性。     

564名基层官兵心理健康状况与人格特征调查分析

目的：了解目前基层官兵的心理健康与人格特征状况,为心理卫生保健工作提供参考。方法：应用症状自评量表（ SCL－90）和艾森克人格问卷（ EPQ）,对564名基层官兵进行心理测评。结果：①564名基层官兵SCL－90共筛选出阳性者116人,心理健康状况阳性率为20．56％;SCL－90症状自评量表的各因子分、阳性项目数和总分均显著低于中国军人常模（t＝－2．54～－3．04,P＜0．05或0．01）;SCL－90症状自评量表抑郁因子分值显著低于全国常模（t＝－2．85,P＜0．01）,其他各因子、阳性项目数和总分显著高于全国常模（t＝5．39～2．63,P＜0．05或0．01）;②基层官兵的人格特征状况：外向（32．1％）和稳定性（33％）人员有较高比例;③SCL－90各因子分、阳性项目数和总分与EPQ中的P、N维度呈显著正相关（r＝0．235～0．171,0．563～0．498;P＜0．01）,与E、L维度呈显著负相关（r＝－0．119～－0．134,－0．179～－0．184;P＜0．01）。结论：某部基层官兵心理健康状况优于中国军人群体水平,差于全国正常成年人;基层官兵多数个体个性外向、稳定;心理健康状况与人格密切相关。     

教养方式与社交焦虑的关系：自我接纳的中介作用

目的：考察教养方式和社交焦虑的关系及自我接纳的中介作用。方法：采用自我接纳（ SAQ）教养方式问卷（s－EMBU－C）和社交焦虑问卷（IAS）对288名大学生进行施测。结果：①父母情感温暖（r 父＝－0．18，P＜0．01；r母＝－0．12，P＜0．05）、母亲过度保护（r＝0．16，P＜0．01）及自我接纳（r＝0．47，P＜0．001）与社交焦虑显著相关；②父母情感温暖对社交焦虑有负向预测作用，母亲过度保护对社交焦虑有正向预测作用；③自我接纳在3种教养方式和社交焦虑之间起着完全中介作用。结论：父母情感温暖、母亲过度保护及自我接纳能够预测社交焦虑，但前两者是通过后者自我接纳影响社交焦虑。     

经络协调治疗躯体形式障碍的临床对照研究

目的：观察经络协调系统对躯体形式障碍的临床疗效及不良反应。方法：选择65例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为两组,研究组给予药物治疗联合经络协调治疗,对照组仅给予单纯药物治疗,均治疗8周。分别于治疗前及治疗后2,4,6,8周时应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD－24）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）以及临床总体印象量表（ CGI）评定其疗效;应用副反应量表（ TESS）评估其不良反应。结果：在治疗第6周末开始两组HAMD－24总分比较有显著性差异（t＝－5．36,－2．44;P＜0．05）,在治疗第6周末开始研究组焦虑／躯体化因子分明显低于对照组（t＝－5．11,－7．54;P＜0．05）,其余因子无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;治疗的第4周末开始两组HAMA总分比较有显著性差异（t＝－3．29,－3．25,－3．81;P＜0．05）,在治疗第4周末开始研究组躯体性焦虑因子分明显低于对照组（t＝－3．99,－3．33,－524;P＜0．05）,精神性焦虑因子两组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;两组的CGI评分较治疗前均有明显改善,研究组有效率为88％,痊愈率48％,对照组有效率为75％,痊愈率25％,两组有效率比较无显著性差异（χ2＝1．79,P＞0．05）,两组痊愈率比较有显著性差异（χ2＝5．95,P＜0．05）;两组不良反应无显著性差异;两组间TESS评分比较无明显差异性。结论：经络协调治疗合并药物治疗躯体形式障碍优于单纯药物治疗,尤其对躯体症状效果更好,并且两组不良反应相当。     

大学生无条件自我接纳、自我价值感权变性与心理韧性的关系：交叉滞后分析

目的：探讨大学生无条件自我接纳、自我价值感权变性与心理韧性的关系。方法：采用交叉滞后设计,对366名大学生被试施测无条件自我接纳问卷、自我价值感权变性问卷与Connor－Davidson韧性量表,两次施测的时间间隔为3个月。结果：时间1的无条件自我接纳能够显著预测时间2的心理韧性的总分（β＝0．12,P＜0．05）,并能显著预测心理韧性中坚韧性（β＝0．12,P＜0．05）和自强性（β＝0．18,P＜0．001）;时间1的自我价值感权变性能够显著预测时间2心理韧性的总分（β＝0．09,P＜0．05）和自强分量表得分（β＝0．09,P＜0．05）。结论：无条件自我接纳和自我价值感权变性可能是心理韧性的原因变量,二者都对大学生的心理韧性有一定的促进作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.